华佗与体育

“五禽戏”已作为我国民族传统体育项目之一首次列列入九年制义务教育体育教学大纲(初审稿)之中。“五禽戏”的创编者是谁?他对体育有何贡献?他的“五禽戏”有何特点与价值?这是我们应该知晓的。“五禽戏”的创编者是华佗,字元化,后汉三国时期沛国谯郡(今安徽省亳县人),生于     

“五禽戏”现代价值体系及应用研究

本文运用了文献资料法和综述法等科研方法,对“五禽戏”的现代价值功能从它的起源、特点、与现代价值体系等方面进行了系统的阐述,并将其运用到人们的实际生活中,论证了“五禽戏”在文明病盛行的今天,起到了积极的、重要的作用,并进一步丰富了“五禽戏”的现代价值理论与实践研究。     

动物崇拜与五禽戏流变

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法研究五禽戏中五种动物崇拜,梳理五禽戏形成演变的历史渊源和脉络。五禽戏中虎、鹿、熊、猿、鸟(鹤)五种动物崇拜源起于图腾崇拜和灵物崇拜,五种动物本身具有健康长寿的共同特点,其体育养生特征促进了动物崇拜的形成和延续。五种动物崇拜是五禽戏形成的文化基因,同时赋予了五禽戏生命与健康的特殊涵义。五禽戏在西汉至清代时期风格特点几乎一脉相承,民国至今演变较多,发展出了许多流派。     

“五禽戏”养生文化的历史流变及生命内涵

在健康中国时代背景下,探寻传统体育养生文化的功能与价值,对促进全民健康、助力全民健身具有重要意义。运用版本学、文献断代辨伪学、古籍整理学等研究方法,对"五禽戏"的起源、发展流变及其养生文化要义进行探究。"五禽戏"发轫于南北朝时期,来源于古代仿生导引养生理论与实践,在历史发展过程中形成了诸多版本,其中《养性延命录》本"五禽戏"是现存最早也是最接近华佗原创的版本,而后是《太上老君养生诀》《卫生真诀》《赤凤髓》和《内外功图说辑要》等版本,且各版本均有特色。天人合一的生命境界、阴阳五行的生命法则、外动内静的生命实践、仿生之戏的生命情趣、立象尽意的生命美学、大爱仁心的生命高度共同构成了"五禽戏"养生文化丰富的生命内涵。     

健身气功·五禽戏之身体文化研究

从古代典籍关于身体审美意识对华佗创编五禽戏的启示为切入点,以健身气功.五禽戏功法为研究对象,对此所蕴涵的身体文化给于观照。从而得出它具有身体动作多样化统一、动作编排的“圆”与“方”的姿势美、运动风格为温柔敦厚等特征,以此来丰富它本身的文化内涵,更好地为全民健身服务。     

五禽戏新功法的编创及实验效果

在深入调研的基础上，根据传统五禽戏的主要特点，结合现代科学知识和手段，编创了一套五禽戏新功法。实验结果表明，五禽戏新功法不仅符合传统气功“三调”的原则以及现代人体运动学的规律，同时能够有效地提高中老年锻炼者的身心健康。     

高校健身气功·五禽戏开展对策研究

为了进一步推动健身气功·五禽戏在高校的开展,以课内教学与课外活动为抓手,不断优化高校健身气功·五禽戏课程的教学环境,不断改善高校健身气功·五禽戏学练的氛围,是促进高校健身气功·五禽戏开展的必要途径。     

新编五禽戏——《五禽和》（上）

五禽戏的起源最早可以追溯到我们远古时代。而众所周知的神医华佗所创五禽戏则只在西晋《三国志·华佗传》中有文字记载并无动作图解,真正图文并茂的五禽戏则出现在南北朝时期名医陶弘景的《养性延名录》里。经过几百年的演变流传,五禽戏虽然分出众多流派但万变不离其宗,其根本还是围绕着“虎,鹿、熊、猿,鸟”五种动物的形态编排的,而新编的五禽行,则是在原有五禽戏的基础上,将走与五禽形态结合而来,更适合现代人的健康问题,比如亚健康,颈椎病、腰椎问题等,通过练习五禽行可有效达到缓解和治疗的作用。     

浅析五禽戏在华佗故里(亳州)的发展

五禽戏是民族传统体育健身气功类中的项目之一,其丰富的历史文化、健身养生祛病和交流价值被越来越多的人所认可。五禽戏作为安徽省亳州市的国家级非物质文化遗产资源,深受当地人们喜爱,是人们休闲锻炼的主要项目。本研究以地域五禽戏为视角,总结五禽戏在亳州的发展,为健身气功更好地开展提供一些参考。     

明代刊本五禽戏图说试释

明代罗洪先所辑《万寿仙书·导引图》卷内的《五禽图》和周履靖所编的《夷门广牍·赤风髓》卷内的《五禽书》源出于华佗“五禽戏诀”,二者图文并茂,是现存于我国古籍刻本中五禽戏图说较早而又较为完整的古本。经过辗转传抄,润改重摹和翻印之后,以“虎、熊、鹿、猿、鸟”替代了《华佗传》中“虎、鹿、熊、猿、鸟”之序。在华佗的五禽戏历经一千多年的演变、繁衍之后,从《夷门广牍》之《五禽书》仍可推测华佗原作之概貌,如虎的发威、鹿的返顾,熊的摆脚,猿的拈果和鸟的伸腰等基本动作,以及以虎、鹿、熊、猿、鸟之戏与心、肝、脾、肺、肾五脏功能锻炼相合的基本内容,较之一般寻引套路,诸如“八段锦”、“五段功”更要朴实精炼。通过实验,证明这又是一套扎实易行和久行必有成效的传统五禽戏导引套路。因此、整理、注释其形、其义,取其精华、弃其糟粕,进而推陈出新,对于丰富我中华民族传统医疗体育手段和理论宝库有重要意义。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。