常规模糊控制算法的单调性

控制算法的单调性对分析系统的动／稳态特性具有十分重要的意义，文章对输入输出模糊数基点非孤共鸣条件下的常规模糊控制算法的单调性进行了讨论．给出了基点非孤共鸣条件下的常规模糊控制算法单调性成立的一个充分条件，对现有结论进行了改进．     

复合函数的单调性

在中学数学教学中，研究函数的单调性是研究函数的重要一环，而复合函数单调性的研究是函数单调性研究的一个难点，也是近年来的高考热点问题，因此我们有必要搞清楚复合函数的单调性。     

函数单调性与数列单调性的整合

教材高一(上)(指全日制普通高中教材必修本;下同)学习了函数单调性定义和数列,并指出了数列与函数的关系;高二(下)研究二项式系数的性质,在研究其增减性时,用Cnk= Cn(k-1)·(n-k 1)/k来讨论,这里实际上提出了函数单调性定义在数列中的具体应用:数列{f(n)}单调增等价于f(n 1)>f(n);单调减等价于f(n 1)相似文献   

函数单调概念的拓广——点单调性

传统微积分学中仅讨论了函数在某个区间上的单调性,对一点处的单调性没有涉及.而在工程函数中,考察函数在某一点处的单调性却十分必要且非常关键.本文拟将此概念加以拓广,给出函数在一点单调的概念,并予以讨论.     

函数单调性的灵活应用

灵活利用函数的单调性进行放缩，往往可以使某些不等式的证明问题以及大小比较的问题迅速准确获解。笔者试给出两个有关函数单调性问题的重要结论和证明，并用这两个结论解决相关的问题。     

函数单调性的灵活应用

灵活利用函数的单调性进行放缩，往往可以使某些不等式的证明问题以及大小比较的问题迅速准确获解．笔试给出两个有关单调性问题的重要结论和证明，并用这两个结论解决相关的问题．     

连续函数的单调性

连续性和单调性都是函数的重要特性。一般来讲，这两个性质并无必然联系。但由于连续函数的特殊性，函数的单调性表现在连续函数上又具有一些新的特点。本建立了两个直接判断连续函数单调性的定理，并进一步分析了在研究连续函数单调性时应注意的问题。     

广义量词主语部分单调性的特点

单调性是广义量词理论的中心问题之一。本文将单调性作为限定词的语义特征,着重研究了其主语(左单调)部分的特点。针对限定词主语部分的单调性,笔者将它与广义量词的分类以及传统的对当方阵结合起来,从而证明限定词主语部分的单调性也是有规律可循的。     

利用“零点法”判定函数的单调性

在设定的单调区间上证明函数的单调性是容易掌握的，而当给定函数的定义域(或指定区间)不是单调区间时，如何确定函数单调区间的端点，进而确定其函数单调性往往比较茫然，这里介绍一种确定函数单调区间及单调性的方法，称之“零点法”。     

高中数学函数单调性在解题中的巧妙应用

在高中数学中,常常会涉及到对函数单调性的研究,和对函数单调区间的考察,函数单调性这一方面的内容,成为函数问题考察中的重中之重,甚至在方程有解求参数的范围和不等式恒成立求参数等方面的问题,也可以通过对其进行的转化,利用函数的单调性进行解答.函数单调性还可以对一些特殊的不等式进行解答,但是,熟练地掌握函数单调性是解决这些问题的一个必要前提,这就需要高中数学教师在进行日常教学内容的同时,对函数的求解方法的讲解不能太过单一.要有针对性地灵活运用函数单调性的定义,巧妙地运用各种方法进行习题的解答并不是很容易,因此需要对函数单调性的解题方法进行系统性的探究.本文     

试析司法论证的逻辑学进路

基于不同的法理学观就有不同的法律逻辑观。在形式主义法理观下,司法论证具有多元的单调逻辑系统。在实用主义法理观下,司法论证的逻辑基础是非单调基础逻辑和非单调应用逻辑。因此,单调逻辑是司法论证的必要基础,尽管不够用,非单调逻辑是对单调逻辑的补充,而不是对单调逻辑的否定,司法论证的任务在于把握非单调推理和单调推理在实际司法推理中的作用机理。＂非单调应用逻辑＂可以作为评价司法论证实质向度和程序向度的推理有效性工具。这一研究领域正成为法律逻辑新的增长点。     

孔子对老子德育思想的借鉴与传承

（一）求真务实、力戒空谈——道德实践原则 老子与孔子都是很内敛、不事空谈、只求平实做人的人。孔子适周曾问礼于老子,老子看到孔子一副年少气盛、春风得意的样子,就以一个长者的身份批评孔子说：“吾闻之,良贾深藏若虚,君子盛德,容貌若愚。去子之骄气与多欲,态色与淫志,     

Working memory as a moderator of training and transfer of analogical reasoning in children

Working memory is related to children’s ability to solve analogies and other inductive reasoning tasks. The aim of this study was to examine whether working memory also plays a role in training and transfer effects of inductive reasoning in the context of a short training procedure within a pretest-training-posttest-transfer design. Participants were 64 children, aged 7–8 years (M = 7.6 years; SD = 4.7 months). All of the children were pre-tested on inductive reasoning and working memory tasks. The children were trained in figural analogy solving according to either the graduated prompts method or practice without feedback. The children were then post-tested on the trained task and three additional inductive reasoning measures. Regression models revealed that visuo-spatial working memory was related to initial performance on each of the inductive reasoning tasks (r ≈ .35). Children’s improvement from pretest to posttest in figural analogy solving, as measured with item response theory models, was somewhat related to visuo-spatial WM but not verbal WM scores or pretest scores. Furthermore, transfer of reasoning skills to an analogy construction task was related to initial ability, but not working memory; transfer to two inductive reasoning tasks with dissimilar content was not apparent. Performance change and ability to transfer trained skills to new tasks are not often used in psycho-educational assessment but may be separate constructs indicative of children’s learning and change.     

Training in Inductive Reasoning and Problem Solving

The present study investigated the effects of an inductive reasoning training program for teaching children (Klauer, 1989b). The experiment assessed the effects of training and the range of transfer of the training achieved. The subjects were 34 third-grade primary school children of average ability. The children were matched on age, sex, and IQ. Children from the training condition (N = 17) received a 1-week course of training (five 30-min sessions). The results demonstrated a significant, positive training effect on childrens′ performance of inductive reasoning tasks. A near-far transfer was observed, i.e., children were able to solve tasks in which they had not been trained. These effects persisted for 4 months. Far-far transfer, however, was not observed, because the children were not able to solve mathematics problems which relate to inductive reasoning, in which they had received no training. Implications for training children within the context of regular schools and the range of transfer are discussed.     

Playful fostering of 6- to 8-year-old students’ inductive reasoning

This paper focuses on a training program in inductive reasoning for first-grade students and presents the direct results as well as the longitudinal effects of the evaluation study. The training is based on Klauer's theory of inductive reasoning and on his “Cognitive training for children” concept (Klauer, 1989a). The training program consists of 120 problems which can be solved through inductive reasoning. The tools for the training exercises were selected to correspond with the age of the targeted cohort. The experimental group in the study consisted of 90 students, whereas the control group was made up of 162. An inductive reasoning test was used in the pre- and posttest as well as in the follow-up study (one year later). The test comprised 33 figural, non-verbal items (Cronbach α = .86). On the posttest, the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group by more than one standard deviation. The experimental group scored significantly higher in each skill area targeted by the training. The most noticeable development was found in system formation. No gender differences were detected on the pre- or the posttest. The effect size of the training program was d = 1.12. In the follow-up study, the experimental group still significantly outperformed the control group; however, their respective levels of development had not changed in this one-year period. Thus, the training effect proved to be stable over time independent of individual students’ original level of inductive reasoning. This study provided evidence that inductive reasoning could be developed very effectively at this early age.     

Reasoning in Young Children: Fantasy and Information Retrieval

The present article examines 2 predictions concerning conditional reasoning in children derived from Markovits's model of conditional reasoning. The first claims that children under 12 years of age should be able to respond correctly to uncertain logical forms if the premises and context enable them to access pertinent counterexamples from memory. The second concerns the effect of reasoning in a fantasy context. Previous studies have established that young children can correctly respond to certain reasoning problems with empirically false premises when these are presented in a fantasy context. However, this model of reasoning predicts that presenting empirically true premises in a fantasy context should decrease performance on the 2 uncertain logical forms. In Study 1, a total of 48 8-year-olds, 78 10-year-olds, and 74 12-year-olds were given 4 reasoning problems involving familiar premises. These problems were embedded in either a fantasy or a realistic context and presented via video tape. Results were consistent with the predictions made. Study 2 attempted to determine whether these results could be due to context or problem formulation. A total of 40 7-year-olds and 46 8-year-olds were given reasoning problems with either no context or with a visual image preceding the problems. Results showed that children did equally well in these conditions, and that providing an image did not improve performance.     

A longitudinal perspective on inductive reasoning tasks. Illuminating the probability of change

Cognitive scientists have studied internal cognitive structures, processes, and systems for decades in order to understand how they function in human learning. Nevertheless, questions concerning the diagnosis of changes in these cognitive structures while solving inductive reasoning tasks are still being scrutinized. This paper reports findings from an experimental study in which 64 participants in three experimental groups solved tasks at ten measurement points. We were able to illuminate changes of cognitive structures and found significant differences between the treatments. The results also indicate that supportive information is an important aid for developing cognitive structures while solving inductive reasoning tasks.     

Conditional reasoning with false premises facilitates the transition between familiar and abstract reasoning

Abstract reasoning is critical for science and mathematics, but is very difficult. In 3 studies, the hypothesis that alternatives generation required for conditional reasoning with false premises facilitates abstract reasoning is examined. Study 1 (n = 372) found that reasoning with false premises improved abstract reasoning in 12- to 15-year-olds. Study 2 (n = 366) found a positive effect of simply generating alternatives, but only in 19-year-olds. Study 3 (n = 92) found that 9- to 11-year-olds were able to respond logically with false premises, whereas no such ability was observed in 6- to 7-year-olds. Reasoning with false premises was found to improve reasoning with semiabstract premises in the older children. These results support the idea that alternatives generation with false premises facilitates abstract reasoning.     

古德曼悖论与形式的归纳逻辑系统

之所以会产生古德曼悖论,不仅是因为类律假说和偶适假说的混同,而且也是因为对归纳的这样一个似是而非的刻画：假设归纳推理的前提都为真,则其结论不一定但很可能为真(即所谓的“归纳概然性特征”)。这证明基于归纳的概然性特征,不可能建立起形式的归纳逻辑。相反,一旦以下述归纳的必然性特征来刻画归纳：假设归纳推理的前提都为假时,则其结论一定为假,就可以建立起形式的归纳逻辑系统。     

Differences in Performance Between Students with Learning Disabilities and Mild Mental Retardation: Implications for Categorical Instruction

We reviewed eight studies that described learning differences between students with learning disabilities (LD) and students with mild mental retardation (MMR). A total of 639 students, 6–20 years old, participated in these studies. Study authors examined students' inductive reasoning and their performance during guided inquiry and more lengthy interventions in reading and math. Students with LD and students with MMR were assessed in terms of learning ease, pre‐ to posttreatment gains, and the maintenance, transfer, and application of knowledge acquisition. Students with LD statistically significantly outperformed students with MMR on both inductive reasoning and guided inquiry tasks. They made reliably larger gains following interventions in reading and math. Across all learning tasks and contexts, students with LD displayed greater consistency transferring and applying conceptual knowledge to new tasks. Regarding maintenance, results were mixed. Implications for categorical instruction are discussed.