小学教师实践性知识的认知现状及其生成路径——基于江苏省泰州市C小学的调研

教师对于整个国民教育尤其是基础教育的重要性不言而喻。通过对泰州市C小学的调研发现,尽管当前小学教师学历和理论性知识都在稳步攀升,但实践性知识却相对被忽视,存在小学教师实践性知识认知零散、实践性知识运用局限以及实践性知识构成单一等问题。分析其原因,主要与小学教师自身专业发展自觉、学校教育教学管理机制以及社会环境风气有关。可以从小学教师入手,通过培育教师教学经验总结反思,促发教师实践性知识生成的自觉能动性;加强师范教育顶岗实习力度,促使教师实践性知识理论与实践统一;学校社会积极创建教师专业共同体,促进教师实践性知识生成的集体智慧传递。     

基于教学反思的教师实践性知识发展

有效教学要求教师具备丰富的实践性知识。然而,我国教师实践性知识缺失,亟待提高。教学反思是教师实践性知识生成和发展的重要机制。教学反思从教师的教育信念、教师的职业道德感等方面促进教师实践性知识发展。因此,教师应努力培养自身教学反思能力,促进实践性知识的发展,改进教学实践。     

论实践性知识与教师智慧的生成

实践性知识是教师知识的核心组成部分,之于教师智慧的展现具有举足轻重的作用。作为动态性质的知识,教师的实践性知识由教育理念、生活态度、反思能力等内容构成,具有内隐性、情境性、迅捷性、自我建构性等特征。教育研究是形成教师实践性知识的主要途径。为此,要强化日常的课堂教学实践,开展具有个性的研究,积极开展行动研究和使教学反思成为教师的生活方式。     

谈教师实践性知识及其来源

实践性知识是教师教育教学和专业发展的知识基础.教师实践性知识的基本特点是实践性、个人性、情境性与综合性,该类知识主要来源于个人生活史、日常教学实践、教学反思与进修培训.     

基于博客社区的高校青年教师教学反思问题初探

教学反思是教师专业发展的重要途径之一,新手教师的专业发展过程中,实践性知识的获得很难通过学习培训等方式获得,需要教师不断地反思总结获取.在博客社区下新手教师通过撰写教育反思日志,教育叙事,教学视频和建立学习共同体等手段进行教学反思,促进教师更好的专业成长.     

论基于反思——实践取向的教师研究

本文认为教育和教学工作具有很强的实践性,因此,教师的个人经验是其实践性知识的来源,而实践性知识的外显和生成则通过对经验的反思而实现,教师并不是知识的消费者,他们也是知识的生产者,每时每刻都在生产着自己的实践性知识,从而使教师赋权和教师专业发展具有重要意义。也为理解教师研究提供了新的思路:研究不再是专家学者的专利,它也是每一个教师可以通过对自己教学实践和经验的反思而生成个人教学理论、促进自身专业发展的重要手段。教师研究应该以教学实践中的问题为导向,以改善教学和促进学生学习为目的,把反思和研究作为专业工作的一种态度和方式。     

教师实践性知识管理

教师实践性知识是教师专业发展和实践智慧养成的基础和推动力。但由于种种原因,教师实践性知识长期处于被压制、受忽视的境地。而教师实践性知识管理对于缓解和最终消除这种不良情状具有极为重要的价值。教师实践性知识管理的策略主要包括：采用认知学徒制的学习模式,进行案例研究,加强教学实践反思,开展教育叙事研究。     

教师实践性知识：内涵解读与发展之道

实践性知识是教师专业发展和实践智慧生成的基础和催化剂。具有个人实践性、情境建构性、生成反思性和缄默整合性等特性,是推动教育教学工具理性与价值理性走向和谐统一、提升教师专业水平并实现教师知识结构完善的必然诉求。教师实践性知识的发展需要教师注重日常积累,不断反思教学实践,以教育叙事研究为挖掘载体,最终实现实践性知识发展的最优化。     

反思实践是教师专业发展的核心因素

反思实践是教师专业发展和自我成长的核心因素。在反思中发现问题，在反思中研究教法学法，在反思中培养学生的学习兴趣。反思是研究教法学法，培养学生学习兴趣的切入点。我校在教师专业发展的过程中，重视引领教师反思自己的教学行为，对自己的教育实践和周围发生的教育现象进行反思，对自己的知识和经验进行重组，将反思和自我专业发展作为一种新的专业生活方式，渗透于教师日常专业行为的方方面面。通过反思式教学，促使教师对自身教学实践经验进行反思，从而获得实践性知识的扩延和教科研水平的提高。培养教师在反思过程中逐渐成为具有自觉改进意识与自我提高能力的专业人员。     

解析教师实践性知识:涵义、特征及其建构

教师实践性知识是近20年来教师知识研究中的一个独特课题,受后现代哲学思想的影响,教育理论界开始逐渐关注教师实践性知识。教师实践性知识是教师在教学实践中通过自己的体验、沉思和领会等方式获得的、与教学情境密切联系的、逐渐建构起来的运用于教育教学实践中的一套理论系统和经验认识。它具有潜隐性、反思性、情境性和复合性的特征,而"反思学习"和"教师培训模式"的更新是教师建构其实践性知识的重要途径和有效策略。     

“Everything goes smoothly”: A case study of an immigrant Chinese language teacher's personal practical knowledge

Much of teacher knowledge research in teacher education has focused on Western views of teacher knowledge. By reporting on a case study of an immigrant Chinese language teacher's personal practical knowledge in teaching secondary school students, this paper presents an Eastern view of teacher knowledge, and illustrates how knowledge and identity are entwined. The study found that an immigrant teacher's awareness of her identity and her cultural heritage had a profound influence on shaping her personal practical knowledge and teaching practice. The paper suggests that more cross-cultural studies be undertaken to further our understanding of teacher knowledge.     

The role of personal practice theories in the professional development of a beginning high school chemistry teacher

The notion of deliberated teacher reflection as a means of improving professional teaching practice has become one of the most pervasive concepts to influence science teacher education during the past decade. In this case study, we use the notion of teacher reflection and Lytle and Cochran‐Smith's ( 1990 ) typology of teacher research to examine the relationships between a beginning high school chemistry teacher's articulated personal practice theories and his actions as demonstrated by his curricular decisions and instructional practices. In so doing, we describe the ways in which the formal articulations of this teacher's personal practice theories lent themselves to his development as a teacher/researcher and propose this development as a useful model of science teacher practitioner professionalism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 408–441, 2001     

Developing and Enacting Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teaching History: An Exploration of Two Novice Teachers' Growth Over Three Years

Using artifacts of teachers' practices, classroom observations, and teacher interviews, we explore the development and enactment of 2 novices' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for teaching history. We identify and track 4 components of PCK that are relevant to teaching history: representing history, transforming history, attending to students' ideas about history, and framing history. We find that these 2 novices demonstrated different aspects of PCK in different settings at different points in the first 3 years of their careers. Their PCK continued to grow after preservice education, although the pace and substance of this development varied. In particular, attending to students' ideas about history and framing history were more challenging aspects of PCK for these novices. Specific features of the teacher education program, the school context, and the individual teacher's capacity facilitate growth in PCK, including opportunities to practice, alignment within the teacher education program and across learning sites, reflection on practice, and subject matter knowledge.     

Exploring Biology Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge in the Teaching of Genetics in Swaziland Science Classrooms

This study explored the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and its development of four experienced biology teachers in the context of teaching school genetics. PCK was defined in terms of teacher content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and knowledge of students’ preconceptions and learning difficulties. Data sources of teacher knowledge base included teacher-constructed concept maps, pre- and post-lesson teacher interviews, video-recorded genetics lessons, post-lesson teacher questionnaire and document analysis of teacher's reflective journals and students’ work samples. The results showed that the teachers’ individual PCK profiles consisted predominantly of declarative and procedural content knowledge in teaching basic genetics concepts. Conditional knowledge, which is a type of meta-knowledge for blending together declarative and procedural knowledge, was also demonstrated by some teachers. Furthermore, the teachers used topic-specific instructional strategies such as context-based teaching, illustrations, peer teaching, and analogies in diverse forms but failed to use physical models and individual or group student experimental activities to assist students’ internalization of the concepts. The finding that all four teachers lacked knowledge of students’ genetics-related preconceptions was equally significant. Formal university education, school context, journal reflection and professional development programmes were considered as contributing to the teachers’ continuing PCK development. Implications of the findings for biology teacher education are briefly discussed.     

Articulating the Relationships Between Theory and Practice in Science Teaching: A model for teacher professional development

In-depth analysis of science teachers' idiosyncratic instructional behaviors combined with the notion of deliberated 'teacher reflection' as a means of improving professional teaching practice has become one of the most pervasive concepts to influence science teacher education during the past decade. Sweeney and coworkers have described how the notion of teacher reflection and Lytle and Cochran-Smith's typology of teacher research were utilised to examine the relationships between a beginning high school chemistry teacher's articulated personal practice theories and his actions as demonstrated by his curricular decisions and instructional practices. Using data drawn from the previous study, this report focuses on examining how the methodological approach taken in the investigation (explicit, deliberate articulation and analysis of a teacher's instructional behaviors and rationales within the context of a mentoring relationship) may serve as a useful model for teacher professional development across all areas of instruction.     

Cultural and religious experiences: do they define teaching and learning for pre‐service teachers prior to teacher education?

This study examines the interaction between indigenous culture and modern religious practices of teaching and learning, and how this contributes towards shaping the preconceptions of teaching, learning, a teacher's role(s), students as learners, and knowledge of three secondary school pre‐service teachers who were just commencing their teacher education program at the only university educating teachers for post‐primary and post‐vocational educational institutions in Papua New Guinea. Data were obtained through a semi‐structured interview questionnaire. Data analysis revealed a dialectical and a mutually constitutive relationship between cultural and religious practices of teaching and learning. This made a significant contribution towards the construction of the three secondary school pre‐service teachers' preconceptions. These practices defined and fashioned the perceptions of teaching and learning the three pre‐service teachers held prior to becoming students of teaching.     

Teacher reflections on ‘bumpy moments’ in teaching: a self‐study

This study recounts a practicing teacher's attempt to describe reflections during the course of teaching at the primary level. A self‐study was conducted to address teacher thinking during ‘bumpy moments’ in teaching, offering an insight into how we might capture the details of teachers' unseen reflections. Through an analysis of the many ‘bumpy moments’ in teaching, several important findings emerged about the nature of reflection and how reflection actually occurs in the classroom context. Results of this study have implications for future research, teacher education and improvement of the teaching practice.     

TELPS: A method for analysing mathematics pre-service teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge

A pre-service teacher's Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) and their personal constructs of teaching develop throughout their teacher education program. PCK integrates generic pedagogical knowledge, mathematical teaching methodology and knowledge of the discipline of mathematics and this paper reports on a survey that can be used to assess a pre-service teacher's PCK. TELPS (Teacher Education Lesson Plan Survey) was developed to determine the PCK of pre-service teachers during their teacher education program. TELPS is shown to analyse pre-service teachers' PCK with some indication that the pre-service teacher's development of PCK can be observed.     

Teacher Effectiveness Research: towards describing user‐friendly classroom instruction

In this article we examine the teacher's role as a mediator of knowledge and cognitive learning in the classroom. We cite findings from the research areas of teacher effectiveness, teacher expertise, and curriculum knowledge. These data strongly support user‐friendly explicit methods of classroom teaching. We also discuss issues raised in conjunction with alternative conceptions of the teaching process. Finally, we note the importance of incorporating teacher effectiveness research findings into teacher education programmes, and of identifying the various misconceptions that have been used to criticise this body of information.     

The Dynamics of Interaction During Post‐lesson Conferences and the Development of Professional Activity: Study of a pre‐service physical education teacher and her co‐operating teacher

The purpose of this study was to characterise the development of a preservice physical education teacher's professional activity over the course of training interactions with her co‐operating teacher. The student teacher's professional development was studied using a hermeneutic and inductive approach based on the analysis of data from observation and self‐confrontation interviews. The results showed that the preservice teacher's conceptions regarding her teaching developed despite communication difficulties with her co‐operating teacher and that she constructed new knowledge—at times without her co‐operating teacher's awareness—even when she disagreed with him. However, the student teacher's classroom activity did not always change as a result of this new knowledge. The self‐confrontation interviews revealed her construction of knowledge, as well as the reasons for disagreement and her resistance to changing her classroom action.