浅谈三级跳远运动员跳深训练生理学依据和力学特征

跳深练习在跳跃运动训练中已被广泛运用,许多学者和教练员对跳深练习做了可贵的探索,但是对男子三级跳远运动员运用跳深的研究仍不多见。本文试图阐述跳深练习的原理以及三级跳远运动员运用跳深训练的力学特征,希望对三级跳远运动员的训练有现实指导意义。一、研究对象与方法研究对象:浙江省10名一二级水平的男子三级跳远运动员。研究方法:运动学测试法。二、跳深练习的生理学依据跳深练习是典型的超等长练习,是人体利用自身的体重所产生的冲量迫使下肢肌肉离心收缩后紧接着进行向心收缩的跳跃运动,它能使下肢肌肉在向心收缩前预先拉长,肌肉…     

对我国不同水平男子跳远教练员专项力量训练计划及安排特点的比较

运用专家访谈法、问卷调查法和数理统计法等对我国不同水平男子跳远教练员专项力量训练的特点进行了专题研究．结果表明：与二三线跳远教练员相比，在专项力量训练内容上，一线跳远教练员更加注重加速跑时腿部肌群所需的爆发力和上肢摆动力量的训练；在专项力量训练的手段上，一线教练员更多的采用助跑2．4步五级跨步跳、米跳（计时跳）和持哑铃原地摆臂等练习手段。     

超等长练习在三级跳远训练中的应用

一、前言 超等长练习是发展跳跃运动员腿部爆发力最有效的方法之一,目前,超等长练习在跳跃运动训练中已被广泛地运用,但对它是如何起作用的目前仍不十分清楚。许多学者和教练员对超等长练习做了可贵的探索,但是对男子三级跳远运动员运用跳深练习的专门研究仍不多见。研究显示,我国高水平男子三级跳远运动员最后5米助跑速度已基本达到世界高水平(与世界顶尖     

中小学生不宜练“蛙跳”

蛙跳，即双腿深蹲后向前连续跳的一种练习方法。 长期以来，蛙跳一直作为少年儿童身体训练的主要手段之一。然而，根据研究结果表明，这是一种对少年儿童发育不良的训练手段，特别是在水泥地上训练，其危害性更大。 1. 中小学生由于肌肉、关节、韧带的发育还不成熟，比较娇嫩，做蛙跳这种深蹲跳，会超过他们膝部所能承担的能力，容易造成膝部的损伤，影响健康发育。 2. 蛙跳时除膝外各关节的活动相对狭窄，主要增强大腿前群肌肉力量。长期练习，易造成腿部前后肌群力量比例失调，易导致肌肉拉伤。训练效果也不好。 …     

起跳过程肌肉工作特点之探讨

<正> 前言研究运动效应、分析运动技术、进行科学训练,必须了解相应专项动作的肌肉工作特点。跑、跳过程中下肢肌肉的工作特点,有其自身的客观规律。运动员和教练员应该了解下肢肌肉工作的客观规律,以有助于理解和完善运动技术。这对于有目的,有针对性地选择训练手段,科学地指导训练实践,有重要作用。目前,跳跃运动员的力量训练,基本上源于传统的举重运动员的力量训练。力量训练中的抗阻练习,大多在静位状态下,在垂直面内完成,忽视了肌肉在练习中的收缩方式与比赛中收缩方式的不一致性,忽视了肌     

发展跳远爆发力的生理学基础及其训练方法

肌肉绝对力量、运动速度,运动中枢同步调节,Ⅱ型肌纤维发展,磷酸原系统供能能力是决定跳远运动员爆发力的生理基础。长期系统合理的训练,将在中枢神经系统和肌肉运动速度的协调中产生专门性适应变化,提高速度性力量。根据17年来跳远教学与训练的实践体会,提出杠铃力量练习、跳跃练习(速度跳跃练习和远度跳跃练习),跳深练习、踝关节力量练习、．关键肌群力量练习等是发展跳远爆发力的有效训练方法。     

力量和力量训练

在运动训练中,力量是运动的基础,向来被教练员和运动员重视。但是,在运动实践中,各专项运动员怎样进行力量训练才更有效,通常又有互不相同的看法,甚至存在着一些错误的或混乱的概念。例如什么大肌肉好练,小肌肉不好练;什么基本力量是发展各专项力量的基础,以及爆发力=力量×速度等,皆经常出现在许多体育资料的论述中。为使各专项运动的教练员和运动员对力量和力量训练有一个比较科学的认识,以便能有效地选择力量练习手段和使力量练习具有实效性,本文试从肌肉结构和机能的角度来探讨力量和力量训练的有关问题。     

发展青少年运动员力量和爆发力的方法

发展运动员力量和爆发力的方法很多，但由于青少年运动员训练的特殊性，需要在训练的方法和手段上更加符合青少年运动员的特点，在训练中应选择那些比较安全而且有效的方法和手段以发展他们的力量和爆发力。我们发现在运动员的早期训练中，很多教练员经常采用较大的杠铃负重练习来发展运动员的力量和爆发力，这样往往会给青少年运动员的机体造成损伤，过早的大力量训练对运动员的成长和后期培养都没有好处，这一点已经在广大教练员中达成共识。因此，我们根据青少年运动员的训练特点和国内外一些教练员成功经验对青少年力量和爆发力方法进行…     

反向软地跳深练习

<正> 本研究通过实验数据和文献资料分析证明:反向软地跳深练习,对提高弹跳力比在硬地做跳深练习要好,特别是对弹跳力水平较高、经常规训练成绩停滞不前的运动员效果较佳,具有较高的实用价值。理论分析绝对力量是通过超负荷的训练来发展的。因为,肌肉或肌群超负荷时,即对抗最大或接近最大阻力练习时,可使其最大收缩,从而产生生理适应,也就是导致肌肉力量的增加。我们知道,跳深是发展弹跳力的有效手段,但反向软地跳深练习的效果如何呢? 一、肌肉由收缩成份和弹性成份组成,当肌肉的收缩成份缩短时,弹性成份被拉长而将前者释放的部分能量吸收贮藏起来,这些能量其后以弹性反作用力     

我国女子速度滑冰运动员冰陆专项力量练习主要工作肌肉特点的比较研究

利用肌电图测试技术测试分析我国两名优秀女子短距离速滑运动员冰上过程中以及主要陆上专项力量练习动作下肢主要肌肉的用力规律,通过对比分析确定我国两名女子重点运动员速滑过程和陆上专项力量练习的肌肉发力特点,指出陆上专项力量练习与实际速滑过程中肌肉用力特点的差异,进而对陆上专项力量训练提出相关建议,旨在为教练员和运动员提高专项力量训练质量提供参考。     

负重振动练习与超等长练习对篮球运动员下肢力量影响的对比研究

为了完善和探索新的、科学的力量训练方法,利用Kislter测力台,运用对比试验的方法,结合运动生理和生物力学知识,将一种新的负重振动力量训练法与超等长跳深练习法进行试验研究。通过对采用两种训练方法训练的篮球运动员的自由纵跳(CMJ)、下肢快速力量指数和完成杠铃蹲起规定动作出现疲劳时间的测试分析,发现负重振动练习对发展运动员的下肢最大力量、快速力量和力量耐力较超等长跳深练习有着更为明显的效果(P<0.01)。     

Optimizing segmental movement in the jumping header in soccer

This study looks at segmental movements in the jumping header from an optimization viewpoint. Investigations on the header so far have focused on head restriction in the movement but have not clarified how and to what extent body segments influence the performance of the skill. In the present study a biomechanical model was used to analyze the jumping header in simulated competition to give a clear picture of an optimized header. Skilled soccer players headed balls at speeds of 13 m x s(-1) the results indicated that the head moves as a free non-restricted segment in the jumping header and should be allowed to do so, even though much soccer literature says otherwise to prevent injuries. The arm movement showed individual characteristics and gave no general advantages in optimizing ball speed after impact in the header The movement of the legs was, on the other hand, the single most important factor in the skill. Therefore, coaches and players shouldfocus on developing muscle strength in the stomach, back and pelvis and should put no restrictions on head and arm movement to optimize the jumping header.     

Muscle performance following an acute bout of plyometric training combined with low or high intensity weight exercise

Abstract

To determine the time course of performance responses after an acute bout of plyometric exercise combined with high and low intensity weight training, a 3-group (including a control group), repeated-measures design was employed. Changes in performance were monitored through jumping ability by measuring countermovement and squat jumping, and strength performance assessment through isometric and isokinetic testing of knee extensors (at two different velocities). Participants in both experimental groups performed a plyometric protocol consisting of 50 jumps over 50 cm hurdles and 50 drop jumps from a 50 cm plyometric box. Additionally, each group performed two basic weight exercises consisting of leg presses and leg extensions at 90–95% of maximum muscle strength for the high intensity group and 60% of maximum muscle strength for the low intensity group. The results of the study suggest that an acute bout of intense plyometric exercise combined with weight exercise induces time-dependent changes in performance, which are also dependent on the nature of exercise protocol and testing procedures. In conclusion, acute plyometric exercise with weight exercise may induce a substantial decline in jumping performance for as long as 72 hours but not in other forms of muscle strength.     

拉伸训练对力量表现的效应和机制的研究进展

力量和柔韧性通常是训练计划中的两大要素.无论是在竞技训练还是大众健身时,在运动前进行拉伸是惯常程序.人们普遍认为,这样做可以有效预防运动损伤和肌肉酸痛,甚至有利于提高运动成绩.但是,这样的论断一直缺乏科学依据.近年来,关于拉伸训练对力量表现的影响已成为国内、外研究的热点问题.综述了国内、外关于拉伸训练对力量表现影响的文献,主要目的是审视拉伸训练对力量素质的急性效应和长期效应,以及存在于效应背后的发生机制.     

Effect of aqua exercise on recovery of lower limb muscles after downhill running

The aim of the present study was to examine how the recovery of physiological functioning of the leg muscles after high-intensity eccentric exercise such as downhill running could be promoted by aqua exercise for a period until the damaged muscle had recovered almost completely. Ten male long-distance runners were divided equally into an aqua exercise group and a control group. From the first day (Day 0) to the fourth day (Day 3), the participants completed a questionnaire on muscle soreness, and serum creatine kinase activity, muscle power, flexibility, whole-body reaction time and muscle stiffness were measured. After measurements on Day 0, the participants performed downhill running (three 5 min runs with a 5 min rest interval at -10%, 335.7 +/- 6.1 m . min-1). The aqua exercise group performed walking, jogging and jumping in water on three successive days following the downhill running on Day 0 for 30 min each day. Muscle power was reduced on Day 1 in the control group (P < 0.05). Muscle soreness in the calf on Day 3 was greater in the control group than that in the aqua exercise group (P < 0.05). In the aqua exercise group, muscle stiffness in the calf was less than that in the control group over 4 days (time main effect: P < 0.05; group x time interaction: P < 0.05). We conclude that aqua exercise promoted physiological functioning of the muscles in the legs after high-intensity downhill running for a period until the damaged muscles had recovered almost completely.     

跳落动作对超重人群下肢损伤的生物力学研究进展

研究目的:跳落动作作为影响人体下肢运动生物力学和运动损伤的重要因素之一,近年来引起学者的广泛关注,对于超重人群而言,探讨跳落相关运动损伤尤为重要。研究方法:本文主要采取文献资料法,总结了超重人群相关损伤因素以及跳落模式对人体下肢的运动学、动力学、肌肉激活以及运动损伤的影响。研究结果与结论:目前研究发现对于超重人群的落地研究主要在下肢运动学、动力学和肌肉激活上存在差异,且大多为双腿跳落,对于冠状面、水平面的三维运动学、动力学的研究较少。而且,目前针对超重人群不同高度跳落研究相对有限,对于超重人群在不同高度跳落的落地模式相关的生物力学机制还不够清楚,需要更进一步研究。     

单腿支撑力量练习的实验性研究

很多力量练习都是以双腿支撑进行的，这与跑、跳单腿发力的运动形式不太符合，因此，有必要改进练习的方式，进行以单腿支撑发力的力量练习可能更为有效。通过对武汉体育学院体育系98级专修班男生32人进行实验性研究，结果证明，通过实验大幅度提高了短跑成绩，并提高了跳跃运动员的助跑速度和起跳能力。     

浅谈腹部肌群在伦巴舞定点转中的作用及表现

肌肉的收缩是完整机体的主要活动方式之一,许多生理功能都借此得以实现。在运动过程中,骨骼肌收缩是人体运动的动力,人体各种形式的运动,主要是靠骨骼肌的收缩来完成的。本文运用文献资料法对伦巴舞定点转中腹部肌群的作用及表现予以描述与分析,提高对肌肉的认识程度并提高在运动时对腹部肌肉群的有效运用能力,为相关的运动训练或竞赛予以理论指导。     

The sports performance application of vibration exercise for warm-up,flexibility and sprint speed

Abstract

Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a resurgence of vibration technology to enhance sport science especially for power and force development. However, vibration exercise has been trialled in other areas that are central to athlete performance such as warm-up, flexibility and sprint speed. Therefore, the aim of this review was to attempt to gain a better understanding of how acute and short-term vibration exercise may impact on warm-up, flexibility and sprint speed. The importance of warming up for sporting performance has been well documented and vibration exercise has the capability to be included or used as a standalone warm-up modality to increase intramuscular temperature at a faster rate compared to other conventional warm-up modalities. However, vibration exercise does not provide any additional neurogenic benefits compared to conventional dynamic and passive warm-up interventions. Vibration exercise appears to be a safe modality that does not produce any adverse affects causing injury or harm and could be used during interval and substitution breaks, as it would incur a low metabolic cost and be time-efficient compared to conventional warm-up modalities. Acute or short-term vibration exercise can enhance flexibility and range of motion without having a detrimental effect on muscle power, however it is less clear which mechanisms may be responsible for this enhancement. It appears that vibration exercise is not capable of improving sprint speed performance; this could be due to the complex and dynamic nature of sprinting where the purported increase in muscle power from vibration exercise is probably lost on repeated actions of high force generation. Vibration exercise is a safe modality that produces no adverse side effects for injury or harm. It has the time-efficient capability of providing coaches, trainers, and exercise specialists with an alternative modality that can be implemented for warm-up and flexibility either in isolation or in conjunction with other conventional training methods.