功能性与传统力量训练的训练效果比较研究——基于下肢运动生物力学、FMS和运动能力测试

该研究对40名自愿参与的男性大学生施加8周的功能性力量和传统力量训练,以期通过基于下肢运动生物力学、FMS和运动能力测试,探究功能性力量与传统力量的训练效果,进而为大学生进行功能性和传统力量训练提供理论依据与参考建议。研究分为实验组和对照组,对实验组进行了8周的功能性力量训练,对照组进行了8周的传统抗阻力量训练,并在训练前后分别进行了下肢内外翻力矩、FMS和运动能力测试。研究结论：（1）持续8周的功能性力量训练可以显著提高大学生的功能动作质量（FMS）,但与传统力量训练相比,并没有对功能动作质量的提高带来更显著的效果;然而对下肢运动生物力学的影响要显著优于传统力量训练。（2）持续8周的功能性力量训练与传统力量训练相比,更能提高大学生的速度能力、协调能力以及灵敏素质,然而其对下肢的弹跳能力的影响却远不如传统力量训练,弹跳能力仍需要进行大的抗阻力量训练才能得到显著提高。（3）功能性力量训练不能替代传统力量训练对于肌肉的力量、爆发力以及平衡能力的影响,因此,在力量训练时,应当考虑传统抗阻力量训练和功能性力量训练对运动能力的不同影响,有选择地进行训练。     

功能性训练在康复体能训练中的应用

通过步态分析、等速力量、功能性动作（FMS）和十字韧带功能测试等综合手段,对运动员进行前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤后的评估,根据得到的结果分析并对进行相应的康复体能训练（包括本体感觉训练、柔韧性训练、平衡训练、核心力量训练和下肢离心力量训练和plyometric爆发力训练）。发现通过针对性的功能性训练,可有效降低运动员ACL损伤的再发生、缩短损伤后竞技能力与运动表现恢复周期,体现了其在康复体能训练方面的价值。     

Short-term slackline training improves task-specific but not general balance in female handball players

Slackline training has been shown to improve balance and neuromuscular performance. However, recent studies suggested that balance is task-specific, implying that transferability of balance skills is limited and might depend on the similarity of the tasks. This study therefore investigated if short-term slackline training could improve performance in balance tasks that are either more or less similar to the trained slackline task. Furthermore, we assessed potential transfer effects to other neuromuscular performance tests.

25 female handball players (23.7?±?3.9 years) participated in our study and were matched to either a slackline training (SLT; n?=?14) or a control group (CON; n?=?11). The intervention comprised 12 sessions with overall 120 minutes of slackline training using single and double slacklines. Slackline standing time and measures of dynamic and static balance were assessed before and after the intervention, as well as power and sprint-related performance parameters.

Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA found a significant group?×?time interaction for slackline standing time, indicating larger training effects for SLT. For the remaining dynamic and static balance tests, no significant interactions were found. With regard to neuromuscular performance, there was a significant group?×?time interaction only in change of direction.

In essence, the study showed that slackline training induced task-specific balance improvements without affecting general balance. This adds further evidence to the task-specificity principle of balance, although the specificity of the sample as well as the briefness of the intervention should be taken into account when generalizing our findings. Nonetheless, this study contains practical implications for team sports interventions and future balance training studies, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate balance exercises to yield rapid and the desired training outcomes.     

功能训练对老年人身体功能能力影响的研究进展

功能能力是影响老年人日常生活活动和功能独立性的重要因素,在健康老龄化背景下,探讨功能训练对老年人身体功能能力的影响是个重要的研究问题。本文从老年人进行功能训练的意义出发,综述了目前相关的关于不同形式的功能训练对老年人肌肉力量、平衡能力、移动能力,以及日常生活活动能力影响的研究进展,并提出适合老年人进行的身体功能训练的主要特征,以期为未来进一步研究提供理论和实践依据。     

Fördert ein multidimensionales Gesundheitssportprogramm kognitive und motorische Fähigkeiten im höheren Erwachsenenalter?

Research on successful aging has shown that physical training can have positive effects on cognitive and motor functions in the elderly. The article describes a study involving a 12-week multidimensional exercise program (endurance, strength, flexibility and relaxation) with one session per week which was established for older adults (60 years onwards). Cognitive training (e. g. attention, concentration and memory) was additionally targeted in each exercise session. The exercise program was evaluated by different standardized tests regarding its effects on motor and cognitive performance as dependent variables. In a randomized controlled trial with experimental and waiting control group two points of measurement were conducted. The results showed a significant increase in fitness parameters (endurance, strength and dynamic balance) for the experimental group in contrast to the control group. The expected significant increase for cognitive functions was not found. There is still not enough known about the relationship between cognitive function and physical activity in older adults.     

运动员水盐代谢状态的评定方法

水盐代谢平衡是保证人体健康的基本条件,是运动员维持良好机能状态和发挥最大运动潜能的必然要求。在日常生活及运动训练后评定运动员水盐代谢状态,及时调整水盐摄入量为增进健康、促进运动能力的提高提供科学保障。目前存在多种评定水盐代谢状态的方法,本文通过对各种方法优劣势的比较分析,指出适合实验室条件或日常生活中评定运动员水盐代谢状态的方法,并提出以汗液指标评定运动训练后体内水盐代谢状态的设想,旨在为以后的科学研究选取合适方法提供依据。     

水中瑞士球训练对优秀游泳运动员核心稳定性与运动表现的影响

通过对18名北京体育大学中国游泳运动学院的一级游泳运动员进行陆上瑞士球核心训练和水中瑞士球核心训练，探讨水中瑞士球训练对优秀游泳运动员核心稳定性和运动表现的影响。结果表明，8周陆上和水中瑞士球训练均能显著提高优秀游泳运动员躯干力量、背肌耐力和身体平衡性，改善运动员陆上身体控制和平衡能力，进而改善游泳运动员力量传导的效率，促进躯干和上下肢之间力量的有效转移，提升打腿和划手的效果，提高50 m自由泳运动表现；两种训练对运动员柔韧性和功能性表现无显著影响；水中瑞士球训练对各测试的提升幅度和RPE强度上均高于陆上瑞士球训练，且水中瑞士球训练手段可以更有效提高游泳运动员的50 m自由泳运动表现。     

提高射击运动员重大比赛中发挥能力相关问题探讨

在总结和分析多年对射击运动员科技攻关与服务成果的基础上，对运动员在重大比赛中如何提高自身的比赛能力、充分发挥训练水平的相关问题进行探讨，以帮助教练员、运动员和科研人员提高赛前训练的针对性。射击运动员动作简单明快的先进技术、合理有效的专项体能训练、系统的机能监控与合理的营养调控、中枢神经兴奋性的适度维持、以及技术、心理和生理机能的有机平衡等条件是运动员比赛中正常发挥或超水平发挥的基础和关键。     

多模态功能训练对女大学生功能性踝关节不稳患者下肢肌力、本体感觉和动态平衡能力的影响

目的:探讨多模态功能训练对功能性踝关节不稳(Functional ankle instability,FAI)患者肌肉力量、本体感觉功能和动态平衡能力的影响。方法:45名FAI患者随机分为常规力量训练组(strengh training,ST组,n=22)和多模态功能训练组(multimodal function training,MFT组,n=23)。ST组常规力量训练,MFT组在常规力量力量训练的基础上增加本体感觉和姿势控制训练,康复训练共进行8周,2个训练周期。实验前后分别对2组实验对象患侧踝关节屈、伸、内翻和外翻肌群60°/s和180°/s等动向心收缩相对峰值力矩、本体感觉(踝关节屈、伸、内收和外翻运动感觉功能、腓骨肌反应时)和动态平衡能力(前方得分(A)、后内侧得分(PM)、后外侧得分(PL)和YBT-CS总得分)进行测试。结果:1)2组受试者患侧踝关节60°/s和180°/s等动向心踝关节肌群相对峰值力矩均显著大于实验前(P<0.05),且二者组间没有显著性差异(P>0.05);2)实验后,ST组本体感觉功能没有显著性改变(P>0.05),MFI组本体感觉各项指标均显著小于实验前(P<0.005,P<0.01,P<0.05),且均显著低于ST组(P<0.05);3)试验后,2组受试者动态平衡各指标均优于实验前(P<0.05,P<0.01),且MFI动态平衡各项指标均优于ST组(P>0.05)。结论:MFT康复训练能够显著改善FAI患者肌力、本体感觉和动态平衡能力,且效果更优于ST组。     

我国优秀古典式摔跤运动员焦华锋赛前控重期间机能状态的监测

以国家队重点男子古典式摔跤运动员焦华锋为研究对象,采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、实验法、问卷调查法和统计法,针对焦华锋在2008年奥运会资格赛前,体重、运动能力、血红蛋白（Hb）、血睾酮（T）、皮质醇（C）、T／C、肌酸激酶（CK）、血尿索（BUN）等指标进行研究,通过观察焦华锋降控体重期间各项机能指标的变化,探索针对焦华锋赛前科学调控竞技状态的方法,同时为摔跤项目更好的发展提供一些参考。焦华锋控重计划与科学的饮食、科学的营养补充和训练计划相结合,这种个体化控重方案保证了运动员能够平稳、顺利的降到目标体重。训练后主观感觉良好,未出现过度疲劳的现象,竞技能力未受体重影响,身体机能状态和精神状态良好。     

经颅直流电刺激联合运动干预对运动能力影响的研究进展

经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)作为一种非侵入式脑刺激技术,已在运动科学领域受到广泛关注。现阶段,tDCS不仅可以单独作为一种干预手段,还可以与其他训练相联合,进一步提高其对运动能力的改善效果。旨在回顾tDCS联合运动干预对运动能力影响的研究,归纳整理tDCS联合运动干预对运动能力的影响及其作用机制,探究tDCS联合运动干预的应用价值。研究发现,tDCS联合运动干预能够显著增加肌肉力量,降低动态姿势稳定指数,降低运动学习任务中的反应时、错误率等,且增益幅度显著大于假刺激联合运动干预组。其可能的作用机制为tDCS与运动干预的联合对大脑皮层兴奋性的增益。在未来的研究中应进一步探讨tDCS与运动干预联合的最优方案,从脑网络、脑-肌耦合等角度深入理解tDCS联合运动干预的内在机制。     

Effects of balance training on postural sway, leg extensor strength, and jumping height in adolescents

Deficits in strength of the lower extremities and postural control have been associated with a high risk of sustaining sport-related injuries. Such injuries often occur during physical education (PE) classes and mostly affect the lower extremities. Thus, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of balance training on postural sway, leg extensor strength, and jumping height in adolescents. Twenty high school students participated in this study and were assigned to either an intervention (n = 10) or control group (n = 10). The intervention group participated in a 4-week balance-training program integrated in their physical education lessons. Pre- and posttests included the measurements of postural sway on a balance platform, jumping height on a force platform, and maximal isometric leg extension force on a leg-press. Balance training resulted in significantly improved postural control, increased jumping height, and enhanced rate of force development of the leg extensors. Physiological adaptations rather than learning effects seem to be responsible for the observed findings. These results could have an impact on improving the performance level in various sports and on reducing the injury prevalence of the lower extremities.     

A randomised controlled trial of movement quality-focused exercise versus traditional resistance exercise for improving movement quality and physical performance in trained adults

ABSTRACT

The aim of this trial was to compare an eight-week individual movement quality versus traditional resistance training intervention on movement quality and physical performance. Forty-six trained adults were randomised to a movement quality-focused training (MQ) or a traditional resistance training (TRAD) group, and performed two individualised training sessions per week, for 8 weeks. Session-RPE (sRPE) was obtained from each session. Measures of movement quality (MovementSCREEN and Functional Movement Screen (FMS)) and physical performance were performed pre- and post-intervention. All measures improved significantly in both groups (3–14.5%, p = <0.005). The between-group difference in MovementSCREEN composite score was not statistically significant (0.3, 95% CI ?3.4, 4.1, p = 0.852). However, change in FMS composite was significantly greater in MQ (1.3, 95% CI 0.8, 1.8, p < 0.001). There were no significant between-group differences in physical performance (p = 0.060–0.960). The mean sRPE was significantly lower in MQ (5.25, SD 1.2) compared to TRAD (6.6 SD 1.0, p = <0.001). Thus, although movement quality scores were not distinctly greater in the MQ group, a movement quality specific intervention caused comparable improvements in physical performance compared to traditional resistance training but at lower perceived training intensity.     

Improvements in heat tolerance induced by interval running training in the heat and in sweat clothing in cool conditions

To compare the effectiveness of training in heat and in sweat clothing in cool conditions on improving heat tolerance, two groups of active subjects (n = 6 in each) performed an interval running heat-tolerance test before and after a 7-day experimental treatment. On each treatment day the subjects attempted to complete 4 x 15 min interval treadmill running periods (a 7.5 s effort every 30 s, on 15 km h-1, 15% grade; the same exercise format as the heat-tolerance test), which were interspersed with 5-min recovery periods (total time each day = 80 min). Group 1 (heat) ran in shorts, socks and shoes in hot humid conditions, and Group 2 (sweat clothing) ran in cool conditions dressed in shorts, socks and T-shirt covered by a polyester-cotton tracksuit, over which was worn 100% nylon spray-proof pants and jacket (cotton lined) with an acrylic cloth bobble hat (beanie) on the head. Both groups displayed changes typical of heat acclimatization over the 7-day period, with significant decreases in final rectal temperature (Tr) and heart rate (HR) being evident, but no change in sweat loss. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) was similar in both groups during the training sessions (heat group: 34.8-35.7 degrees C; sweat clothing group 34.9-35.5 degrees C). After the heat-tolerance test, both groups had significantly lower Tr, Tsk and HR values than before, and sweating sensitivity (g m-2 h-1 degrees C rise in Tr) was significantly increased. There was only one significant difference between the two groups (Tsk, 20th min value). It was concluded that training in sweat clothing in cool conditions can provide the same improvements in heat tolerance as training in hot humid conditions where a fixed exercise intensity and duration are used.     

Impact of Overt and Subclinical Hypothyroidism on Exercise Tolerance: A Systematic Review

Purpose: This systematic review describes the state of the art of the impact of hypothyroidism on exercise tolerance and physical performance capacity in untreated and treated patients with hypothyroidism. Method: A systematic computer-aided search was conducted using biomedical databases. Relevant studies in English, German, and Dutch, published from the earliest date of each database up to December 2012, were identified. Results: Out of 116 studies, a total of 38 studies with 1,379 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies emphasize the multifactorial causes of exercise intolerance in untreated patients by the impact of limitations in different functional systems, with cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and cellular metabolic systems acting in concert. Moreover, the studies affirm that exercise intolerance in patients is not always reversible during adequate hormone replacement therapy. As a consequence, despite a defined euthyroid status, there remains a significant group of treated patients with persistent complaints related to exercise intolerance who are suffering from limitations in daily and sport activities, as well as an impaired quality of life. An explanation for this phenomenon is lacking. Only 2 studies investigated the effects of a physical training program, and they showed inconsistent effects on the performance capacity in untreated patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusions: A limited body of knowledge exists concerning exercise tolerance in treated patients with hypothyroidism, and there is an insufficient amount of quantitative studies on the effects of a physical training program. To enhance exercise and sports participation for this specific group, more research in this forgotten area is warranted.     

A preliminary evaluation of the associations among functional performance tasks and quality of life in obese and healthy weight youth

The associations among lower extremity functional performance and quality of life in obese youth are unknown. The aims of this study were to compare lower extremity strength, lower extremity functional performance, and health related quality of life between obese and healthy-weight youth and evaluate the relationships between lower extremity performance and health related quality of life in obese youth. Twenty obese and 20 age and sex matched healthy-weight youth were recruited. Peak torque of the major lower extremity muscles were measured. Functional performance was measured with single leg hop and single leg balance tests. The Paediatric Quality of Life questionnaire's physical and psychosocial health subscales were used. Paired t-tests and multiple regression analyses were performed. Obese youth demonstrated decreased peak torque in all muscles measured (P < 0.05), poorer functional performance (P < 0.05), and worse physical health related quality of life (P < 0.05) compared to healthy-weight youth. Lower extremity functional performance was associated with aspects of quality of life in the obese group (P = 0.002), but not in the healthy-weight group (P < 0.05). These results may assist in encouraging best practices in the promotion of exercise, physical activity, and quality of life in obese youth.     

The long and short of (performance) surfing: tightening patriarchal threads in boardshorts and bikinis?

Surfing economies, working through material culture in the form of high fashion clothing, surfing monikers or fashion clothing has had scholarly attention in the past. Unlike other sports however, clothing for performance rather than fashion or cultural consumption remains under-researched. With increasing research on the gendered and sexualized nature of surfing alongside an increasing emphasis on female surfing as athletic performance, a paradox seems apparent. In warm-water competition, women deal with tensions associated with appearance, sponsorship driven by sexual objectification and functional surfwear that increases exposed body surface – while men’s clothing epitomizes comfort, protection and ultimately a reduction in exposed body surface. Under the guise of athletic performance and celebrating female gains in the sport, a patriarchal thread seems to tie up a particular sex, gender and sexuality order that is neither new nor productive for high performance or full participation.     

Collegiate baseball players with more optimal functional movement patterns demonstrate better athletic performance in speed and agility

Sports injuries are common among baseball players and may result in abnormal movement patterns, increased risks of future injury, and unsatisfactory performance. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS?) has been developed to detect abnormal functional movement patterns and can be used for predicting risks of sports injury. However, whether FMS? scores are associated with athletic performance remains unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the association between functional movements and athletic performance in elite baseball players. Core stability, muscular strength and flexibility of the lower extremities, and FMS?, as well as athletic performance in sprinting, agility, and balance tests were assessed in 52 male collegiate Division I baseball players placed into two groups based on FMS? scores. The high-scoring group demonstrated better athletic performance than the low-scoring group, with a shorter duration of the agility test. No group differences were found in core stability, muscular strength, or muscle flexibility, except for rectus femoris flexibility. Thus, the FMS? score is associated with sprinting and agility performance in elite baseball players. These findings indicate that the FMS? may have a role in predicting athletic performance and thereby help determine the goals of training regimens or return-to-play strategies.     

补充糖+乳清蛋白对业余足球运动员运动能力影响的研究

目的:普通高校业余足球队运动员在备战广东省第7届大学生运动会训练期间,观察补充低聚糖 乳清蛋白(4:1)饮料对体成分、部分血生化指标和运动能力的影响。方法:16名男性普通高校业余足球队运动员随机分成对照组(n=8)和实验组(n=8),进行为期12周的实验,实验组运动员在每天训练前即刻、训练后1h内和临睡前,择时补充糖 乳清蛋白,对照组运动员则补充纯净水,实验前后分别进行体成分、血生化指标和体能测试,并统计整个大运会每场比赛结果。结果:足球运动员补充低聚糖加乳清蛋白能有效地保护红细胞功能,预防血红蛋白水平的下降,同时可提高体能、促进疲劳的消除,对维持肌肉微结构有积极作用。     

形意拳运动员体能特征研究

体能在形意拳运动员练习和比赛中占有重要地位。体能是竞技能力的基础,一切运动训练都是建立在具备基本体能基础之上。当前许多高水平的训练,都把体能训练作为专项训练的基础,认为它是专项训练的基础和保证。科学的体能训练对提高运动员的竞技能力和在比赛中取得优异的运动成绩有看十分重要的意义。文章通过对形意拳运动员的体能特征进行分析,总结出提高运动员体能的建议,为运动员进行体能训练提供一定的借鉴。