国内R&D支出、国际R&D溢出的产出效应与技术进步效应

基于我国1981~2015年的经济数据,通过构建扩展的生产函数模型和技术溢出模型,对我国R&D支出、FDI、OFDI的产出效应和技术进步效应进行了实证分析.结果表明,R&D支出的产出效应和技术进步效应均有所减弱,其技术进步效应甚至转为负向;2003年之后,FDI渠道的国际R&D溢出对我国产出和技术进步并没有单独的正向效应,而OFDI渠道的国际R&D溢出对我国产出和技术进步始终有显著的正向效应;FDI和OFDI正向的产出效应和技术溢出效应的显现需要国内R&D的承接吸收.     

对外直接投资逆向技术溢出对我国高技术产业技术创新的影响研究

利用2003—2011年省际面板数据,在借鉴C-H模型、L-P模型的基础上测算以OFDI为技术溢出渠道的国外RD资本存量,研究OFDI的逆向技术溢出对我国高技术产业技术创新的影响。研究结果显示:我国对外直接投资对全国高技术产业的技术创新有正向的促进作用,但是其促进作用还尚小,并且国内RD人员的投入对OFDI逆向技术溢出的吸收产生了抑制作用;OFDI逆向技术溢出对我国东部和西部的高技术产业的技术提升有积极的促进作用,但是对中部地区高技术产业的技术提升并不显著。     

多渠道国际技术溢出下区域创新门槛效应研究

基于2003-2013年省际面板数据,探究省域技术进步与创新效率的空间相关性。以信息化发展指数为门槛变量,构建面板数据门槛模型,对比分析国际贸易、对外直接投资(ODI)、外商直接投资(FDI)渠道下国际技术溢出的信息化门槛效应,并分析其对创新生产率的作用效果。研究指出:区域技术进步与创新效率均存在显著的空间正相关性;省际创新效率对技术进步的带动作用呈现显著地区差异;人力资本已经成为推动区域创新效率的重要因素,而自主研发资本低占比显著抑制创新效率发展;信息化各门槛下,各渠道的国际技术溢出均对区域创新生产率呈逐渐增强的促进作用;贸易渠道获取的国外技术溢出对创新效率促进力度最大,其次为FDI、ODI,而其增幅排序相反。     

环境规制对中国OFDI的绿色技术创新影响差异分析——基于异质性东道国视角

基于异质性投资东道国的视角,分析了环境规制对不同投资动机OFDI的母国绿色技术创新影响的差异.借助国际研发溢出模型,利用2003—2014年中国30个省区面板数据,采用系统GMM法进行了相关实证检验.结果表明,投资到发达国家和发展中国家的对外直接投资(OFDI)均促进了母国绿色技术研发.命令控制型和市场激励型环境规制对OFDI的绿色技术创新影响存在差异,但均能有效促进母国绿色技术创新： 命令控制型环境规制可以诱发企业对外直接投资的母国绿色技术创新,且对东道国为发展中国家OFDI效果更明显;市场激励型环境规制与企业对外直接投资的母国绿色技术创新呈现U形关系.     

“引进来”与“走出去”的交互创新溢出研究

以“引进来”与“走出去”的双向共生视角,采用面板回归方法系统研究中国资本流动的交互创新溢出影响,结果发现：FDI对区域创新具有动态抑制性影响,而OFDI的创新溢出呈现出“U”型三重门槛特征,较高强度的OFDI才能促进区域创新提升;“引进来”与“走出去”存在显著的交互创新溢出,高强度的OFDI有助于扭转FDI创新溢出瓶颈,而适度的FDI 有利于撬动OFDI创新溢出最大化。进一步研究还发现,中国资本双向流动的交互创新溢出存在显著的空间异质性,高强度的OFDI有利于扭转东部地区FDI创新溢出瓶颈,但并未改变其他地区FDI的创新抑制影响;东部地区FDI能够正向调节OFDI创新溢出效应,而中西部地区过高强度的FDI会弱化甚至抑制OFDI创新溢出。因而要分层次科学协调“引进来”和“走出去”,系统激励资本流动的创新溢出红利。     

双向FDI协调对绿色技术创新效率的影响——基于长三角市场一体化的中介效应

为系统梳理双向FDI协调影响绿色技术创新效率的路径与机制,利用超效率SBM-DEA模型测算长三角38个城市2011—2020年的绿色技术创新效率,并建立回归模型实证检验双向FDI协调对绿色技术创新效率的影响。研究发现,双向FDI协调可以显著提升绿色技术创新效率,并且这一作用的部分效应是通过市场一体化的中介效应实现的,同时环境规制、经济发展水平、政府支持、产业结构均能有效提升绿色技术创新效率。门槛效应研究表明,在跨越市场一体化、环境规制、经济发展水平、产业结构等门槛变量后,双向FDI协调对绿色技术创新效率的影响显著提升。进一步的研究表明,绿色技术创新效率异质化条件下,双向FDI协调对绿色技术创新效率的影响呈倒“U”型趋势,当绿色技术创新效率提升至较高水平时,环境规制的影响将逐步超过双向FDI协调。     

绿色信贷对区域低碳技术创新的影响研究——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

绿色信贷作为低碳经济的重要金融支持,对提升区域低碳技术创新水平起到了重要作用。基于空间杜宾模型(SDM),选取我国30个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,考察绿色信贷对区域低碳技术创新的影响以及空间溢出效应,并采用中介效应模型检验绿色信贷通过研发投入对低碳技术创新的作用路径。研究表明：我国低碳技术创新逐年呈现出正向空间相关性;绿色信贷对低碳技术创新水平有显著的促进作用,且存在显著的正向空间溢出效应;中介效应检验表明：研发投入具有部分中介效应,说明绿色信贷能通过提升研发投入来间接促进低碳技术创新发展。     

OFDI反向技术溢出对我国经济增长的影响--基于对东盟的实证研究

采用2003-2010年我国对东盟9个国家①对外直接投资（OFDI）的面板数据,利用协整、误差修正模型、脉冲响应函数以及GLS方法,分析来自东盟的OFDI反向技术溢出对我国经济增长的影响。结果表明：（1）从短期、长期来看, OFDI反向技术溢出对我国经济增长有促进作用,但是影响大小尚不如FDI;（2）来自东盟的FDI能促进我国对东盟国家的OFDI,但是OFDI不能显著促进FDI的增加;（3）长期来看,OFDI与FDI对我国经济作用之间的差距有缩小的趋势,经济危机后这种趋势更为明显;（4）发达国家比发展中国家对我国经济影响更大。     

中国对“一带一路”沿线OFDI逆向溢出效率的时空演变及区域差异研究

将中国对“一带一路”沿线对外直接投资(OFDI)获取的国际研发资本作为一项投入要素,测算各省OFDI逆向溢出效率,运用Kernel密度估计刻画OFDI逆向溢出效率的分布动态及演进趋势,采用Dagum基尼系数分解方法揭示OFDI逆向溢出效率的地区差异及来源,利用方差分解探析OFDI逆向溢出效率地区差异的成因。结果发现：OFDI逆向溢出效率呈上升趋势,但空间分布不均衡,积极参与“一带一路”倡议的省份OFDI逆向溢出效率明显提高;各地区OFDI逆向溢出效率的分布曲线右移,且呈现出绝对差异扩大的演进趋势。区域间总差异是区域差异的主要来源;技术进步的差异是区域差异的主要成因。因此,各地区要更加积极地参与共建“一带一路”,提高对OFDI逆向溢出的吸收能力,实现区域经济的高效协同提升。     

国际技术溢出、环境规制与我国的绿色技术进步——基于进口渠道和FDI渠道的实证研究

推动绿色技术进步是我国实现绿色发展目标的关键，为此文章采用Coe和Helpman(1995)所建立的实证框架，以绿色全要素生产率为绿色技术进步的代理变量，利用2010—2019年我国省级面板数据和系统GMM估计技术，从国际技术溢出的角度分析了实现我国绿色技术进步的路径，并且特别关注于环境规制变量对国际绿色技术溢出的调节作用。结果显示：(1)进口渠道的技术溢出能显著地促进我国的绿色技术进步，而FDI渠道的技术溢出对我国绿色技术进步还未能产生显著的影响；(2)环境规制对进口渠道的绿色技术溢出效应具有显著的线性调节作用；(3)环境规制对FDI渠道的绿色技术溢出效应的调节作用，却不是简单的线性关系，而是呈现出“U”型非线性关系，我国大部分省份的环境规制强度还处在“U”型线的左端。我国今后应从增加进口、提高FDI质量以及加强环境规制等方面来促进绿色技术进步，以实现绿色发展目标。     

国际技术溢出渠道对我国技术创新影响的比较研究—基于省际面板数据模型的分析

文章借鉴国际经典技术溢出模型,构建包含对外直接投资、对外贸易及外商直接投资等国际技术溢出渠道的国际RD溢出模型,利用2003-2011年省际面板数据将国际技术溢出渠道对我国技术创新的影响进行了比较研究。结果表明,对外贸易和对外直接投资对我国的技术创新起到了显著的促进作用。比较而言,对外贸易对我国技术创新的促进作用强于对外直接投资的影响。外商直接投资对我国技术创新的影响不仅存在地区差异,还与技术本身所属的创新层次有关,但总体来看,外商直接投资对我国技术创新的影响不显著。     

环境规制条件下绿色技术创新的国际资本和贸易渠道研究

利用2005—2014年中国30个省级行政区(西藏和港澳台除外)的面板数据,对环境规制条件下外商直接投资、对外直接投资、进口和出口贸易对绿色技术创新的影响进行了分析,结果如下,从区域角度来看,环境规制条件下的FDI、OFDI、进出口贸易对全国、东部和中部的绿色技术创新存在正向影响,对西部地区的影响不显著;从影响程度来看,这一影响呈现出显著的区域差异性。因此,为提高绿色技术创新水平,各区域应制定符合自身实际的发展策略。     

人力资本与技术溢出:基于进口传导机制的实证研究

本文研究了以进口贸易为传导机制的国际技术溢出对我国全要素生产率的影响。结果表明，通过进口贸易传导机制，国内研发、贸易伙伴国溢出的研发与我国全要素生产率之间存在着稳定的长期均衡关系；国外研发溢出是与人力资本相结合采促进全要素生产率提高的，人力资本在技术溢出中发挥着关键的作用。     

Does local knowledge spillover matter for firm productivity? The role of financial access and corporate governance

Global productivity growth has either stagnated or declined, despite continued technological innovations with the rise of knowledge-intensive intangibles that arise from the growth of knowledge stock (R&D activities). Understanding the root causes of this paradox in the context of growing economies requires an investigation of whether local knowledge diffusion can explain firm-level productivity differences, including key constraining factors like sources of financing or corporate governance structure. Using financial data of 7970 Indian firms over a 20-year period and clustering firms across industries, we assess the impact of R&D stock that is external to the firm through estimating both within (intra) and between (inter) industry spillovers. We find that both R&D and non-R&D-performing firms benefit from ‘between industry’ spillovers. We further show that firms with better access to finance achieve higher productivity, not only through their own R&D capital stock but also via both types of industry-level knowledge spillover. We allow for the two key sources of international spillovers namely import intensity and FDI. While import-intensive firms experience lower productivity, FDI mitigates this adverse productivity effect across knowledge-intensive exporting firms. The paper concludes that financially unconstrained firms and firms with greater corporate board connectedness derive positive industry-level spillover effects, reflecting intra- and inter-industry as domestic spillover or local value-chain effect in the literature on technological innovation.     

空间异质性假定下OFDI逆向技术溢出的门槛效应

对外直接投资（OFDI）对母国技术进步的逆向技术溢出效应是国际经济学研究的一个较新论题,也是中国政府推出“走出去”战略的重要预期之一。本文利用2003-2009年省际面板数据,采用非线性门槛模型对我国OFDI的逆向技术溢出效应以及国内外技术差距和OFDI规模等变量对逆向技术溢出的影响进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：在开放条件下,我国OFDI不仅存在逆向技术溢出效应,而且这种效应存在显著的空间异质性。这种地区差异主要来自于OFDI规模与技术势差的影响,OFDI规模和技术势差分别具有单一和双门槛效应。为此,针对我国空间发展的不平衡性,应采取差异化的政策措施,充分发挥OFDI逆向技术溢出效应。     

中国企业对外直接投资的创新效应研究——基于研发投入和研发产出的视角

本文利用马氏距离匹配法对2005-2007年522家有对外直接投资的制造业企业匹配可供比较的对照组，设定研发投入和研发产出两个指标，刻画对外直接投资影响母国企业技术创新的知识吸收机制和知识再创造机制，从多维度研究对外直接投资的母国企业技术创新效应。研究发现：中国企业对外直接投资有效促进了母国企业研发投入，但没有促进母国研发产出的增加；异质性投资动机和异质性东道国对研发投入和研发产出的影响存在差异：技术寻求型投资显著促进了母国企业研发投入和研发产出，而资源寻求型投资对母国研发投入和研发产出则有一定抑制作用；投向发达国家的投资显著促进了母国的研发投入，而投向发展中国家的投资则促进了母国的研发产出。     

中国OFDI逆向绿色创新的异质动态效应研究

How to promote green technology innovation has attracted the attention of governments and academia at present. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that, we should accelerate green development and promote enterprises to carry out green technology innovation. Some scholars have begun to explore how to speed up green technology innovation from different dimensions, such as environmental regulation and government support, including OFDI as one important channel of international technology spillover. Under one belt and one road construction, the strategy of "going out" are being pushed forward. China has become the second largest OFDI country in the world, and it has profound impact on both the world′s economic development and itself. It is particularly noteworthy that the adverse effects of rapidly growing OFDI on domestic green technology innovation cannot be ignored. Unfortunately, the research on the relationship between OFDI and green technology innovation in China is just in beginning, and there is still a lot of controversy, especially the lack of heterogeneous dynamic response based on the nonlinear perspective to explore the impact of OFDI on the efficiency of domestic green innovation. As well, does the rapid increase of OFDI reverse promote the efficiency of green innovation in China, and what is the effect? If there is a positive impact, how can it be strengthened? What are the dynamic evolution characteristics and internal constraint mechanism of OFDI′s reverse green innovation effect? We need objective answer to the above questions with great significance to China′s strategic coordination of opening up and green development.   Literature analysis shows that, there is no consensus on whether OFDI reversely promotes green innovation in home country, and further research is necessary. In particular, there are still some shortcomings. Firstly, most scholars mainly study the relationship between OFDI and home country green innovation from a linear perspective, but pay less attention to the nonlinear dynamic effect of OFDI reverse green innovation. Secondly, the existing research on how to effectively release the regulatory factors of OFDI reverse green innovation spillover is very limited, especially the lack of heterogeneous dynamic constraint mechanism of OFDI reverse green innovation spillover in China. The main innovation of this paper is that, from the perspective of heterogeneous nonlinear dynamics, it provides a new perspective for a deep understanding of the internal evolution mechanism of China′s OFDI reverse green innovation spillover, and also provides some policy implications for China to correctly the dynamic relationship between OFDI and domestic green innovation in China new era.   Based on Chinese 2004-2017 inter-provincial panel data, and using the threshold regression technology, this paper empirically examines the heterogeneous dynamic effects of OFDI′s reverse green innovation and its regulatory mechanism. The study results shows that: OFDI has significantly promoted domestic green innovation efficiency, and the reverse green innovation spillover of OFDI in the eastern and central regions is significantly stronger than the western region; OFDI′s reverse green innovation spillover shows dynamic evolution process from weak to strong, but only appears in the western region, and the central and eastern regions show positive "U"-shaped nonlinear characteristic; OFDI′s reverse green innovation spillover has heterogeneous dynamic strengthening mechanism. Under the constraints of industrial upgrading, urbanization, financial development, and intellectual property rights protection, there is positive and increasing marginal efficiency evolution process. Both IPR protection and trade opening are regulated with inverted "U"-shaped dynamic characteristics. At this stage, only by continuously accelerating industrial upgrading and urbanization, continuously strengthening financial support and intellectual property protection, while maintaining moderate level of trade opening and government science and technology funding, OFDI′s green innovation spillover could be released in maximum.   The conclusions of this paper reveal the following policy implications: firstly, under one belt and one road construction, as well as opening up policy will continue to enhance the OFDI scale to promote green innovation development in the opposite direction. OFDI has become the main driving force for the development of green innovation in China. At the same time, we should implement more targeted regional policy on the relationship between OFDI and green innovation, especially focus on releasing the spillover bonus of OFDI reverse green innovation in the East and central region, while the west region should pay more attention on its own absorption capacity building. Secondly, China′s OFDI reverse green innovation spillover has dynamic evolution characteristics of positive and increasing marginal efficiency, but functions in different regions. We should pay attention on the heterogeneous dynamic characteristics. The effect of OFDI reverse green innovation spillover in the eastern and central region is quite significant, there is still a large space for improvement in the positive impact. Although the negative green innovation effect of OFDI in the western region has the nonlinear characteristics of positive and increasing marginal efficiency, the positive effect is relatively limited at this stage. In the future, we should implement differentiated and dynamic OFDI and green innovation policies to avoid the loss of OFDI′s reverse green effect caused by homogenization and static policies. Thirdly, we should continue to improve the spillover effect of OFDI′s reverse green innovation by accelerating the process of industrial upgrading and urbanization, strengthening financial support, government funding for science and technology, intellectual property protection, and promoting trade opening in long term, we should also make trade openness and government funding for science and technology at a moderate level. In addition, the dynamic strengthening effect of above factors on OFDI′s reverse green innovation spillover should not be ignored. In additional to government funding and trade openness, other factors on OFDI reverse green innovation spillover are not effective. Therefore, in order to adjust the relationship between OFDI and green innovation scientifically in China new era, we should pay more attention to the integration of OFDI and the above factors, to release the reverse green innovation spillover bonus of OFDI in maximum.     

国际贸易与国际投资对中国企业技术创新影响的比较研究-基于创新数量和创新质量视角

借鉴C-D型生产函数，采用创新投入和创新产出指标衡量技术创新水平，构建包括对外直接投资、外商直接投资、出口贸易和进口贸易四个变量的双对数模型，利用2010—2019年省际面板数据，基于创新数量和创新质量维度研究国际贸易与国际投资对中国技术创新的影响。结果显示，对外直接投资和出口贸易都促进了中国创新投入数量的增加和创新产出质量的提高；外商直接投资对中国创新投入的数量和创新产出的质量产生较为明显的积极影响；进口贸易对中国创新投入与创新产出的数量和质量均没有显著的影响，但对西部地区创新产出的质量起到明显的负向作用。     

进口贸易结构、人力资本与技术进步 /FONT /P

摘要：根据新贸易理论,进口产品通过其内生的技术溢出对经济增长起促进作用,而技术溢出的效果则与贸易结构相关,并且需要一定的人力资本相结合。基于我国1980-2006年数据的经验研究发现：资本品、中间品进口均对技术进步有长期稳定的促进作用,证实我国进口存在技术溢出,而人力资本结构和人力资本水平则直接决定了进口贸易技术溢出的效果;比较而言,中间进口品的溢出作用大于资本进口品;进口贸易与技术进步之间不存在双向因果关系,贸易结构改善与技术进步之间的良性循环并未形成。根据以上结论,文章最后提出了相关的政策建议。