从饥荒成因看社会保障的完善——读《贫困与饥荒》有感

在现代社会中,社会保障制度也是一个国家重要的制度之一,是不容忽视的。而早在《贫困与饥荒》一书中,阿玛蒂亚·森给我们提供了一个解析贫困概念的新视角——权利方法,该方法贯穿了整个饥荒成因的分析过程,在饥荒成因分析中,作者用大量的事实证明了社会保障的重要性。本文通过阐述饥荒成因分析,借助权利方法明确社会保障的内容,并尝试为社会保障制度的完善提出一些建议。     

以阿马蒂亚·森的自由发展观看待我国农村的贫困

1998年经济学诺贝尔获得者阿马蒂亚·森在他的里程碑著作《以自由看待发展》中阐述了自由发展观,认为自由是发展目的,并对重要的话题如贫困、饥荒、危机等进行了重要论述,对发展中国家的贫困问题具有很强的解释力.我国农村贫困问题凸显成为影响经济发展和社会稳定的重要的因素,也是建设社会主义新农村应需解决重要的问题之一.因此,在全球化情境下,以阿马蒂亚·森的自由发展观视角探讨我国农村贫困问题,是十分必要的,且具有重要的意义.     

可持续发展运行:从战略到行动

人口、资源、环境与贫困等人类生存与发展问题,是发展中国家现代化过程中一开始就遇到的时代性难题,是对发展中国家提出的挑战,现实要求发展中国家既要在较短时间内完成工业化、现代化过程并赶上西方发达国家,又不能重蹈西方工业化道路的复辙。如果说人口、资源、环境与贫困问题,对于西方国家表现为如何维持原有文明模式。那么对于发展中国家则表现在建立一个新文明模式中走出困境。从这个意义上讲,解决好人口、资源、环境与贫困问题,是发展中国家能否实现现代化的关键,也是振兴中华、创造新的文明模式、走新文明之路的深层次问题。     

论可持续发展的环境保护与资源合理使用途径

目前在发展中国家出现严重的环境污染 ,除了发展中国家自身原因外 ,很大一部分是西方国家将污染工业向发展中国家转移的结果。与此相反 ,人口、资源、环境与贫困等人类生存与发展问题 ,却是发展中国家现代化过程中一开始就遇到的时代性难题 ,是对发展中国家提出的挑战 ,现实要求发展中国家既要在较短时间内完成工业化、现代化过程并赶上西方发达国家 ,又不能重蹈西方工业化道路的覆辙 ,掠夺式开发全球资源、殖地移民、走先污染后治理的老路子。如果说人口、资源、环境与贫困问题 ,对于西方国家表现为如何维持原有文明模式 ,那么对于发展中国家则表现在建立一个新文明模式中走出困境。从这个意义上讲 ,解决好人口、资源、环境与贫困问题 ,是发展中国家能否实现现代化的关键 ,也是振兴中华、抓住机遇、超越传统、创造新的文明模式、走向文明之路的深层次问题     

宋代文化体制下民主法治意识的当下解读

民主法治是治国的基本方略,国民民主法治意识的形成对社会的进步与发展有着极其重要的作用。从对宋代文化体制的考察中,体悟到权力的分化与制衡的重要性,以法律制度作为强有力的保障措施可有效推动民主法治进程。     

公正与发展的和谐政治与经济的平衡——21世纪人口与反贫困可持续发展

贫困是全球性社会现象,是经济、社会、文化发展不平衡和自然生态条件差异以及人类个体差异综合作用的结果。解决贫困问题是当代世界性课题。即使是富裕的欧洲也有4000万穷人,而发展中国家的反贫困任务则更加艰巨。中国是发展中国家,底子簿、人口多、地域广,自然条件、经济发展水平千差万别。据统计,目前中国大约有5800万贫困人口。国家历来把保障贫困社会群体的基本物质生活,使其尽快脱贫,走共同富裕的道路,作为重要职责,做了大量工作,进行了许多探索,取得了显著成效。在社会主义市场经济体制建立和可持续发展战略实现的过程中,扶贫工作会面临一些新情况、新问题。本文就中国中、西、北部反贫困可持续发展及其若干宏观扶贫政策作了详细论述。     

依法治村与湘西南农村贫困地区小康目标的实现(一)

湘西南农村贫困地区是经济贫困、文化贫困、体制贫困、环境贫困并存的地区。在湘西南农村贫困地区推行依法治村的战略举措，可以促进该地区经济发展、民主健全、法制完善、社会稳定、科技进步和人民生活水平提高。依法治村是湘西南农村贫困地区摆脱贫困，实现全面建设小康社会目标的根本途径。     

人口压力、环境容量与贫困阴影——解决三大问题的必由之路:可持续发展

自然生态系统在人类干预下失去平衡,突破环境承载能力,陷于衰退之中,形成打击经济系统的恶性循环,迫使人类加速资源消耗以图生存,从而引发非持续的环境异化和人口素质低下。与此同时,无论发达国家还是发展中国家,穷人的产生,贫困的累积,都是无法回避的棘手的问题。中国的人口压力集中体现在贫困地区。如果说,人口、资源环境与贫困问题的挑战,对于西方国家表现为如何维持原有文明模式,那么对于发展中国家则表现为在建立一个新文明模式中走出困境。本文在论证可持续发展是解决全球问题必由之路的基础上,试图从更深层次上提出可持续发展的环境保护途径     

人口压力、环境容量与贫困阴影──解决三大问题的必由之路:可持续发展

自然生态系统在人类干预下失去平衡,突破环境承载能力,陷于衰退之中,形成打击经济系统的恶性循环,迫使人类加速资源消耗以图生存,从而引发非持续的环境异化和人口素质低下。与此同时,无论发达还是发展中国家,穷人的产生,贫困的面积,都是无法回避的棘手难题。中国的人口压力主要集中地体现在贫困地区。如果说,人口、资源、环境与贫困问题的挑战,对于西方国家表现为如何维持原有文明模式,那么对于发展中国家则表现在建立一个新文明模式中走出困境。本文在论证可持续发展是解决全球问题的必由之路基础上,试图从更深层次上提出可持续发展的环境保护途径。     

农民的组织化与贫困农村社区的可持续发展——以社区主导型发展试点项目为例

对于贫困农村社区新农村建设来说,当前亟需解决的是经济资本和社会资本双双下降的难题。农民组织化基础上的经济民主和政治民主是破解难题的良策。通过国务院扶贫办的社区主导型发展试点项目可以看出,扶贫资金直接下沉到基层社区实现了经济民主。围绕着经济民主不仅实现了社会资本的增值,还可以带动政治民主的发展。而两个民主的实现均需以农民的组织化为载体。该试点项目的经验还告诉我们,为了实现强国家-强社会的发展模式,除了继续推行国家支农惠农的农村金融政策之外,还必须正视扶贫体制的转变、村两委与农村其他自治组织的关系等重大问题。     

Education,Democracy and Poverty Reduction in Africa

This article explores the political relationship between education and poverty reduction. It argues that authoritarian rule in Africa has exacerbated levels of poverty and sets out six ways in which this has happened. However, the achievement of greater levels of democracy will not be possible unless political culture and civil society in Africa become more democratic but this will depend on the spread of more democratic values and behaviours. As democratic values and behaviours are socially learned and are not genetic, education must play a part in fostering greater democracy. The article then discusses three examples from Africa where education has not played a significant role in furthering democracy and provides some further examples of African countries where serious attempts are being made to try to change education systems in a more democratic direction.     

Educational consequences of orphanhood and poverty in western Kenya

During the past decades, many developing countries have been severely hit by a combination of poverty and the HIV pandemic. However, there has been a debate about the relative contribution of these two factors. This study showed that poverty and orphanhood were two separate but interrelated factors contributing to poor schooling. There were no differentials shown based on double orphanhood or gender. We recommend that educational policies should put into consideration both poverty and orphanhood in order to increase schooling access for children affected by HIV/AIDS and poverty.     

Poverty reduction and adult education: beyond basic education

One of the Millennium Development Goals declared by the United Nations in 2000 was to reduce by half the population of people living in extreme poverty, by 2015. Adult education can and should contribute significantly to this development goal. Nevertheless it has hardly been explored so far in the national Poverty Reduction Strategies Papers. In as far as attention has been given to the contribution of adult education to the reduction of poverty, the trend has been to focus on literacy or basic education. Nevertheless, adult education is potentially much more than literacy or basic education. Successful contribution of adult education to poverty reduction programmes includes also agricultural extension, vocational education, community development and training for active citizenship. In this introduction of the special issue of the International Journal of Lifelong Education, we will sketch the state of the art for each of these branches of adult education. Moreover, our central argument will be that developing countries do not only need a more extended system for adult education, but also a more flexible and more targeted system than the rather traditional practices in most developing countries.     

协商民主:未来中国基层民主发展的创新之路

协商民主,是20世纪90年代以来西方兴起的一种民主理论。在有中国特色的社会主义民主蓬勃发展过程中,民主形式在基层得到不断创新,也呈现出协商民主妁若干重要特征和发展趋势。本文主要是在明确中西方学界对协商民主含义解释的基础上,探讨中国基层民主发展中出现的协商民主,分析其在中国基层民主发展过程中的可行性,并指出协商民主的进一步推进需要构建治理型政策网络。     

The intersectionality of educational inequalities and child poverty in Africa: a deconstruction

The developing world has continually faced tremendous challenges in providing social security and safety nets for its vast populations culminating in wider educational inequalities and extreme poverty. It is not uncommon in Sub-Saharan Africa to find rapacious wealth in the hands of a few co-existing with mass poverty. As a consequence, the majority of children in education have continually experienced low attainment levels and poor prospects in life. This paper discusses interrelationships between child poverty and educational inequalities since these aspects are critical to child development and social mobility and are poignant for developing nations if they are to re-align their economies competitively at a global level. The paper used an analytic review of existing survey data and literature on contemporary contexts in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on establishing understanding on child poverty and its impacts on children’s education and well being. In using data from the World Bank and United Nations agencies, the paper has been able to ascertain poverty indices affecting children; inadequate education investment levels; educational inequalities and how these have negatively impacted childhood education and development. Indications are that child poverty and educational inequalities continue to exist despite rising education investments in some countries. The paper posits strategies that developing nations may apply to improve childhood experiences and harness human capital, despite challenging levels of poverty.     

Non-formal basic education as a development priority: Evidence from Nicaragua

Almost 900m adolescents and adults are illiterate in the developing world, yet most policy discussions focus on the educational circumstances of primary aged children. As a result non-formal educational programs for adolescents and adults are given very little support, and this group is virtually ignored in international agreements such as the millennium declaration. This article presents the first serious attempt at evaluating the impact of a non-formal education program. Results show significant learning achievement over the academic year, as well as strong development impacts of the program in non-learning dimensions of participants’ lives. These positive impacts, plus the significantly lower unit costs and self-targeted nature of the program provide strong evidence that this type of program can be an important part of the poverty reduction and human capital enhancement strategy of developing countries with large illiterate adult populations.     

Open educational resources: education for the world?

Education is widely seen as an important means of addressing both national and international problems, such as political or religious extremism, poverty, and hunger. However, if developing countries are to become societies that can compete properly with Western industrialized countries, not only is a fundamental shift in thinking with regard to the value of education and more/better provision of teaching required, but strong support from other countries is needed as well. This article explores questions such as whether Western policymakers can avoid a repetition of some of the failures of the past few decades in terms of providing foreign aid; how educators and providers of educational scenarios and learning contents can foster and manage the creation of a worldwide knowledge society; and in particular, if the provision of open educational resources (OER) can realistically overcome the educational gap and foster educational justice.     

我国的多党合作和政治协商制度的历史形成及特征

中国共产党的多党合作制度主要经历了以毛泽东、邓小平为核心的两代中央领导集体在社会主义革命和建设实践中形成、发展并日臻完善。相对于一些社会主义国家曾经实行的一党制和西方资本主义国家实行的多党竞争制,我国的多党合作制具有坚强的领导核心、广泛的政治参与、多党制约机制和政策的连续性等优势。在多党合作制运行现状中,民主党派在参政议政和民主监督方面还存在着一些不足。     

经济全球化的政治经济学分析

经济全球化以发达国家为主体,建立在陈旧的国际政治经济格局的基础之上,对发展中国家的经济发展产生了严惩的负面影响;从贸易全球化看,将导致发展中国家的“贫困化增长”;从投资自由化看,将导致发展中国家的经济主权受到威胁;从金融自由化看,发展中国家的金融安全将因此受到严峻的挑战,中国作为发展中国家的重要成员,在经济全球化的背景下,指导思想必须明确,具体而言,应当以统一国内市场作为贸易的指导思想,以发展企业主体作为吸引外资的指导思想,以完善货币供给机制和货币传导机制作为金融开放的指导思想。