网络环境下研究生学术英语能力构建

网络信息化时代背景下,翻转课堂具有优化教学结构、构建多元互动教学环境等优点。而研究生英语教学逐渐由单纯的语言教学向学术能力、学术思辩能力教学转型。本文探讨以翻转课堂为依托的研究生学术英语能力构建,提出了从教师、学习者、教学环境三维度出发,立体化构建和优化研究生学术英语能力教学模式。     

非英语专业研究生学术英语定位和教学现状

研究生阶段的英语学习与本科阶段的英语学习不同,除了要掌握基本的英语语言知识之外,研究生更要掌握本专业的学术英语知识,这样才能对他们的学业成功和将来所从事的学术研究工作提供更大的帮助。高校要逐步在研究生学习阶段加强学术英语教学,培养出具备较高学术英语能力的复合型人才。     

跨文化交际能力培养和研究生英语课程体系的构建

认为研究生英语教学应该着重培养学生在跨文化交际背景下的语言沟通能力,提出了"核心认知模块+外围技能模块"跨文化交际能力建构模型.并以此作为研究生英语课程设置的依据.     

大学英语环境中从基本社会交往能力到认知学术语言能力的培养

在教育国际化背景下,大学英语教学目标应适时从培养学生的基本社会交往能力转到培养他们的认知学术语言能力。在大学英语环境中培养学生的学术英语能力可采用以学科内容为依托的语言教学模式,开发适合中国学生使用的教材进行。教学活动设计应考虑提高学生的英语语言水平、学科知识水平以及高层次思维能力。教学过程中应发挥教师的指导和帮助作用,也要充分发挥学生积极建构认知学术语言能力的作用。     

语篇教学在英语专业基础英语教学中的运用

传统的英语专业基础英语教学只注重语言表层结构,以孤立的词或句为中心传授语言知识;而语篇教学注重语境,强调篇章结构的理解和背景知识的延展,有利于培养学生的语言交际能力。文章通过阐明英语专业基础英语教学中存在的问题,提出语篇教学的必要性,旨在探讨语篇教学在英语专业基础英语教学中的具体实施办法。     

以英语文献阅读为导向的研究生英语阅读教学研究

英语文献阅读是我国研究生的主要英语应用形式。参照Richards和Rodgers对英语教学环节的设计理论,研究生英语阅读教学应当在教学目标、教学内容组织、教学材料以及教学活动四个维度为英语文献阅读做准备。其中,教学目标包括认知与非认知目标。前者旨在培养自上而下的阅读、阅读思辨以及解读学术长难句三项能力;后者重在培养阅读学术英文的融入性动机。根据国内研究生的学习特征,英语阅读教学内容应当采用大学科主题组织模式。教学材料在反映学科基本概念的同时应当具有语言学术性、内容思辨性和信息前沿性。教学活动应当采用建构主义教学模式,重点突出日后阅读英语文献的真实需求和真实认知过程。     

探索教育国际化背景下以学科文化为依托的行业特色高校研究生英语教学新模式

研究生公共英语教学是大学英语教学的延伸,是一个能够体现研究生阶段英语学习的职业发展与学术发展特点的复合体系。在国际化教育背景下,行业特色高校作为高等教育中的特殊群体,要结合自身的办学特色和优势学科,改变以语言知识内容为核心的记忆型教学模式,从课程设置、教学内容、教学方法和评价体系等方面探索以行业学科文化内容为依托的研究生英语教学新模式,提高学生在专业学习上的英语应用能力和科研素养,从而培养出具有国际化水平和国际竞争力的专业复合型人才。     

“双一流”背景下基于OBE的研究生学术英语教学模式改革与实践 ——以中国石油大学（华东）为例

指出“双一流”建设对研究生英语教学提出了更高要求,即传授学生语言基本知识与技能的同时,提升其专业学术素养与实践应用能力。介绍了中国石油大学（华东）在基于学习产出的教育模式（Outcomes-based Education,OBE）指导下,围绕“双一流”建设开展的一系列研究生学术英语教学改革与探索。实践证明,以OBE理念为指导的研究生学术英语教学模式与“双一流”建设背景下的研究生培养目标相匹配,促进了学生专业学术素养与实践应用能力的发展与提升。     

"学术英语"课程理念在研究生英语教学中的应用研究

在研究生英语培养目标中加入学术英语能力培养的要求,并将这一能力培养贯穿于研究生英语课程体系中。对"学术英语"教学理念和原则进行分析,从研究生学术英语教学的定位与目标、课程设计理论与实践、教师专业化发展方面探讨"学术英语"课程理念在研究生英语教学中的可行性。     

文化软实力视域下研究生英语输出能力培育研究

以文化﹑意识形态吸引力体现出来的"软实力"是一个国家综合国力的有力支撑和有效彰显。研究生英语教学作为大学英语教学的延伸,为学生搭建提高跨文化能力的平台,在教学过程中不能仅仅进行语言教学,更重要的是培养学生的文化认知、跨文化交际能力和本土文化的输出能力,也就是培养学生的文化软实力。本文将通过问卷调查、文化翻译测试以及访谈形式分析地方院校研究生英语文化教学的现状,了解研究生对中国传统文化的认知程度和认同感,并分析研究生文化输出能力欠缺的原因,提出研究生英语教学文化输出能力培养的策略。     

Teaching social work students against the grain: negotiating the constraints and possibilities

Students who have followed routes to Western universities other than the ‘traditional’ one – that is, an uninterrupted path from school to university – face greater challenges to their democratic participation in higher education than their ‘traditional’ counterparts. Until recently, universities have predominantly expected students with diverse entry points to assimilate into existing curricula and academic modes of operating. Such expectation, when combined with reductionist managerial accountability, has largely marginalised non-traditional students. This paper reports on a project which aimed to reverse this marginalisation in an Australian Bachelor of Social Work degree. It is argued that students from diverse linguistic, cultural and educational backgrounds, having greater challenges in negotiating privileged academic and discipline literacies, are better served pedagogically by curriculum design that resonates with their lifeworlds and makes tacit assumptions in university literacies explicit. Using practitioner action research in a partnership between a social work and an academic language and learning academic, pedagogies that utilised students’ literacy practices as assets for learning were enacted over two research cycles. The possibilities and constraints that emerged to support student learning and more equitable participation were examined. The findings suggest that it is possible, even under current preoccupations with measurements and budget constraints, to signal key points of negotiation for pedagogic change to respond more inclusively and equitably to contemporary university students.     

Lecturers’ text competencies and guidance towards academic literacy

Embedding academic literacy into the curriculum and regular subject teaching has received little attention in Norwegian higher education (HE). The present article, drawing on the findings of two studies carried out in 2013/14, seeks to amend this. The first study, an action research study, exposes how lecturers in one of the faculties at Oslo and Akershus University College perceive their role in teaching and guiding students’ discipline-specific literacy, in particular academic writing. Collaborating with the faculty in a joint action research project, we seek to empower the lecturers, and develop pedagogical methods that are suitable for academic literacy teaching and guidance, and thereby make a change in the institution. The second study analyzes the academic literacy skills and knowledge of new students. We follow students in their final semester in upper secondary school, and identify how they are prepared for academic literacy in HE. Together, the studies reveal that despite the students’ preparation for higher studies, they are not fully qualified for meeting the demands of academic literacy. When entering HE, the students are still in need of guidance to establish textual meta-perspectives and to develop relevant disciplinary literacy practices. However, the lecturers are neither fully qualified for nor willing to include this topic in their content teaching.     

Student voice as a methodological issue in academic literacies research

Academic literacies research has been identified as an emerging but significant field in higher education. This article extends the discussions around methodology in academic literacies research by drawing on the current text and context debates in sociolinguistics and linguistic ethnography. It uses illustrations from a recent academic literacies research project to reflect on methodology and to emphasise the importance of a prolonged engagement with participants’ writing practices and experiences as well as the collection and analysis of a range of types of data to allow the researcher to become more familiar with the context. Methods such as allowing students to interpret their own writing, classroom observation and students’ written literacy histories gave the researcher real insights into the way students made connections to their own familiar contexts in order to learn. The research also highlighted the manner in which communication between students and teaching staff can break down because teachers misinterpret student utterances when they do not understand or know the contexts that the students are drawing on. At the same time, however, the researcher sounds some caution about the use of dialogue in ethnographic methodologies because communication is a two-way process and allocation of linguistic resources has been unequal. Therefore, where students’ resources do not match the context, they may struggle to communicate with the interviewer and to interpret their written texts. In these cases, interviewees who are first language speakers from privileged schooling backgrounds may be able to contextualise and interpret their writing more fully than interviewees who are speakers of English as a second or foreign language and who come from poorer rural schools.     

The Web and information literacy: scaffolding the use of web sources in a project-based curriculum

In this article we describe and discuss a three‐year case study of a course in web literacy, part of the academic literacy curriculum for first‐year engineering students at the University of Cape Town (UCT). Because they are seen as ‘practical’ knowledge, not theoretical, information skills tend to be devalued at university and rendered invisible to the students. In particular, web‐searching skills are problematic, given the challenges that the Web poses to academic values and traditional research practices. Consequently, the technical skills of web searching are often taught separately from academic curricula or left entirely unaddressed. We illustrate an alternative, integrated approach to the development of this aspect of information literacy. We apply a critical action research methodology to document, evaluate and reflect on students’ use of evaluative frameworks. Focusing on the facilitation of critical and evaluative use of the Web for exploratory learning, we interrogate the role of ‘cultural capital’ and evaluate the effectiveness of the scaffolding provided by the course design. We find important connections between developing knowledge of academic discourse and successful academic use of the Web, and note that, for students to transfer their skills to a range of contexts, these skills will require sustained attention throughout the undergraduate curriculum. We present evidence that the most effective strategies integrate everyday practical knowledge of research techniques with teaching about academic discourse and building students’ knowledge in a specific domain.     

Integrating Language,Literacy, and Academic Development: Alternatives to Traditional English as a Second Language and Remedial English for Language Minority Students in Community Colleges

This article argues for the importance of integrating a focus on language, literacy, and academic development for United States-educated language minority (US-LM) students, sometimes called Generation 1.5. It describes four initiatives at community colleges in California that aim to do so. US-LM students have completed some K–12 schooling in the United States, but their English is considered by community college faculty, staff, or assessment measures to be inadequate for college-level instruction. Although enacting effective language and literacy support for Generation 1.5 has centered on debates about whether these students belong in English as a Second Language (ESL) or remedial English courses, how they can best be identified and tested, or whether they should be taught in separate classes, we argue that more fundamental shifts are needed. Instead of conceiving of students’ language and literacy development solely in terms of progress through ESL or remedial English sequences, educators designing support for US-LM students must also consider larger contexts of students’ academic progress, promoting students’ development of language and literacy for success in academic and professional settings as well as progress toward completing credits required for associate degrees, certificates, and transfer to four-year institutions.     

初中化学物质鉴别题的解答探究

在初中化学学习中,物质鉴别类的题目是考试中的热点与难点。提高学生解决这类题目的能力,对学生化学素养的培养有重要作用。文章从物质鉴别例题出发,为学生提出一些解题思路和技巧,以提升学生的解题速度,培养学生良好的化学推理思维。     

A writer–respondent intervention as a means of developing academic literacy

This paper discusses the implementation of a project in which a writer–respondent intervention was used to develop the academic literacy practices of students. Writer–respondent projects are based on the idea that detailed developmental comments and questions on students’ draft writing can assist them in acquiring the peculiar norms of academic literacy. Respondents do not edit or correct students’ work, but provide students with an audience prepared to draw their attention to the academic norms of writing. Details of the manner in which the implementation occurred are presented. Findings from an analysis of the feedback from students and lecturers reveal that the drafting–responding process was successful. Reflection on the entire process points to possible shortcomings and thereby informs on improvement in future implementations.     

Diglossic needs of illiterate adult women in Egypt: a needs assessment

In light of the rarity and unavailability of academic publications on literacy/illiteracy in the Arab world, this study attempts to determine the linguistic needs of illiterate adult women in Egypt in the context of informal adult basic education. The purpose of this study is to understand illiterate adult women’s daily linguistic needs in relation to diglossic de‐contextualization in Arabic, the comprehension gap between colloquial and standard Arabic that contributes negatively to the process of reading and writing acquisition in standard Arabic. The present study, based on participatory action research methodology, was conducted in Egypt where 11 adult female literacy classes, five (139 subjects) in Cairo (urban) and six (151 subjects) in Menia (Upper Egypt/Northern Egypt) were group‐interviewed. The results of the group interviews clearly define the functional context of adult female illiteracy (i.e. age and immediate linguistic/literacy needs) and enforce a diglossic dichotomy, entailing ‘reading’ and ‘writing’ categories. If considered by literacy authorities, diglossic integration in adult literacy programmes/curricula will certainly help Egyptian illiterate adult women to integrate easily in their environment, the ultimate goal of all involved in the fight against adult illiteracy in the Arab world.     

‘On the outside I’m smiling but inside I’m crying’: communication successes and challenges for undergraduate academic writing

Abstract

Student difficulties with the transition to writing in higher education are well documented whether from a ‘study skills’, an ‘academic socialisation’ or an ‘academic literacies’ perspective. In order to more closely examine the challenges faced by students from widening participation backgrounds and diverse routes into undergraduate study, this project focuses on first-year undergraduate experiences of developing academic literacies on an Education Studies programme at one university in England. It highlights the impact of different support and guidance within and beyond their degree programme where attempts to embed academic literacy development are part of subject modules. The paper reports the findings generated using a mixed methods interpretive approach. Questionnaires were collected at the beginning (n = 48) and end of the students’ first year (n = 44), and interviews and visual data collection methods (n =19) were used at the mid-point of the academic year. Key findings highlight students’ expectations of achievement on entry to university and the influence of the emotional journey of students as they begin to make progress as academic writers. Identifying, selecting and applying academic reading were an enduring concern whilst some students struggled with the digital literacy implicit in undergraduate work. Importantly, some strategies developed to support student transition to academic writing in higher education may have unintended consequences as they progress through the first year.