运动性中枢疲劳及相关神经递质研究进展

运动性中枢疲劳已成为科研人员研究的一个热点。随着神经生物学新技术的发展,运动性中枢疲劳方面的研究取得了很大的进展,现已提出了几种与运动性中枢疲劳有关的神经递质。神经递质是中枢神经系统产生的敏感性物质,与运动性中枢疲劳有着密切的关系。本文采用文献综述法,阐述了5-羟色胺、多巴胺、γ-氨基丁酸与运动性中枢疲劳之间的关系及其疲劳消除方法,以期为运动性中枢疲劳的消除提供科学依据。     

运动性中枢疲劳机制的研究进展(综述)

本文采用文献资料研究法，对运动疲劳产生的中枢机制进行综合性分析．资料表明：一些特殊的神经生物学机制影响着中枢神经系统（CNS）发送和维持足够的神经冲动，成为疲劳产生的可能机制；另外，运动时CNS产生的神经递质、调质、神经激素：如5-羟色胺、多巴胺、氨类等物质，也是运动性中枢疲劳产生的敏感物质。     

运动性中枢疲劳生化机制的研究进展

采用文献资料研究法,对运动疲劳产生的中枢机制进行综合性分析,资料表明:5-HT,DA,Ach,NO等神经递质和神经调质是引发中枢疲劳的生化基础,并且TH,TPH等一些酶类及MCT,BNDF,GFAP,细胞凋亡等也与运动性中枢疲劳有着密不可分的关系.     

热预适应对大鼠中枢疲劳后体温及脑神经递质5-HT分泌的影响研究

目的:观察热预适应通过调节中枢神经递质对大鼠运动诱导的中枢疲劳的作用.方法:12只成年雄性SD大鼠,随机分为2组,6只为预热组,6只为对照组.运动疲劳模型通过力竭跑步模型建立,热预处理组是42℃热处理15min,每天3次,连续5天,对照组不做任何处理.记录最后运动力竭时间及运动前后体内核心温度,同时用液相色谱测量脑组织中5羟色胺(5-HT)的水平.结果:(1)热预处理组的平均力竭时间为178.24±42.43 min,显著高于对照组318.49±37.25min,热预适应显著增加了运动的耐受时间(P<0.05);(2)热预处理组运动前后肛温差0.382±0.396℃显著低于对照组(1.954±0.603)℃,热预适应显著降低了运动后体温(P<0.05);结论:热预适应可以有效的降低运动前后体温差,并且可能是通过减少5-HT含量来起到延缓中枢运动疲劳的作用.     

力竭运动恢复期大鼠纹状体微透析液中DA、5-HT及其代谢物的动态变化

通过微透析采样技术,观察大鼠力竭运动后恢复期不同时段纹状体细胞外液多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量及其代谢的动态变化,分析运动恢复期DA和5-HT的变化特点与相互关系,为探索运动性中枢疲劳和恢复机制提供实验依据。研究发现:力竭运动恢复期不仅大鼠纹状体DA、5-HT和5-HIAA的代谢恢复具有延迟性,其释放恢复也都具有延迟性,力竭运动后24h恢复仍未完成;力竭运动恢复期中大鼠纹状体细胞外5-HIAA含量变化与细胞外5-HT含量变化具有同步性,但变化没有5-HT显著;大鼠纹状体细胞外DA/5-HT显著低于安静水平,24h恢复期抑制性神经递质仍起主导作用;运动疲劳产生时纹状体细胞外DA和5-HT含量的变化较其总量变化更加敏感,提示使用微透析监控中枢细胞外液中DA和5-HT含量的变化可以更加敏感、可靠地评价运动性中枢疲劳。     

中枢神经递质和疲劳（综述）

长时间运动的疲劳受中枢神经系统和外周因素的影响。中枢神经递质(包括5—羟色胺、多巴胺、乙酰胆碱、r—氨基丁酸)在中枢神经系统疲劳中起着重要作用。闸述中枢神经递质和疲劳的关系,供教练员和运动员参考。     

中医药、单胺类神经递质与运动性中枢疲劳研究综述

从“中枢疲劳”假设与运动中单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物的变化、中药对中枢单胺类神经递质的影响、运用中医药推迟、消除运动性中枢疲劳3个方面的研究展望,就中医药、单胺类神经递质与运动性中枢疲劳的有关问题试作综述。     

运动疲劳对大鼠黑质致密区DA能神经元电活动的影响

观察运动疲劳大鼠黑质致密区(substantia nigra zonacompacta,SNc)多巴胺(dopamine,DA)神经元自发放电特征,探讨运动疲劳产生的中枢机制.方法:采用胞外玻璃微电极技术,在体观察运动疲劳后大鼠SNc区DA神经元自发电活动的变化.结果:运动疲劳大鼠SNc区DA能神经元自发单放电频率较对照组显著降低,神经元出现了不规则放电,且爆发式放电比例明显增多,放电间隔直方图成正偏态或随机分布(AI<1),ISI和CV值均显著大于对照组.结论:运动疲劳大鼠SNc区DA能神经元电活动出现明显改变,主要特征为兴奋性和活动规律性降低.SNc和纹状体的腹外侧和背外侧区构成的黑质一纹状体DA能神经通路参与了基底神经节对运动的调节,也是运动疲劳调控的重要中枢脑区之一.     

运动性疲劳生物标志物的研究进展

运动员在训练和比赛的过程中会出现负荷超出机体承受能力的状况,使得机体的生理机能出现暂时减退的现象,是运动疲劳的特征之一.运动过程中经常出现运动疲劳的现象,因而对运动性疲劳的生物标志物进行系统性研究具有重要意义.主要对运动疲劳的生物标志物及运动疲劳标志物在运动疲劳中的作用进行综述.研究表明,机体中的能源物质、代谢产物、血液中的生化指标、中枢神经递质、自由基、尿液、唾液等都是与运动疲劳相关的生物标志物.能源物质是最早研究并公认的运动疲劳生物标志物,对于能量物质与运动疲劳之间关系已经有了较全面的认识;血液、尿液中的生物标志物是目前常用的检测指标;代谢产物和自由基的累积对机体有害,是衡量运动疲劳损伤的重要生物标志物;研究人员逐渐的关注到了中枢神经递质在运动疲劳中的重要作用,是目前运动疲劳生物标志物的研究热点之一.唾液是刚刚兴起的运动疲劳的生物标志物检测指标,由于其检测的方便性与快捷性,被认为是很有潜力的运动疲劳生物标志物.今后的研究应该进一步验证生物标志物和运动疲劳之间的关系,同时进一步发挥生物标志物在运动疲劳评价以及运动疲劳恢复中的作用.     

神经递质与运动性中枢疲劳

有关运动性中枢疲劳的机制是近年来疲劳研究的热点,随着人们对中枢神经系统作用机制的理解的不断深入,对运动性疲劳的中枢机制的研究也在加深。本文采用文献资料法,论述与运动性中枢疲劳相关的氨基酸及其对运动的影响,旨在为运动性中枢疲劳的生化机制及其消除的生化手段提供一定的依据。     

Prediction of distance in hammer throwing

The aim of this study was to determine how much the predicted distance of a hammer throw is affected by (1) ignoring air resistance and (2) assuming that the centre of mass of the hammer coincides with the centre of the ball. Three-dimensional data from actual throws (men: 72.82 +/- 7.43 m; women: 67.78 +/- 4.02 m) were used to calculate the kinematic conditions of the hammer at release. A mathematical model of the hammer was then used to simulate the three-dimensional airborne motion of the hammer and to predict the distance of the throw. The distance predicted for vacuum conditions and using the ball centre to represent the hammer centre of mass was 4.30 +/- 2.64 m longer than the official distance of the throw for the men and 8.82 +/- 3.20 m longer for the women. Predictions using the true centre of mass of the hammer reduced the discrepancy to 2.39 +/- 2.58 m for the men and 5.28 +/- 2.88 m for the women. Predictions using air resistance and the true centre of mass of the hammer further reduced the discrepancy to -0.46 +/- 2.63 m for the men and 1.16 +/- 2.31 m for the women. Approximately half the loss of distance produced by air resistance was due to forces made on the ball and the remainder to forces made on the cable and handle. Equations were derived for calculation of the effects of air resistance and of the assumption that the centre of mass of the hammer coincides with the centre of the ball, on the distance of the throw.     

对人体运动环节重量矩测量方法的理论研究

在引入人体运动环节的概念和增补重量矩参数的基础上，利用二维平衡板推导了运动环节重心与人体总重心之间的联动关系，从而提出了人体总重心圆原理为了计算人体运动环节的重量矩，探讨了利用二维平衡板测量人体总重心圆半径的方法，并指出人体总重心圆原理的缺陷和实际测量时应注意运动环节移动幅度不宜太大等问题，以减少测量误差。     

Different centre of pressure patterns within the golf stroke II: group-based analysis

Although the golf coaching literature stresses the importance of weight transfer during the swing, research has been conflicting or lacking statistical support. A potential problem with previous studies is that no attempt was made to account for different movement strategies in the golf swing. This study evaluated the relationship between centre of pressure measures and club head velocity within two previously identified swing styles, the "Front Foot" and "Reverse" styles. Thirty-nine Front Foot golfers and 19 Reverse golfers performed swings with a driver while standing on two force plates. From the force plate data, centre of pressure displacement, velocity, range, and timing parameters were calculated. Correlation and regression analysis indicated that a larger range of centre of pressure and a more rapid centre of pressure movement in the downswing was associated with a larger club head velocity at ball contact for the Front Foot group. For the Reverse golfers, positioning the centre of pressure further from the back foot at late backswing and a more rapid centre of pressure transfer towards the back foot at ball contact was associated with a larger club head velocity at ball contact. This study has highlighted the importance of identifying different movement strategies before evaluating performance measures, as different parameters were found to be important for the Front Foot and Reverse styles.     

Different centre of pressure patterns within the golf stroke II: Group-based analysis

Abstract

Although the golf coaching literature stresses the importance of weight transfer during the swing, research has been conflicting or lacking statistical support. A potential problem with previous studies is that no attempt was made to account for different movement strategies in the golf swing. This study evaluated the relationship between centre of pressure measures and club head velocity within two previously identified swing styles, the “Front Foot” and “Reverse” styles. Thirty-nine Front Foot golfers and 19 Reverse golfers performed swings with a driver while standing on two force plates. From the force plate data, centre of pressure displacement, velocity, range, and timing parameters were calculated. Correlation and regression analysis indicated that a larger range of centre of pressure and a more rapid centre of pressure movement in the downswing was associated with a larger club head velocity at ball contact for the Front Foot group. For the Reverse golfers, positioning the centre of pressure further from the back foot at late backswing and a more rapid centre of pressure transfer towards the back foot at ball contact was associated with a larger club head velocity at ball contact. This study has highlighted the importance of identifying different movement strategies before evaluating performance measures, as different parameters were found to be important for the Front Foot and Reverse styles.     

Centre of mass kinematics of fast bowling in cricket

Kinematic studies have shown that fast bowlers have run-up velocities, based on centre of mass velocity calculations, which are comparable to elite javelin throwers. In this study, 34 fast bowlers (22.3 +/- 3.7 years) of premier grade level and above were tested using a three-dimensional (3-D) motion analysis system (240 Hz). Bowlers were divided into four speed groups: slow-medium, medium, medium-fast, and fast. The mean centre of mass velocity at back foot contact (run-up speed) was 5.3 +/- 0.6 m/s. Centre of mass velocity at back foot contact was significantly faster in the fastest two bowling groups compared to the slow-medium bowling group. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the centre of mass deceleration over the delivery stride phase was the strongest predictor of ball speed in the faster bowling groups. In conclusion, centre of mass kinematics are an important determinant of ball speed generation in fast bowlers. In particular, bowlers able to coordinate their bowling action with periods of centre of mass deceleration may be more likely to generate high ball speed.     

Centre of mass kinematics of fast bowling in cricket

Kinematic studies have shown that fast bowlers have run-up velocities, based on centre of mass velocity calculations, which are comparable to elite javelin throwers. In this study, 34 fast bowlers (22.3 ± 3.7 years) of premier grade level and above were tested using a three-dimensional (3-D) motion analysis system (240 Hz). Bowlers were divided into four speed groups: slow-medium, medium, medium-fast, and fast. The mean centre of mass velocity at back foot contact (run-up speed) was 5.3 ± 0.6 m/s. Centre of mass velocity at back foot contact was significantly faster in the fastest two bowling groups compared to the slow-medium bowling group. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the centre of mass deceleration over the delivery stride phase was the strongest predictor of ball speed in the faster bowling groups. In conclusion, centre of mass kinematics are an important determinant of ball speed generation in fast bowlers. In particular, bowlers able to coordinate their bowling action with periods of centre of mass deceleration may be more likely to generate high ball speed.     

Biomechanical analysis of circles on pommel horse

The aim of this study was to analyse the principal mechanics of circles. Seventeen university male gymnasts performed circles on an instrumented pommel horse model that enabled the pommel reaction forces to be recorded at 1000 Hz with two force plates. The circles were also videotaped using two digital video cameras operating at 60 frames per second. During circles, the vertical component of the reaction forces peaked in the double-hand support phases. Changes in the velocity of the centre of mass corresponded to the change in the tangential components of horizontal reaction forces. The velocity of the centre of mass had its peaks in the single-hand support phases and its local minimums in the double-hand support phases. The velocity of the ankles and that of the centre of mass of the head and trunk were minimal in the single-hand support phases and were maximal in the double-hand support phases. These results suggest that the circles were composed of vertical movements and two kinds of rotations: rotation of the centre of mass and rotation of the body itself about the centre of mass. These two kinds of rotations, which influence the legs' rotational velocity, are phase dependent. To further our understanding of circles, research on circles in different orientations on the pommel horse will be beneficial.     

“强化转重心”法──对乒乓球正手攻球技术提高的研究

以８４名大学生为研究对象，随机分为实验组和对照组。在进行乒乓球正手攻球技术教学实验中，实验组采用在传统教学方法的基础上辅以＂强化转重心＂法；对照组仅采用传统的教法。实验结果表明，前者正手攻球的技术掌握情况明显优于后者．建议在大学生乒乓球教学和训练中采用此法。     

How does practise of internal Chinese martial arts influence postural reaction control?

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Chinese martial arts practice on postural reaction control after perturbation. Participants standing in Romberg tandem posture were subjected to an unexpected lateral platform translation with the eyes open or closed at two translation amplitudes. The peak displacement of the centre of pressure and of the centre of mass, and the onset latency of muscular activity (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, lumbodorsal muscular group, and rectus abdominis), were evaluated for martial arts practitioners and for sport and non-sport participants. Compared with the sport and non-sport participants, the martial arts group showed lower maximal centre of pressure and centre of mass peak displacements in both the lateral and anterior - posterior directions, but no difference was found in the onset of muscular responses. We conclude that martial arts practice influences postural reaction control during a fixed-support strategy in a tandem task. The martial arts group used the ankle joint more frequently than the sport and non-sport participants, especially in the eyes-closed conditions. Our results suggest that the better balance recovery in the martial arts group is a consequence of better control of biomechanical properties of the lower limbs (e.g. through muscular response by co-contraction), not a change in the neuromuscular temporal pattern.