4-氨基吡啶合成路线研究进展

回顾了4-氨基吡啶的合成研究进展状况,指出目前4-氨基吡啶合成工艺的难点在于降低生产成本,提高反应收率以及减少环境污染.分别介绍了几种典型的4-氨基吡啶合成路线,并对这些路线进行了比较.     

5-羟基奥美拉唑中间体的合成研究

以化合物1（2,3-二甲基-5-氯甲基吡啶-N-氧化物）为原料,经化合物1与硝酸在90℃下经硝化得到化合物2,化合物2与无水乙酸钠在95℃下发生亲核取代反应得到化合物3,化合物3在75℃下发生水解同时与甲醇钠反应得到化合物5（2,3-二甲基-5-羟甲基4甲氧基吡啶）共4步反应,最终成功合成目标化合物并进行表征确认。     

吡啶衍生物与均三苯甲酸的双组份超分子胶凝合成与性能

在4-氨基吡啶、4-吡啶甲胺分子上分别修饰丁二酸酐得到构筑超分子组装体的结构单元,选择均苯三甲酸作为配对小分子,成功合成了4-氨基吡啶、4-甲氨基吡啶与均苯三甲酸的双组份超分子水凝胶.最小胶凝浓度分别为23、35 mg/mL,在凝胶聚集体中,双组份凝胶剂聚集成带状或纤维状的聚集体,分子间氢键和π-π相互作用是形成自组装水凝胶的主要驱动力.     

2-氨基吡啶和炔酸酯的环化反应研究

本论文以2-氨基吡啶和炔酸酯为原料,三氟醋酸银为催化剂,水为溶剂合成了一系列的吡啶并嘧啶酮类化合物;当催化剂为三氟醋酸钾时,氯苯为溶剂,相同原料得到咪唑并吡啶产物.考察了不同反应条件,并拓展了反应的底物.     

4—二甲氨基吡啶的应用及其合成研究

本文论述了4-二甲氨基吡啶作为酰化催化剂的特殊催化作用以及它的广泛应用。在合成4 二甲氨基吡啶的各种方法中,作者对以吡啶和氯化亚砜为原料的合成方法作了研究。     

4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)在医药合成中的应用

4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)是一种新型的高效催化剂,主要用于酰化、酯交换等类型的有机合成反应.列举了DMAP在药物合成中的应用,并初步探讨了其催化机理.     

3-氨基吡啶的合成

以三烯丙基胺为起始原料合成3-氨基吡啶.反应具备条件温和、选择性好、收率高等优点.     

7-氨基-4,6-二硝基苯并氧化呋咱的合成反应研究

分析和讨论了以3-氯苯胺为原料,经酰化、硝化、叠氮化热解脱氮及水解合成7-氨基-4,6-二硝基苯并氧化呋咱反应的机理及反应条件.此反应收率高,条件温和.     

含偶氮苯-喹啉结构酰胺类化合物的合成与表征

以间苯二甲酸为原料,硝化、酯化及还原得到5-氨基间苯二甲酸乙酯,再与8-羟基喹啉反应生成偶氮化合物,利用溴代十六烷取代得到烷基化合物,最后与己二胺发生取代反应合成了5-[8-(十六烷氧基)喹啉偶氮]-1,3-苯二甲酰二己二胺,利用IR、UV-vis和1H NMR对中间体及目标产物结构进行表征.     

2,6-二(2′-芳基-1′,3′,4′-噁二唑基)吡啶的合成与表征

2,6-吡啶二甲酸经酯化和肼解后制得2,6-吡啶二酰肼,再与芳酰氯反应得到2,6-吡啶四酰肼,最后在SOCl_2存在下发生脱水环化反应,合成了2个2,6-二(2′-芳基-1′,3′,4′-噁二唑基)吡啶化合物,用~1HNMR、FT-IR、MS对其结构进行了表征.     

Evidence for a calorically costly negative consummatory contrast effect in rats

For 2 h prior to their daily meal of Purina Chow, rats (which were 14% below ad-lib weight levels) had access to a sucrose solution. For half (Group 16-4), the solution was alternated daily between 18% and 4%; for the other half (Group 4-4), the solution was always 4%. On 18% days, Group 16-4 consumed significantly more calories and gained significantly more weight than did Group 4-4, because of a greater consumption of sucrose calories (Purina intake was similar for the two groups). On 4% days, however, Group 16-4 consumed both significantly fewer sucrose calories and significantly fewer Purina calories than did Group 4-4. These two contrast effects resulted in a 17% shortfall in total caloric intake for Group 16-4 on 4% days. As a consequence, Group 16-4 showed a significant drop in body weight, compared to Group 4-4, on 4% days. A second experiment was carried out to investigate whether the contrast-induced reduction in Purina intake shown by Group 16-4 on 4% days would be eliminated if (1) a 30-min interval separated sucrose ingestion from Purina ingestion, or (2) a 25-min interval plus 5-mmn exposure to 16% sucrose separated ingestion of 4% sucrose from Purina ingestion. Purina intake was still suppressed in Group 16-4 under both conditions.     

Fatal child maltreatment in England, 2005-2009

Objective

This paper presents comprehensive and up-to-date data covering 4 years of Serious Case Reviews into fatal child maltreatment in England.

Methods

Information on all notified cases of fatal maltreatment between April 2005 and March 2009 was examined to obtain case characteristics related to a systemic classification of 5 broad groups of maltreatment deaths (severe physical assaults; covert homicide/infanticide; overt homicide; extreme neglect/deprivational abuse; deaths related to but not directly caused by maltreatment).

Results

A total of 276 cases were recorded giving an incidence of 0.63 cases per 100,000 children (0-17) per year. 246 cases could be classified based on the data available. Of these the commonest specific group was those children who died as a result of severe physical assaults. Apparently deliberate overt and covert homicide was less common, while deaths as a direct consequence of neglect were rare. In contrast, some evidence of neglect was found in at least 40% of all cases, though not the direct cause of death.

Conclusions

Class characteristics differ between the different categories of death and may suggest the need for different strategies for prevention.     

Preparation of nano-TiO2 photocatalysts and their decomposition activity in phenol-contaminated water

ZiO2 was prepared by the hydrolyzation method in （NH4）2SO4-modified TiCl4 solution, and TiO2 photocatalysts were obtained by accelerating the precipitation of TiO2 powder in a high-temperature water bath. The photocatalysts were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman spectrum and UV-Vis （Ultraviolet-Visible） spectrometry techniques, and the photocatalytic activity in phenol-contaminated water was investigated. The results showed that photocatalysts calcined at 400 ℃ had a specific surface area of 138.2 m^2/g and an average particle size of 9 nm, and a significant increase in thermal stability of anatase phase. At the calcination temperature of 700 ~C, the crystal form of TiO2 started to change into rutile （anatase： 97%, rutile： 3%）. The activity of TiO2 photocatalysts prepared with （NH4）2SO4-modified TIC14 solution was markedly stronger than that without （NH4）2SOg-modified TIC14 solution. Maximal photocatalytic activity was observed at the mole ratio of Ti：（NH4）2SO4= 1：2, the water-bath temperature of 90℃ and the calcination temperature of 700 ℃.     

猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型河南地方株ORF4的克隆及原核表达

根据GenBank数据库中猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型的基因组序列设计引物,采用PCR技术从病料基因组DNA中扩增出PCVⅡ河南地方株ORF4基因,全长180 bp,编码59个氨基酸.将该基因克隆至载体pGEX-4T-3中形成pGEX-4T-3-ORF4表达载体.经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定后,转化表达菌株BL21（DE3）诱导表达.SDS-PAGE结果显示：ORF4能够在大肠杆菌中表达,产物的分子量约为32 kD,且以包涵体形式存在.Western Blot检测结果显示,纯化后的ORF4蛋白能够与鼠抗6＆#215;His标签单克隆抗体发生特异性反应,为进一步研究PCVⅡORF4蛋白的特性与功能奠定了基础.     

Gender differences in jurors' perceptions of infanticide involving disabled and non-disabled infant victims

Objectives

The present study investigated the influence of juror gender and infant victim disability on jurors’ reactions to infanticide cases.

Methods

Participants (men and women undergraduates) read a summary of a mock trial involving alleged father-perpetrated infanticide. The infant was described as severely mentally disabled or as not disabled. Participants completed a series of case-related judgments (e.g., guilt; sentence; and empathy, sympathy, and similarity toward the defendant and victim).

Results

There were pervasive gender differences such that compared to men, women mock jurors rendered more guilty verdicts, perceived the father/defendant as having greater intent to kill his infant, and felt less similar to the defendant. Compared to men, women also believed the father was more responsible and the pneumonia was less responsible for the infant's death, had less sympathy and empathy for the defendant, endorsed more negative beliefs about the father, and were more likely to believe the infant was a unique person. Mediational analyses revealed that these statistically significant effects were explained, in part, by gender differences in attitudes toward the defendant. Further, whether the infant victim was portrayed as severely disabled (versus developmentally normal) had little effect on central case judgments such as verdict, but jurors who believed the infant was severely disabled gave significantly shorter sentences to the defendant, were less likely to perceive the defendant as mentally ill, and felt significantly less empathy for and similarity to the infant victim.

Conclusions

Although juror gender consistently predicted juror's judgments, there were fewer effects of disability status. Even so, bias against disabled infants manifested for several dependant variables.

Practical implications

This research can inform legal professionals about the potential for bias in juror decision-making, and in turn, help facilitate fairness and justice for the youngest and most vulnerable victims of child abuse.     

Latent discrimination learning under a regular schedule of partial reinforcement

In this investigation, which employed rats in a runway, discriminative responding consisted of faster running on the reinforced than on the nonreinforced trials of either the 4NR or R4N schedule, both schedules containing fixed, repeated sequences of nonreinforced and reinforced trials. Under the 4NR schedule, four nonreinforced trials preceded a reinforced trial each day, and under the R4N schedule, a reinforced trial was followed by four nonreinforced trials each day. The major finding obtained was that under the 4NR schedule, discriminative responding was improved very substantially by a shift to extinction. Rats maintained on the 4NR schedule did not show improved discriminative responding, nor did discriminative responding improve in extinction following training under either the R4N schedule or a schedule of consistent reinforcement. Latent discrimination learning was defined as discriminative responding which fails to reflect adequately the amount of discrimination learning accomplished. The present findings demonstrate latent discrimination learning for regular schedules of partial reinforcement, something already demonstrated for brightness differential conditioning and possibly DRL schedules, as well.     

孟鲁司特对哮喘大鼠骨髓CD34^＋细胞IL-4 mRNA和IL-4蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究IL-4mRNA和IL-4蛋白在哮喘大鼠CD34^＋细胞中的转录表达及孟鲁司特（montelukast,MK）对其表达的影响。方法：将SD大鼠随机分为3组：哮喘组、MK组和正常对照组。用卵白蛋白制备大鼠哮喘模型。应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验测定血浆中IL-4和γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）浓度;用MiniMACS磁珠分选系统分离骨髓CD34^＋细胞;采用SYBRGREEN I荧光实时定量PCR法测定CD34^＋细胞中IL-4mRNA的相对表达量。采用免疫组化技术测定CD34＋细胞中IL-4蛋白的表达量。结果：哮喘组骨髓CD34＋细胞中IL-4mR．NA和IL-4蛋白的表达量高于其它各组（p〈0．01）;哮喘组除了IFN-1水平低外,IL-4浓度和嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）绝对值都是三组中最高的（P〈0．01）;除哮喘组外,其余组的各项指标相近（P〉0．05）。IL-4mRNA表达量与IL-4浓度、Eos绝对值呈正相关（P〈0．01）,与IFN-γ浓度呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论：哮喘大鼠骨髓CD34^＋细胞中IL-4 mKNA的表达增强;孟鲁司特可以下调IL-4mRNA的表达。可能成为其抑制哮喘气道炎症形成的重要机制之一。     

Children-at-risk for poor nutrition: expanding the approach of future professionals in educational institutions

Objectives

To examine how the subject of nutrition is being addressed in the work with children at risk of poor nutrition in educational institutions and what the barriers are which may hinder inclusion of this subject.

Methods

A structured questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of this study and was implemented with 111 students in Israel who are working in their internships in educational institutions with children who are exposed to risk factors of poor nutrition (e.g., parental neglect, lack of knowledge, poverty).

Results

Participants attributed a high level of importance to integrating nutrition-related components in their work. However, the findings indicate less emphasis on nutrition-related components than on psycho-social-educational components, as well as a low level of collaboration with specialists in the area of nutrition. In addition, it was found that knowledge-based barriers and institutional-related systemic barriers may hinder future teachers’ capabilities to incorporate those components despite their favorable approach towards this subject.

Conclusions

The findings illuminate the need to reduce barriers hampering the individual work with children at risk of poor nutrition in educational institutions.

Practice implications

In the training of future teachers, there is a need to advance a bio-psycho-social educational approach incorporating a knowledge base about assessing situations of poor nutrition, including how to advance an interdisciplinary collaboration with specialists in the area of nutrition.     

Factors associated with caregiver stability in permanent placements: a classification tree approach

Objective

Identify individual and environmental variables associated with caregiver stability and instability for children in diverse permanent placement types (i.e., reunification, adoption, and long-term foster care/guardianship with relatives or non-relatives), following 5 or more months in out-of-home care prior to age 4 due to substantiated maltreatment.

Methods

Participants were 285 children from the Southwestern site of Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Caregiver instability was defined as a change in primary caregiver between ages 6 and 8 years. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to identify the strongest predictors of instability from multiple variables assessed at age 6 with caregiver and child reports within the domains of neighborhood/community characteristics, caregiving environment, caregiver characteristics, and child characteristics.

Results

One out of 7, or 14% of the 285 children experienced caregiver instability in their permanent placement between ages 6 and 8. The strongest predictor of stability was whether the child had been placed in adoptive care. However, for children who were not adopted, a number of contextual factors (e.g., father involvement, expressiveness within the family) and child characteristics (e.g., intellectual functioning, externalizing problem behaviors) predicted stability and instability of permanent placements.

Conclusions

Current findings suggest that a number of factors should be considered, in addition to placement type, if we are to understand what predicts caregiver stability and find stable permanent placements for children who have entered foster care. These factors include involvement of a father figure, family functioning, and child functioning.

Practice implications

Adoption was supported as a desired permanent placement in terms of stability, but results suggest that other placement types can also lead to stability. In fact, with attention to providing biological parents, relative, and non-relative caregivers with support and resources (e.g., emotional, financial, and optimizing father involvement or providing a stable adult figure) the likelihood that a child will have a stable caregiver may be increased.