The involvement of external agencies in extra-curricular physical education: reinforcing or challenging gender and ability inequities?

Within the UK and internationally, schools are increasingly being encouraged to call on external agencies and draw on the services of individuals, including sport coaches, to ‘help teach or lead sports within the school setting and out of school time’. This trend arises from and has contributed to a changing policy landscape and relations that characterise ‘physical education and school sport’ (PESS) and the growing use of the terminology of ‘PESS’. Previous research has highlighted that neither PESS considered broadly as a policy space, nor specific initiatives centring on ‘partnership-based’ development of physical education (PE) and/or sport in schools, can be assumed to facilitate greater equity in provision for young people. This study reports on research that has sought to build on past studies revealing gender and ability inequities amidst PESS developments. The research was designed as a small-scale case study investigation to critically explore the equity-related messages being conveyed in and through the hidden curriculum in a context of coaches’ involvement in extra-curricular provision. Utilising observations and interviews with coaches and PE teachers, data collection focused on ways in which ideas of ability, masculinity and femininity were being constructed and reproduced in and through coach's pedagogy, and sought insight into the prospective impact of the particular constructions on girls’ and boys’ involvement in extra-curricular PE. Analysis revealed that the hidden curriculum expressed in and through the organisation of extra-curricular PE and coaches’ pedagogical practices in this context can be seen as reaffirming limited conceptions of ability in PE and gender inequity in relation to girls’ and boys’ respective participation opportunities. Discussion critically addresses the relationship between policy and pedagogy in PESS in pursuing apparently ongoing tendencies for long-standing inequities to be reproduced in and through extra-curricular provision.     

Knowing in primary physical education in the UK: negotiating movement culture

This paper aims to understand how pupils and teachers actions-in-context constitute being-a-pupil and being-a-teacher within a primary school physical education (PE) movement culture. Dewey and Bentley's theory of transaction, which views organism-in-environment-as-a-whole, enables the researcher to explore how actions-in-ongoing activities constitute and negotiate PE movement culture. Video footage from seven primary school PE lessons from a school in the West Midlands in the UK was analysed by focusing upon the ends-in-view of actions as they appeared through the educational content (what) and pedagogy (how) of the recorded PE experiences. Findings indicated that the movement culture within the school was a monoculture of looks-like-sport characterised by the privileging of the functional coordination of cooperative action. Three themes of pupils' and teachers' negotiation of the movement culture emerged U-turning, Knowing the game and Moving into and out of games. This movement culture required teachers to ensure pupils looked busy and reproduced cooperative looks-like-sport actions. In fulfilling this role, they struggled to negotiate between their knowledge of sport-for-real and directing pupils towards educational ends-in-view within games activities. Simply being good at sports was not a prerequisite for pupils' success in this movement culture. In order to re-actualise their knowledge of sport, pupils were required to negotiate the teacher's ‘how’ and ‘what’ by exploring what constituted cooperative actions within the spatial and social dimensions of the activities they were set. These findings suggest that if PE is to be more than just the reproduction of codified sport, careful adjustment and consideration of ends-in-view is of great importance. Without regard for the latter there is potential to create significant complexity for both teachers and pupils beyond that required by learning and performing sport.     

上海市农民工子女学校体育教学现状及发展对策研究

城市发展带动了大量流动人口,农民工成为不可忽视的特殊群体,而农民工子女的教育更是大家关注的焦点。学校体育教育是学校教育的重要组成部分,而体育教学又是学校体育教育的直观反映。本文通过问卷调查法对上海市农民工子女学校体育教学的现状进行分析研究,认为主管部门和学校领导应该更新观念,强化管理;增加对学校体育经费的投入,尽快解决体育场地、器材缺乏这一突出问题;同时加强师资队伍的建设和管理,改善学校体育师资状况;以加大体育教学的管理、监督力度,让学校体育工作更加的系统规划。希望通过本研究,有力地促进上海市农民工子女学校的办学质量,保证农民工子女接受体育教育的基本权利。     

分析提升小学体育教学的有效性策略研究

随着教育观念的转变,学校及教师对学生的身体素质增加了重视程度,作为锻炼学生身体素质的体育课程改革也被推上了日程。从近些年的调查中不难发现,各校体育教学策略有了明显改善,但是仍旧有学校体育教学效果不佳,从本质上分析是体育教学的有效性没有被充分发挥出来,在教学中仍旧存在一些问题影响着体育教学发挥成效性。本文针对提升小学体育教学的有效性做出阐述,希望能对相关小学体育教师教学带去一定帮助。     

体育教学中分层干预的概念框架

基于通过健康、体育课程让所有儿童拥有健康、良好的身体素质的体育教育理念,通过梳理体育教学分层干预的文献,发现一般的分层干预仅能满足运动低效能学生的体育需求,未能有效地满足运动高效能学生的需求,未实现让所有儿童通过体育教育获得良好身体素质的教育目标。因此,本文进一步扩展了体育教学中的分层干预概念框架,并梳理了不同层级干预的学校、社区资源,并认为识别不同层级的学生应在美国五大标准的基础上,根据学校、社区的优先成果,设定识别标准。     

Managing diversity and European policy: Towards a typology for sport pedagogy

Abstract

This article adds to the growing body of knowledge in sport pedagogy and focuses specifically upon the intersection of gender and disability. Its purpose is twofold, to create a typology for examining good practice in sport pedagogy that is reflective and inclusive and raises awareness of the diverse needs of all participants in physical activity ‘regardless’ of gender and ability for all children. We acknowledge that access to physical activity, education and sport are complex and multifaceted, however, the main purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of ‘diversity’ by focusing specifically upon the role of gender and ability. Through an examination of gender and disability policies in official European Union (EU) policy documents and commercial examples of policy-in-practice we propose a typology for diversity and diversity management. A close look at EU level is instructive because national policies of the member countries vary a lot with respect to diversity issues but should be in accordance in the main areas. Such a reading enables the building of a typology of recommendations for how such policy can be rendered in sport pedagogy practice. We suggest six significant, but related principles that include (1) mainstreaming; (2) teaching and coaching sensitive to difference; (3) empowerment; (4) inclusion; (5) adaptation; and (6) inner differentiation. This holistic typology seeks to ‘mainstream’ issues of gender and disability policy by providing a set of principles that can be applied to a range of teaching and coaching settings.     

生态学视角下武汉市留守儿童学校体育教学可持续发展的研究

为探究武汉市留守儿童学校体育教学的发展状况,对武汉市留守儿童学校的学校师资、学校课程、学校场地、学校体育教学与管理等进行较为全面地调查,并从生态学视角对调查结果进行了系统地分析。研究结果:当前留守儿童学校体育教学系统生态失衡。留守儿童学校的校领导、体育教师和学生参与体育活动的意识不强,学校体育教师缺乏并且自我提升意识有待加强,留守儿童学校体育场地器材设备极度不齐全。对策建议:各政府部门加强对留守儿童学校的资金帮助,学校应增强体育文化意识建设,积极开展体育活动,尽快完善留守儿童学校管理制度来调动各方积极性,对学校相关体育体制进行改革,注重培养体育教师的专业水平。     

初探如何在学校代表队篮球训练中贯彻素质教育

篮球训练也面临着由应试教育到素质教育的转变，在这探索过程中，涌现出了重庆的快乐体育，济宁的和乐体育以及情景成功教学法及小群体学习法等事实证明较成功的教学指导思想和教学方法。本文通过引出这几种教学思想和教学方法，来验证它们在高中篮球代表队训练中能否有效，以及通过这些验证来探索如何在高中篮球代表队训练中贯彻素质教育。     

Inclusive and accessible physical education: rethinking ability and disability in pre-service teacher education

This paper identifies and explores emergent themes in inclusive PE in the specific context of pre-service teacher preparation programs. Fully inclusive PE encompasses four areas: knowledge and curricula related to ability and disability, teacher attitudes, pre-service teacher education and a reframing of our understandings of multiple perspectives on physical literacy. Fully accessible PE involves material and attitudinal conditions configured to render these programs actually usable by all those whose ‘inclusion’ is intended. Access is, indeed, conceptually implied in ‘inclusion’, however, in practice the latter can easily become more of a slogan naming an aspiration than a realizable state of affairs. Unless an organization or individual brings a universal commitment to access, attitudinal barriers may prevent full inclusion from becoming a reality. The paper uses qualitative case study methodology to examine pre-service teacher education students’ preconceptions about ‘dis’ability and analyses heuristically how pre-service teachers pre-conceived notions of ability and disability may be challenged through an intervention. 21C PE programs can move towards an emphasis on inclusive activities which are not based on traditional conceptions of physical competence, size, shape, appearance and ability, but instead focus on how all bodies can develop fundamental movement skills, functional fitness and physical literacy. The author challenges pre-service students to address issues of accessibility, normative notions of ability, body equity, social justice and inclusion, as well as the need for multiple definitions of physical literacy. The paper is a case study of the specific phenomenon of ‘broadening student teachers’ understandings of ability and disability in PE’ as a necessary condition for preparing students to work in schools where full inclusion may not have been integral to PE policies, programs and practices.     

郑州市中学篮球教学现状分析

学校体育是基础教育的重要组成部分,要适应现代教育的发展趋势,以培养适应21世纪要求的人才为目标,需要与时俱进。篮球运动是一项深受青少年喜爱并且具有很好的教育与锻炼价值的运动,对促进学生的身心发展有很好的作用。要让篮球运动成为一种教育手段,发挥育人的作用,取决于篮球教学的效果。到2009年底为止,关于郑州市中学篮球教学现状的研究,在网上和图书馆都没有这方面的研究资料,为了更好地促进郑州市中学篮球教学的发展,笔者采取问卷方式对武汉几所中学进行调查,并希望以此引起郑州市各中学对篮球教学的关注。     

黑龙江省农村中小学冬季体育现状的调查报告——对尚志市、五常市、延寿县部分农村中小学的调查

做好黑龙江省农村中小学体育工作,提高黑龙江省农村中小学学生健康水平是体育工作者迫在眉睫的任务.运用问卷调查法、访谈法等研究方法,对黑龙江省农村中小学冬季体育现状进行调查,发现黑龙江省农村中小学体育教师结构不合理、教学场地简陋、器材匾乏、体育经费投入严重不足、"应试教育"影响严重等问题.针对存在的问题,提出加快从"应试教育"向"素质教育"观念的转变;加大对体育的投入,各级政府要加大对学校体育的财政拨款,做到体育拨款专款专用;逐步提高体育教师的社会地位,与其他科教师享有同等培训、进修和评优选模的机会等改进措施和建议,为黑龙江省农村中小学体育开展提供帮助.     

终身体育思想下的中学羽毛球运动发展构想

采用文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查和数据统计等方法,对终身体育思想下中学羽毛球运动的发展进行了构想式的研究。首先对终身体育思想的内涵以及中学体育教育的发展趋势进行了简要概述,而后通过对长春市部分中学羽毛球运动的开展情况进行简要调查,并以此为基础,分析了中学开展羽毛球运动对于培养学生终身体育思想的优势,和发展中所处的困境。依据理论分析和实际调查结果,对中学开展羽毛球运动的途径和策略进行了分析研究。希望通过研究,能够为学校终身体育思想培养提供依据和参考,为中学羽毛球运动和学校体育的更好开展提供借鉴和帮助。     

黑龙江省中小学体育运动风险因素现状调查与致因识别

目的：了解黑龙江省中小学体育运动风险因素现状,识别出主要运动风险因素,以降低运动风险发生率。方法：选取黑龙江省部分地市的中小学学生、家长、体育教师、体育主管领导和校医进行问卷调查,并对调查数据进行统计分析。结果：黑龙江省中小学运动风险主要来源于学校管理、教师、学生、运动环境和家长,运动风险因素现状概率排前五位的依次为：学校缺乏对教师、学生的运动安全知识培训;教师课前对场地器材及学生运动安全隐患因素检查不严格;学生自我保护意识差、身体形态、机能、素质差,教师在教学中缺乏安全事项的详细讲解;学校缺乏对学生运动安全技能培训。结论：学校管理、教师、学生是黑龙江省中小学体育运动风险发生的主要因素。     

影响湖南省高中体育校本课程开发因素的调查与分析

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法和田野实证、电话采访与考察相结合的方法,对湖南省普通高中体育校本课程开发状况进行了调查与分析。结果表明：教师素质和学校状况是影响高中体育校本课程开发的重要因素,建议尽快强化教师素质培养,解除对体育课程的不公平待遇;以体育校本课程开发为突破口,改变目前高中体育课现状,促进学生的全面发展。     

‘Getting fit basically just means,like, nonfat’: children's lessons in fitness and fatness

Current concerns about a childhood obesity crisis and children's physical activity levels have combined to justify fitness lessons as a physical education practice in New Zealand primary (elementary) schools. Researchers focused on children's understandings of fitness lessons argue that they construct fitness as a quest for an ‘ideal’ (skinny or muscular) body. The conflation of fitness with thinness, however, is complex and problematic. In this paper, we draw from research conducted with a class of primary school children in New Zealand. Drawing on the theoretical tools of Foucault and utilizing a visual methods approach, we examine how children experience school fitness lessons and construct notions of fitness, health and body. The children's responses illustrated that obesity discourses and body pedagogies ‘collided’ in a way that shaped understandings of fitness lessons in ways inextricably connected with the avoidance of being fat. The children assumed that fitness lessons increased fitness and that being fit was demonstrated by a ‘correct’ corporeal appearance. We argue that body pedagogies inside and outside the school gates shape children's ideas about the body in ways which exclude other understandings of bodies, health, and physical activity.     

Promoting active lifestyles in schools

ABSTRACT

Effective and sustainable strategies for physical activity promotion during childhood are of considerable importance to physical education, sport, and health organisations. Multi-component physical activity intervention approaches for children and young people are firmly rooted within the literature; however, there is a dearth of research evidence pertaining to healthy lifestyle promotion within and beyond the school environment. ‘Promoting active lifestyles in schools’ represents a valuable resource for teachers seeking to integrate health-related learning and encourage physically active students. The essential ingredients within this book are the active pedagogies and the health-related learning strategies for children from the ages of 5 to 16 years. Through a consistent formula, this book positions the longitudinal process of health-related learning at the centre of its practice, by providing age-appropriate learning outcomes, activities and assessment strategies within and beyond the school environment. This review seeks to examine the focus of the book and consider its contribution to the existing empirical evidence base within the fields of physical education, health education and physical activity promotion.     

School board decision-making and the elimination of sport participation fees

Public schools in the US are increasingly charging ‘pay-to-play’ fees for participating in sports. Although these fees can cause reductions in participation, particularly for children from lower-income families, pay-to-play has become a legitimate practice within the field of public education. This study examines what leads some school districts to abandon sport participation fees, despite the trend in adoption. In particular, using a qualitative, case study approach, we investigate why and how school districts eliminate pay-to-play. We found that the decision to terminate pay-to-play in the ‘Ellis’ district was shaped by the community culture and district leadership. Our findings are supported by data on surrounding school districts. This study contributes to the literatures on institutional change; privatization of health, sport and physical education; and school board decision-making. The findings also shed light on the local context of pay-to-play—a policy that has implications for social equity and youth health and wellness.     

亳州市民办中学体育师资现状调查分析及对策研究

文章运用问卷调查、文献资料等研究方法对亳州市三县一区的56所民办中学体育师资队伍的现状进行了调查研究,旨在发现问题和不足,为亳州市民办中学体育事业的发展提供参考依据,推动亳州市民办中学体育教育的良好发展,使素质教育在民办中学体育教学中得到很好的实施,发挥民办体育教学在整个亳州体育教学中不可或缺的作用。     

山西省学校体育现状调查与发展对策研究

采用问卷调查、座谈访问、数理统计等方法，对山西省182所中、小学校的体育与健康教育状况进行了调查研究。结果表明，山西省学校体育正向着良好的方向发展，但仍存在着思想认识滞后，体育与健康教育实施不到位，改革力度不大，教学质量不高，体育经费和场地器材严重缺乏，师资力量薄弱等问题。针对存在的问题，提出了改进措施和建议。     

新课标背景下株洲县农村中学体育教学的调查与分析研究

本文通过问卷调查法、电话访问和访谈法、实地考察法等研究方法,对株洲县农村中学的场地器材、体育教师资源、学校体育教学管理以及领导对体育教学的态度、体育与健康课程的评估体系等诸多影响株洲县农村中学体育教学发展的因素进行了访问和问卷调查,在此基础上,对株洲县农村中学体育教学现状进行分析研究。结果表明,株洲县农村中学体育教学基本能够按照国家规定正常开设体育课,按要求执行《体育与健康标准》的学校比例较小;部分学校领导片面追求升学率,忽视学校体育;农村中学体育场地、器材不足;体育教师自身素质偏低、教学态度不够严谨,是影响株洲县农村中学体育发展的重要原因。建议：加强株洲县农村中学体育教学的管理与监督,改革和完善适合株洲农村中学体育教机制,加强体育师资队伍的建设。