课外补习时间、学生成绩与社会再生产

基于PISA2012上海的数据,研究了上海中学生的课外补习时间状况,探讨了补习时间对学生成绩的影响效应.研究发现:家庭经济条件好和私立学校的学生参与数学补习时间更多;数学补习时间对学生数学成绩具有显著的正向效应,家庭经济社会地位低的学生增加课外补习时间后的数学成绩提升幅度更大;如果不同家庭经济社会地位的学生获得相同的数学补习机会,则增加数学补习时间能减小因家庭经济社会地位差距而带来的数学成绩差距,促进教育结果的均等化.如同学校教育一样,课外补习的教育社会再生产新机制也日趋明显,这将对义务教育公平和社会正常流动带来严重挑战.本研究政策启示为,政府应该为家庭经济收入较低且在教育竞争中处于不利地位的学生提供课外补习费用补贴,保证其补习时间,缩小与其他学生的成绩差距,促进教育结果均等及教育跨代际效应功能的发挥.     

影子教育是否扩大教育结果的不均等——基于PISA 2012上海数据的经验研究

被称为影子教育系统的课外补习在东亚国家相当普遍.本文基于国际学生能力评价项目PISA 2012上海的数据,使用多层线性模型,分析了影子教育对学生数学成绩的影响,并使用再加权倾向得分匹配法(RPSM)估算影子教育的净效应.研究发现:数学课外补习对学生数学成绩具有正向效应;科学课外补习与数学课外补习存在“叠加效应”;语言课外补习与数学课外补习存在“挤出效应”;如果不同家庭社会经济地位的学生参与课外补习的机会相等,参加数学课外补习可以缩减家庭经济社会地位带来的成绩差异,起到促进教育结果均等的作用.由此,本文建议政府和学校为家庭经济收入较低且学业成绩较低的学生提供必要的课外补习机会,免收其补习费用;倡议大型的教育补习集团设立贫困生补习基金和奖励基金,从而形成政府、学校和社会共同促进义务教育阶段教育结果均等的局面.     

校内还是校外：中学生学习时间投入与学业回报——兼论“双减”政策背景下学习时间的优化配置

“双减”政策实施的逻辑之一在于减少校内外学习时间资源的过度叠加投入。基于PISA2015中国四省市数据,采用多层线性模型方法分析发现,校内课程时间对成绩影响呈“倒U型”曲线,存在边际效应递减趋势。课程时间并非越长越好;校外补习时间对成绩影响呈“U型”曲线,门槛效应明显;校内课程时间相较于校外补习时间对成绩提升效率更高;校内外学习时间对成绩影响存在家庭、城乡异质性。为此,学校应保证校内课堂时间,不断提升教学质量,提高课程时间效率;学生及家长需扭转“拼时间换成绩”的教育观念,树立“劳逸结合”的时间配置观;课后服务要关照弱势学生群体辅导需求,缩小因家庭背景、城乡教育质量鸿沟带来的成绩差距,促进校内外教育公平。     

学生课外补习支出越多越好吗?

利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2012年数据,对义务教育阶段学生课外补习的支出以及对学生成绩影响进行研究,发现课外补习支出具有差异性,受家庭、地区、学校等多因素的影响。增加课外补习支出对提高数学成绩效果显著,但对语文成绩效果并不显著。政府可以通过适度增加低收入家庭学生参与课外补习的机会,降低低收入家庭的补习负担,加大中西部地区和贫困地区的公共教育投入,改善农村和薄弱学校的办学条件等措施来提高低收入家庭学生的学习机会均等性,促进教育公平。此外,学生和家长要理性对待课外补习,盲目跟风不但会增加学生学业负担,也会增加家庭经济负担。     

从学校教育到影子教育:教育竞争与社会再生产

本文使用中国家庭追踪调查2012年数据(CFPS 2012),研究了我国义务教育阶段在校生的课外补习活动,发现来自较好家庭社会经济背景以及大中城市的学生更可能接受课外补习;重点校和学习成绩较好的学生参加课外补习的可能性也更高;课外补习对学生数学成绩有提高作用,但对语文成绩的提高作用不明显.由此,本文得出以下主要研究结论:我国义务教育阶段的课外补习活动扩大了城乡和不同阶层义务教育学生获得教育资源和教育结果的差距,影子教育因此成为城乡和阶层差距在代际间维持和传递的一个重要通道,影子教育的社会再生产功能削弱了当前政府在学校教育中的公平政策中的努力成效,对实现义务教育公平目标构成了严重挑战.面对挑战,政府需要提高学校教育服务质量,对影子教育进行适当管控,抑制影子教育的社会再生产功能并促进教育跨越代际效应功能的发挥.     

义务教育阶段公办与打工子弟学校教育补习状况研究——基于教育公平的视角

对于城市中许多中学生来说。参加各种各样的课外补习班已成为司空见惯的事。为了从教育公平的视角寻找学生参加课外补习的原因,了解教育补习在教育公平中扮演的角色、公办学校与打工子弟学校不同的教育资源现状、家庭教育资源情况与课外补习教育的相关关系,选取了广州市某区初中公办学校2所、民办2类共4所学校的中学生为调查研究对象。采用问卷调查与个案访谈相结合的方法,调查分析了广州市中学生参加课外补习现状和原因。研究发现：在补习费用年支出、教辅资料年支出、家庭藏书量、专业补习机构选择等反映学生家庭背景的因素以教育补习的方式影响了教育公平。教育补习具有明显补习效果。教育补习的存在从一定程度上弥补了现存教育的不公平与不均衡。     

家庭背景、课外补习与学生非认知能力的关系研究——基于中国教育追踪调查数据的经验证据

基于中国教育追踪调查2014年数据,利用倾向得分匹配法和中介模型探讨课外补习对学生非认知能力的影响以及家庭背景、课外补习和学生非认知能力三者的路径机制,研究发现:参加课外补习的学生非认知能力平均得分明显高于未参加课外补习的学生.采用倾向得分匹配法分析发现,学生参加课外补习有助于提高非认知能力,兴趣类课外补习对学生非认知能力的影响效应高于学术类课外补习.兴趣类课外补习在家庭社会经济地位对学生非认知能力影响过程中起到了部分中介效应,而学术类课外补习并没有显著的中介效应.因此,一方面家庭应更多的选择兴趣类课外补习进行投资,提高学生非认知能力.另一方面学校应加强美育教育,重视学生非认知能力的培养.     

中学生参与课外补习机构的影响因素分析 ——基于PISA2012中国上海和美国的数据

基于PISA2012中国上海和美国的数据,本研究比较了学校、个人等因素对两地学生参与课外补习机构的可能性和时间的影响.结果表明,我国上海学生课外补习机构的参与率和参与强度都明显高于美国.学业成绩对两地学生参与课外补习的时间产生了显著正影响,课外补习在美国发挥着"补差"功能,但成绩较好的中国学生参与课外补习的时间更多;两地私立学校的学生更可能参与课外补习,但课外补习在中国上海有传递家庭资源优势的作用,美国尚未发现家庭背景的显著影响.研究还发现,参与课外补习与家庭成员辅导呈现互补关系,重视家庭成员辅导的家庭也重视课外补习.     

加大教育财政投入能否降低家庭课外补习支出——兼论“双减”政策的实施空间

本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查数据以及教育经费和中国统计年鉴数据，采用Tobit模型研究方法探究教育财政投入对家庭课外补习支出的影响及其在不同特征家庭之间的异质性。研究发现：第一，教育财政投入与家庭课外补习支出之间存在倒U型曲线关系；第二，教育财政投入对不同性别、不同阶层、不同学段、不同质量学校学生家庭课外补习支出的影响存在异质性。在“双减”政策背景下，政府应加大教育财政投入，以缓解家庭课外补习需求，降低家庭课外补习支出；向弱势家庭提供免费课后服务，促进教育公平；加大对非重点校的教育投入，推动教育资源均衡发展。     

我国基础教育学生参加课外补习的现状与变化趋势

使用北京大学中国家庭追踪调查2010、2012、2014、2016、2018年五次追踪调查数据,研究我国基础教育学生参加课外补习的现状与变化趋势.2018年,我国基础教育学生中有32.4％的学生参加了课外补习,人均补习支出4951.13元,课外补习支出总花费3303.94亿元,家庭社会经济地位较高、学校质量较好的学生参加课外补习的规模和支出均较高;2010-2018年,我国基础教育学生参加课外补习的规模和支出呈波动上升趋势,城市、普通校学生参加课外补习的规模和支出均呈波动上升趋势,家庭社会经济地位较高的学生课外补习支出上升更快.建议政府形成科学、多样的人才选拔体系,尽量满足家长和学生个性化的教育需求;对家庭经济背景较差且成绩落后的学生提供课外补习费用补贴,建立免费的课外补习平台,利用课外补习缩小不同阶层家庭学生的成绩差距,促进教育公平.     

课外补习对我国初中生减负的影响研究——基于中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)2015数据分析

学业负担过重是我国教育研究中的热点问题,为此国家不断提出各种减负政策.近几年,我国减负政策聚焦于校外培训机构的治理,因此研究课外补习对我国初中学生学业负担的影响可以为我国更好实施减负政策提供重要参考.基于CEPS2015全国大样本基线调查数据,利用卡方检验、ordinal回归分析和shapley分解法,分析课外补习对我国初中生主观学业负担和客观学业负担的影响差异和影响程度.研究发现:参加课外补习增加学生的客观学业负担,却减轻了学生的主观学业负担;个人因素对学生主观学业负担和校内客观负担的影响程度最大,课外补习影响程度较小,但课外补习对学生校外客观负担的影响程度最大,是造成学生校外客观负担较重的主要原因.政府、学校和家庭应根据课外补习对我国初中生学业负担的影响差异和程度,实施精准减负政策,有效减轻我国初中学生主客观负担.     

起跑线竞争：我国中小学生首次参与课外补习时间分析——支持“双减”政策落实的一项实证研究

"双减"政策的有效落实需要精准识别学生选择参与课外补习的深层原因,研究我国中小学生首次参与课外补习时间能够为疏解家长和学生的课外补习需求提供实证依据。本文基于2017中国教育财政家庭调查(CIEFR-HS 2017)数据,采用生存分析的方法,对我国中小学生首次参与课外补习时间进行了刻画,探讨了家庭社会经济背景对学生首次参与课外补习时间的影响。研究发现:(1)我国中小学生大多数参加过课外补习,且许多学生在较低年级就参加了课外补习。(2)我国中小学生首次参与学科类课外补习时间明显早于兴趣类课外补习,随着年级的升高这一差异更为凸显。(3)城乡地区和不同阶层家庭的学生首次参与课外补习时间存在显著差异,但这种差异随着学段的上升而逐渐缩小。(4)家庭社会经济背景对学生首次参与课外补习时间有显著正影响,家庭社会经济背景越好的学生首次参与学科类和兴趣类课外补习时间均越早,但这种差异随着学生学段的上升而减小。"双减"政策背景下,建议政府进一步提高学校教育质量和校内课后服务品质,更好满足家长和学生对个性化教育的需求;重点照顾弱势阶层家庭,为学习成绩较差的弱势阶层学生提供校内学业辅导帮助;引导家长理性选择课...     

A two-level study of predictors of private tutoring attendance at the beginning of secondary schooling in Germany: The role of individual learning support in the classroom

More and more students attend private supplementary tutoring to improve their academic achievement. Private tutoring might be understood as a reaction to insufficient instructional quality in school, especially regarding individual support. However, it might also be possible that parents generally see insufficient grades as an indicator of lacking support and engage a tutor in hopes of improvement or to enhance a competitive edge for their children. So far, the relationship between tutoring attendance and perceived individual learning support during classroom lessons has not been tested. We used multilevel analyses based on N = 2,842 students in 102 Grade 5 classrooms at German academic track schools to test for a relationship between private tutoring in several subjects and students’ shared perception of the instructional quality in these subjects. On the individual level, we controlled for typical predictors of private tutoring such as academic achievement and family income, as well as for additional variables such as working behaviour and parental homework assistance. In classrooms with more individual support, students were less likely to start private tutoring in English. However, we did not find comparable relationships for tutoring in mathematics and German. Therefore, school principals and educational policy-makers should monitor the incidence of private tutoring and consider within-school structured tutoring programmes as an effective measure to improve academic achievement and to meet parents’ desire for individualised instruction.     

Does all work and no play make elite students? Evidence from the China education panel survey

This paper examines the role of after-class learning time in educational performance. In the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, Chinese students spent the longest time on study out of school compared with OECD countries but ranked only 10th in mathematics, reading and science. It is doubtful that the longer students study after school, the better their academic performance will be. Based on a representative survey of middle school students in China, we draw on generalized propensity score matching to explore the causal effect between after-class learning time and academic performance, find that the two have a relatively stable “inverted U” relation, and determine that the best academic performance can be achieved when after-class learning time is kept at 3 h per day on weekdays and 8 h per day on weekends. More than these optimal times will hinder academic performance. We further find that the effect of after-class study time on academic performance varies among different groups. There is evidence that after-class learning time influences academic performance through two channels: students’ perceived learning difficulty and self-efficacy. This paper concludes that in addition to the appropriate homework assigned by teachers, parents should keep extracurricular tutoring for their children within a reasonable amount of time to maximize students’ academic performance.     

The effect of extracurricular activities on academic performance in secondary school: The case of Azerbaijan

Extracurricular activities play an important role in the school lives of students. To understand this effect, the authors of this article consider public schools in Azerbaijan and analyse the effect of extracurricular activities on students’ academic performance. They conducted a study investigating three groups of extracurricular activities: sports, fine arts and student clubs. For data on academic performance, they used results of a centralised state school examination which assesses students in two subjects: language of instruction (either Azerbaijani or Russian) and mathematics. The results of this study show that some extracurricular activities have a positive effect on students’ academic performance, while others show no effect. Moreover, the authors consider the number of different extracurricular activities a student takes part in and analyse the significance of this number in predicting student success.

     

The Link Between Middle School Mathematics Course Placement and Achievement

The proportion of eighth graders in United States public schools enrolled in algebra or a more advanced mathematics course doubled between 1990 and 2011. This article uses Early Childhood Longitudinal Study's Kindergarten Cohort data to consider the selection process into advanced middle school mathematics courses and estimate the effects of advanced courses on students’ mathematics achievement (n = 6,425; mean age at eighth grade = 13.7). Eighth‐grade algebra and geometry course placements are academically selective, but considerable between‐school variation exists in students’ odds of taking these advanced courses. While analyses indicate that advanced middle school mathematics courses boost student achievement, these effects are most pronounced in content areas closely related to class content and may be contingent on student academic readiness.     

Does private supplementary tutoring matter? The effect of private supplementary tutoring on mathematics achievement

Participation in private supplementary tutoring (PT) is a global educational phenomenon especially prevalent in East Asia. This study conducted a student-report questionnaire, collected school reports of mathematics achievement to track retrospective longitudinal variations of PT over half a year, and obtained an analysis of the impact of PT participation on mathematics achievement during the school semester and summer vacation. Results show that, during summer vacation, students’ participation in PT has a significant positive effect on their mathematics achievement; however, the effect is insignificant during the school semester. The findings enhance the knowledge about the effectiveness of PT and summer learning.     

The effects and characteristics of family involvement on a peer tutoring programme to improve the reading comprehension competence

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of an educational programme involving peer tutoring at school and family tutoring at home on child reading comprehension achievement in Catalunya, Spain. We drew upon a sample of 303 primary school students from 8 to 11 years old and 223 family tutors from home (61.5% mothers, 15% fathers, 17% both parents, 6.5% siblings). Reading comprehension performance was assessed through standardised tests in pre and post-test bases. Background variables were collected by means of student and parent questionnaires and also teacher and family interviews. An analysis of the family tutoring interactions was also performed. The main results showed positive effects for all the students, but especially for the 223 students who received family support. Overall, the study reveals the effectiveness of peer learning to improve reading comprehension skills and the potential of family involvement for the development of academic skills when the school provides trust and support for it.     

An Investigation into Target Setting and Academic Tutoring to Promote Student Learning

There has been a move in schools towards the use of pupil performance data to set targets. It is believed that effective target setting can motivate pupils and staff to strive to reach, or beat, target grades. Alongside this has been a move to promote more effective dialogue about learning between teachers and pupils through the use of academic tutoring. There is a belief that in combination a system of target setting and academic tutoring might lead to more effective learning, increased achievement and therefore school improvement. This investigation into one system of target setting and academic tutoring suggests that although these systems may promote increased achievement in terms of examination performance, they do not necessarily help students to learn more effectively. For this schools must attempt to develop in ways that make learning an explicit subject of discussion, and help students learn about learning. Therefore, it is on the development of student meta–learning that such school improvement efforts should focus.     

Does private tutoring improve students’ National College Entrance Exam performance?—A case study from Jinan,China

With the increasing attention on improving student achievement, private tutoring has been expanding rapidly worldwide. However, the evidence on the effect of private tutoring is inconclusive for education researchers and policy makers. Employing a comprehensive dataset collected from China in 2010, this study tries to identify the effect of private tutoring on student achievement in the National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) of China. This study finds that private tutoring has mixed and heterogeneous effects on mathematics, Chinese language, and English language respectively and on the NCEE total score. The average effect of private tutoring is not significant, but it may have a significant and positive effect on urban students with lower achievement or in schools with certain quality. Students from schools with more educational inputs are more likely to benefit from private tutoring.