翻译中语义同化现象解析

一、引言在对译本进行比较研究的过程中,我们经常发现这一现象:译者在翻译中的选词择义有很强的倾向性,这种倾向性既能保证译文与源语的等效,又能反映出原作的交际意图,而且能使译文读者产生理解和心灵上的共鸣。为什么会有这样的现象?译者是根据什么来选词择义的?其好处又在何处?     

译中语义同化现象解析

一、引言在对译本进行比较研究的过程中,我们经常发现这一现象:译者在翻译中的选词择义有很强的倾向性,这种倾向性既能保证译文与源语的等效,又能反映出原作的交际意图,而且能使译文读者产生理解和心灵上的共鸣.为什么会有这样的现象?译者是根据什么来选词择义的?其好处又在何处?     

中国典籍诗歌英译的意义识解——以李白的《送友人》为例

对于诗歌翻译这一特殊的体裁,译者对原诗意象语义的识解直接关乎译文质量的好坏。文章将中国典籍诗歌与认知语义识解观相结合,通过语义的主观识解性,从识解观的五个主要雏度。时李白《送友人》的三个英译文进行评析。正确识解原诗意义,准确传达原作者在原文中的意图。     

文学翻译中汉语独特文化意象英译的最佳关联——《浮躁》英译本个案分析

根据关联翻译理论,以《浮躁》英译本为个案,探讨汉语独特文化意象英译的翻译方法。研究表明,当原文读者的认知语境在译文读者的认知语境中缺失的情况下,译者只要根据上下文语境推导出原文作者的交际意图,通过直译加注、舍去形象意译或者转换形象都可使译文达到最佳关联。     

认知识解理论视角下《活着》英译研究

《活着》的英译本一经出版获好评无数,译者白睿文力求忠实原文,尽力传达原文内容,译文翻译取得较大成功。两种语言间完全对等的翻译是不现实的,译文和原文难免会存在一些细微差异。《活着》英译文不可避免地也会出现一些语义偏移现象。本文将从译者的认知识解入手,通过对比典型的汉英翻译例句讨论《活着》英译过程中的认知语义偏移的特点,并分析认知语义偏移背后的潜在原因。     

汉诗英译的意象识解与重构——以杜甫《登高》为例

诗歌是文学中的特殊体裁,译者对原诗意象语义的识解直接关乎译文质量的好坏。该文将汉译英译与认知语言学的识解理论相结合,从识解理论的四个主要维度对杜甫诗《登高》三个英译本进行评析,研究不同译者对诗中意象语义的识解操作及其对运用目标语进行意象重构的影响。     

汉诗英译的意象识解与重构--以杜甫《登高》为例

诗歌是文学中的特殊体裁,译者对原诗意象语义的识解直接关乎译文质量的好坏。该文将汉译英译与认知语言学的识解理论相结合,从识解理论的四个主要维度对杜甫诗《登高》三个英译本进行评析,研究不同译者对诗中意象语义的识解操作及其对运用目标语进行意象重构的影响。     

从认知文化图式理论看汉英典故的翻译

从认知的角度分析对汉英典故的理解,如果读者认知语境中相关文化图式缺省或原文作者和译文读者的认知文化图式相异,就会导致理解失败和偏差。因此,只有清除认知文化图式差异带来的理解障碍,才能正确有效地进行汉英典故的翻译。     

动态互动对等——基于读者反应的翻译批评标准

本文旨在讨论翻译批评标准,并在分析前人研究和借鉴奈达翻译理论和图示理论的基础上,尝试着建立了一个包含文本、译者和读者诸因素的文学翻译批评标准。这一标准是基于读者反应的批评标准。它从人类认知的角度研究读者反应,借助图式理论,在奈达的“动态对等”基础上提出“动态互动对等”,指出原文读者对原文形成的图式若能与译文读者对译文形成的图式达到互动对等,那么从读者反应角度来说,译文就是好的译本。     

翻译实践中图形-背景关系在译文中的转换

在认知语言学视角下,理想的翻译是原文中所蕴含的认知结果可以完全忠实地反映在译文中。鉴于源语和目标语在句法、文化方面存在的差异,译文和原文有时会存在差异,这使得原文中所蕴含的认知结果不能完全忠实地反映在译文中,译者在译文中对原文中所蕴含的认知结果进行了调整。从图形-背景理论视角看,译者有时需要在译文中对原文中所蕴含的图形-背景关系进行转换。本文通过简单句、复合句的翻译实例简要阐释了图形-背景关系在译文中的转换。     

Phonological and semantic factors in the object-naming errors of skilled and less-skilled readers

Children who read poorly have difficulty naming objects, and their errors usually bear a semantic or a phonetic resemblance to the correct words. Excessive semantic and phonetic naming errors could both be due to underlying phonological deficiencies in poor readers. When children cannot name an object because its name is not represented well in long-term memory or cannot be processed well, semantic information as well as partially available phonological information may be used in selecting an alternative response. This hypothesis was tested by looking for the joint influence of semantics and phonology in the naming errors of third-grade children. The same children were asked to name a set of pictured objects, repeat the object names after being spoken by the examiner, and recognize the objects from their spoken names. A separate group of children produced associative responses to the same pictures. First, it was found that, compared with skilled readers, less-skilled readers who named objects without any time pressure had a deficit that could not be attributed to repetition difficulty or limited vocabulary. Second, the naming errors showed a semantic relationship to the correct words that was as strong as that of the associative responses. Third, the naming errors also showed a phonetic relationship to the correct words, whereas the associative responses did not. Finding a joint semantic and phonetic effect in the naming errors of children suggests that the errors may be attributable to phonological deficiencies.     

图式理论与英语阅读

阅读是人类吸收知识和获取信息的重要途径。图式是语义记忆网络中的一种信息贮存结构,它在阅读理解中发挥着预测、选择、推论等重要作用。读者大脑中已有的图式制约着读者对文章的理解程度。为了提高阅读能力,读者必须建立语言图式、内容图式及形式图式,并在阅读过程中激活相应的图式。     

A possible contribution of word-retrieval difficulties to reading and spelling impairments

Good and poor readers at the junior high school level and good and poor spellers at the university level were compared on their ability to produce words in response to a semantic cue (a category name), a visual cue (three letters), and an auditory cue (a syllable rime). Kindergarten children were tested on a word-identification task and their retrieval of words in response to the semantic and auditory cues. At all ages, poor readers or spellers produced fewer words on all word-retrieval tasks than did good readers or spellers. Performance on the auditory and visual word-retrieval tasks correlated very highly with pseudoword reading and spelling ability in the two older groups; in the kindergarten children, auditory retrieval correlated with word identification. The results suggest that poor readers have not organized words in long-term memory according to rhyming families but that good readers have. We speculate that failure to retrieve rhyming words during acquisition of reading and spelling skills underlies the failure of poor readers and spellers to abstract the higher-order relationships between orthography and phonology.     

图式视角下的广告翻译

图式理论是认知心理学家用来解释心理过程的一种理论。从图式理论的角度来理解,翻译是译者利用相关图式对源语解码,并将目的语再编码的一个图式转换的过程。文章从图式理论角度来探讨广告翻译。文章分析了目的语读者的图式与源语文本可能出现的三种关系——图式相符,图式冲突,和图式空缺,并提出译者只有充分了解目的语读者的认知图式,采用恰当的翻译策略,才能创作出优质的广告译文。     

The Language Features of Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

As a unique feature of literature, poem brings readers music beauty, image beauty, visual beauty as well as symbolic beauty. Robert Frost is an American contemporary poet who is good at stylistic feature of poems, especially in macroscopic organization, rhetorical methods, grammatical metaphor, vocabulary, rhythmic feature, and semantic relations. Generally, sound is related to phonetics and phonology. Patterns of sound can create melodious effect in poetry, and sometimes a single vowel or consonant will make the verse or even the particular poem significant. Sometimes musical or incantatory effects are achieved through devices such as onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance and rhythm. A stylistic analysis of Robert Frost’s famous poem"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"is given, which mainly focused on its language features. Through the excellent choice of words and organization of sound, Frost makes the simplest pieces into meaningful poems with beautiful melody and brings readers refreshing sense, flatus of life, tranquility and geniality.     

《骆驼祥子》的文化心理分析与语义诠释

很多翻译者在翻译过程中只将文本的解析工作做到语义层面,而忽视了心理层面。要真正对文本做到定点、定位、定格,必须从文化心理角度对其进行深层次的挖掘,从而准确诠释语义,为翻译提供通道。选取《骆驼祥子》的一个译本为例,以文化心理为参照,对其词语语义的界定予以分析并重新进行界定。     

Differences between skilled and less‐skilled young readers in the retrieval of semantic,phonological, and shape information

This study aimed to determine whether the reading skills of third‐grade schoolchildren are associated with their preferences for semantic, phonological, and shape competitors (images or printed words) after being exposed to a spoken critical word. Two groups of children participated: skilled readers and less‐skilled readers. Through a language‐mediated visual search, children's fixations on the three competitors and a distractor were measured. When looking at images, both groups of readers preferred to look at the semantic competitor. When reading words, both groups showed a preference for the phonological competitor, but only skilled readers were sensitive to semantic information. These results suggest that early reading skills influence access to different types of representations in response to hearing a word, and they confirm the existence of a cascaded activation of information retrieval in childhood.     

一词多义英汉异同对比——以"手"为例

体验主义认为,语言源于人们的生活体验,语言中的词汇通过隐喻的映射作用,获得新的语义.文章运用认知语言学理论,结合语义实证的研究证明,"手"一词的语义隐喻在英汉两种语言中很大程度上具有共性.同时该词在英汉两种语言中所获得的不同义项则表明, 隐喻还受到文化背景和语言个性的制约.     

对《全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试指南译文(财经类)》的错误剖析

《全国专业技术人员职称英语考试指南译文（财经类）》（辽宁大学出版社，１９９９），由于词义理解、语法、上下文理解及翻译技巧等方面的原因，其英译汉有多处错误。对这些错误进行剖析，有助于读者在学习该书时能准确理解原文。同时说明翻译是一项严肃的工作，决不能匆促行事，以免贻误读者。     

从图式理论的视角看阅读理解的心理过程

阅读理解是个复杂的心理活动过程，在这个过程中，读者往往借助“自下而上”和“自上而下”两种信息加工方式的交互作用来解读阅读内容。因此，图式理论将阅读过程解释为读者所具备的背景知识和阅读材料相互作用的过程。影响阅读理解的主要因素是内容图式和形式图式。对图式理论的研究，有助于揭示阅读理解的认知心理过程并对外语教学有所启示。