新时期浙江省农户生产经营行为研究

以2006年浙江省第二次农业普查资料为基础,总结了新时期浙江省农户生产经营行为的基本特征,分析了不同地区、不同规模度农户生产经营行为和经营结构的差异性,以及农村劳动力文化素质对农户经营行为和结构的影响．指出了当前全省农户生产经营行为与结构优化转变所面临的主要问题。并提出了相关的政策措施和建议。     

土地规模化经营对农村产业融合发展的影响及作用机制

随着农地流转的深化,土地规模化经营能否促进农村产业融合发展亟待研究。本文基于中国省级面板数据,通过测算农村产业融合发展水平,利用双向固定效应模型和系统广义矩估计方法,实证检验土地规模化经营对农村产业融合发展的影响及其传导机制。进一步基于2020年CLES农户调查数据,利用Logit模型探究了土地规模化经营影响农户参与农村产业融合发展行为的微观基础。研究表明：①从宏观层面来看,土地规模化经营对农村产业融合发展具有推动作用,影响机制分析表明其受到农村劳动力转移和农村居民收入水平的正向调节作用,且是通过提升农村居民收入水平来推动农村产业融合发展。②从微观层面来看,土地规模化经营推动了农户参与农村产业融合发展行为,且是通过提高农户参与农业技术培训积极性来推动农户家庭参与农村产业融合发展行为。因此,推动土地规模化经营与实现农村产业融合发展在政策目标上具有协同性,为实现农村产业融合发展,政府应实施有利于土地规模化经营的配套制度,拓宽农村居民收入渠道,有序推进农村劳动力转移,完善农业技术培训服务,助力农村产业融合发展。     

发展农业产业化扭转农业弱质低效局面

在我国改革开放和现代化建设过程中,农户小生产与大市场大流通的矛盾,一直未能彻底地解决,如何解决好一家一户分散的小生产与逐渐扩大的市场之间的矛盾,使农户的分散经营与社会化大市场衔接好?另外,随着农业和农村经济的发展,农业与非农产业的利益分配的矛盾也一直未能得到很好地解决.     

学习能力如何影响农户农业经济效益——以生产经营行为作中介变量

基于江西省504户水稻种植农户的调查数据,分析了学习能力对农户农业经济效益的影响,并在此基础上探究了生产经营行为的中介作用.结果表明:学习能力对农户农业经济效益具有显著的正向影响;农户的学习能力对其生产经营行为调整具有显著的正向影响;生产经营行为调整在农户的学习能力与其农业经济效益之间存在完全中介效应.农户充分发挥自身...     

发展农业产业化 扭转农业弱质低效局面

在我国改革开放和现代化建设过程中,农户小生产与大市场大流通的矛盾,一直未能彻底地解决,如何解决好一家一户分散的小生产与逐渐扩大的市场之间的矛盾,使农户的分散经营与社会化大市场衔接好?另外,随着农业和农村经济的发展,农业与非农产业的利益分     

大城市郊区农户要素投入特征及差异分析——以北京市平谷区为例

农户生产要素投入的方向和强度不仅反映了农户的经济行为特征，也在一定程度上决定了区域农业的发展方向。本文以北京市平谷区2003年的116个农户调查问卷为基础，对大城市郊区农户生产要素投入特征及其差异进行了分析。结果表明，由于预期收益不同，农户在各产业的劳动力投入数量、质量、物质投入水平和组合结构具有很大差异。在劳动力质量和数量投入方面，根据建立的劳动力质量投入模型进行计算，平谷区农户劳动力质量投入水平非农产业要高于农业产业，经济作物要高于大田作物，具体从高到低的顺序依次是非农产业、其他经济作物、畜牧业、菜地、果园、大田作物，同时劳动力从农业向非农产业、在农业内部从大田作物向经济作物转移的趋势明显；在农户物质投入水平和组合结构方面，资本投入水平从高到低的顺序是：果园、菜地、大田，要素投入组合结构从好到差的顺序是：菜地、果园、大田，两个排序中经济作物都要高于或好于大田作物。分析认为稳定市场预期对于大城市郊区农业的健康发展具有十分重要的意义。     

农户耕地经营适度规模及其绩效研究——基于湖北6县市农户调查的实证分析

定量测度农户耕地经营适度规模及其绩效,对推进农村耕地流转和规模化经营、进而提高农民收入具有重要意义。本文构建了农户耕地经营适度规模的理论模型,并采用湖北省江汉平原和大别山区6个县的327份农户调查问卷进行了实证分析。研究表明:①在农户追求利润最大化的情况下,农户耕地经营存在一个适度规模,此适度规模主要受农业生产技术、农产品市场价格、各投入要素市场价格和农户自家劳力情况的影响;②由于各个地区的自然环境和社会经济发展水平不同,农户耕地经营适度规模存在区域差异,一般而言,平原地区农户耕地经营适度规模高于丘陵山区。目前,无论是平原地区还是丘陵山区,农户耕地经营的现状规模都小于适度规模,耕地经营效益低下;农户要提高家庭收入,就得依赖于耕地流转和劳力流动,或者增加耕地经营规模,或者转出剩余的劳动力;③在耕地经营适度规模下,农户粮食生产利润较现有规模下要高。扩大农户耕地经营规模对提高农户农业生产利润是非常重要的,而且经济较发达的平原地区农户耕地经营规模效益明显高于经济较落后的丘陵山区。     

构建市场型农技协 促进新农村建设

农村专业技术协会是新时期农村经营体制和组织制度的创新，是提高农民进入市场的组织化程度，实现千家万户的小生产与大市场的有效对接，推进农业产业化经营，促进农业增效，农民增收，助推新农村建设的重要载体。截止目前为止，我县有各种类型的农技协174个，会员19032人，联系带动农户9．98万户，其中股份合作制农技协8个，拥有会员3520人，     

农户农地流转现状、特征及其区域差异分析——以浙江省为例

本文在农户调研的基础上,利用177户农户样本数据,分析浙江省东、中、西部不同经济发展水平地区农地流转的现状,以总结现阶段农地流转的新特点及经济发达地区、经济较发达地区以及经济欠发达地区农户农地转入和转出行为的差异。在实证调研中主要了解3个方面的问题:被访问农户家庭基本情况;农户家庭农地经营与利用情况;农户农地转入和转出情况。实证分析结果表明,由于浙江东、中、西部经济发展水平存在差异,浙江农地流转市场的发育呈现出浙东、浙中和浙北明显的梯度结构;第二、第三产业发展是出现农户农地流转行为的客观物质基础,随着第二、第三产业的发展,农地流转市场逐渐健全;农户之间的流转还是主要用来种植粮食,农户与专业大户、专业合作社和企业之间的农地流转出现农地"非粮化"经营倾向;农户转入、转出农地的形式主要为租赁和转包的形式,农户流转农地行为更接近于市场行为;中介组织在农地流转中发挥越来越大的作用,农地流转市场越完善的地区,农户有签订书面合同的越多,法律维权意识越强,对违约行为越敏感,流转合同越规范。     

耕地经营规模对农户亲环境行为的影响

本文根据农户亲环境行为实施的动态优化模型理论分析了耕地经营规模对农户亲环境行为实施的可能影响,并利用山东省549户农户1417块地块的样本数据,运用Oprobit模型和Probit模型,从家庭层面和地块层面分别实证检验了耕地经营总规模和地块经营规模对农户亲环境行为实施的影响及其差异,以期为制定治理农业面源污染、提升农业可持续发展能力等相关政策提供科学依据。研究结果表明：农户耕地经营总规模和地块经营规模与农户总体亲环境行为实施之间均存在稳健的倒“U”型关系;但上述关系因地块属性不同而呈现差异,自家地的地块经营规模与农户总体亲环境行为实施呈倒“U”型关系;而转入地的地块经营规模与农户总体亲环境行为实施呈“U”型关系。最后,提出政府应积极推进农地流转,促使农户耕地连片规模经营中应注意其适度性,以及加强规范农地流转程序和管理等建议。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.