团队心理安全、团队自省性与绩效的关系

"互联网+"时代下,团队日益成为工作任务的主要完成形式。如何在充满不确定性的环境中激发团队潜能,提高团队绩效成为企业关注的焦点。通过196套调查问卷,分析了团队心理安全、团队自省性和团队绩效的关系。研究数据表明,团队心理安全会增加团队自省性,团队自省性能够有效提高团队绩效。因此,企业应提高团队心理安全水平,降低人际关系风险,增强团队自省性对团队绩效的正向促进作用。     

新产品开发团队的创新速度研究

在新产品开发活动中,创新速度已逐渐被学术界与企业界所重视。创新速度是指一个创新想法从产生到这个创新想法成为产品并推向市场的时间。结合资源基础理论和质量管理视角,探讨企业家导向、创新速度和产品质量三者之间的关系,并研究环境不确定性在企业家导向与创新速度关系间的作用。基于103个新产品开发团队的数据分析结果表明,高的企业家导向有助于加快新产品开发团队的创新速度,创新速度的加快有利于产品质量的提高,环境不确定性对企业家导向与创新速度关系的倒U型调节作用不显著。最后,对研究的理论价值和实践意义进行了讨论。     

研发团队时间压力、团队反思与创新绩效

时间压力已经成为研发团队最常见的一种压力方式,通过对186个有效团队的调查,以时间压力性质为视角,探讨了不同性质的时间压力对团队创新绩效的作用机制。研究发现：(1)挑战性时间压力对研发团队的团队反思、团队创新绩效均有显著正相关,阻碍性时间压力对研发团队的团队反思、团队创新绩效均有显著负相关;(2)团队反思分别在挑战性时间压力与团队创新绩效、阻碍性时间压力与团队创新绩效之间起中介作用;(3)时间领导会正向调节挑战性时间压力与团队反思的关系,即较高水平的时间领导下,挑战性时间压力对团队反思的积极作用效果越好,时间领导也会负向调节阻碍性时间压力与团队反思之间的关系,即较高水平的时间领导下,阻碍性时间压力对团队反思的抑制作用会弱化。     

高管团队交互记忆系统、能力重构与企业创新绩效——团队自反性的视角

交互记忆系统的积极影响已经得到广泛验证,但其在高管团队领域的作用机制及其对企业创新绩效的作用过程却鲜有学者关注。以高阶理论为基础,遵循"资源—能力—绩效"的研究范式,对国内高新技术企业的318名高层管理人员展开调查,以期揭示高管团队交互记忆系统、能力重构、高管团队自反性与创新绩效的关系。研究发现:高管团队交互记忆系统对创新绩效具有显著的正向影响;能力重构在高管团队交互记忆系统与创新绩效的关系中起部分中介作用;高管团队自反性正向调节了能力重构与创新绩效之间的关系,以及能力重构在高管团队交互记忆系统与创新绩效之间的中介效应。     

团队信任、共享领导力与新产品开发创新绩效关系

新产品开发是一项跨职能的项目组织活动，其创新绩效受到项目成员间信任关系、团队领导方式及项目组织结构形态的综合影响，。论文基于相互依存性理论研究了三者团队信任、共享领导力对新产品开发创新绩效的作用机理。研究结果表明：目标明确性和任务互依性能促进团队信任程度增加，共享领导力在团队信任对创新绩效的作用关系中起到完全中介作用。此外，新产品开发采取的项目组织结构形态在团队信任、共享领导力、创新绩效的作用路径中起到明显调节作用。研究成果明确了共享领导力的机制设计对于提升新产品开发绩效起到十分重要作用，这为跨职能组织的团队管理提供了参考。     

高管团队冲突对企业创新绩效的影响机制研究——环境不确定性的调节作用

在组织行为研究的基础上,应用团队冲突理论,研究TMT冲突对创新绩效的影响,同时引入环境不确定性为调节变量。通过对76家科技型企业276份有效问卷的实证研究表明:TMT情感冲突与企业创新绩效负相关,且环境不确定性削弱了TMT情感冲突与企业创新绩效之间的负相关关系。TMT认知冲突与企业创新绩效存在倒U型关系,且环境不确定性对TMT认知冲突与企业创新之间的关系具有积极的缓和作用,使得与环境不确定性较低的企业相比,倒U型关系在环境不确定性高的企业中更为陡峭。     

好心不得好报？伦理型领导对新产品开发绩效的影响

既有关于伦理型领导与绩效关系的研究强调伦理型领导通过塑造员工认知和行为、营造组织氛围、提高企业社会责任等机制影响绩效,低估了伦理型领导在信息处理过程中对绩效的影响机制.本研究引入信息处理理论,以战略决策周密为中介变量、环境不确定性为调节变量,探索伦理型领导和新产品开发绩效之间的关系.结合探索性案例研究与问卷调查,研究发现： 战略决策周密部分中介伦理型领导对新产品开发绩效的正向作用;环境不确定性加强了伦理型领导对战略决策周密的作用;环境不确定性加强了战略决策周密的中介作用.研究表明,在高不确定性的环境下,伦理型领导更倾向采取周密的信息处理模式,进而提高了新产品应对不确定性环境的“反脆弱性”,也因此提升了新产品开发绩效.     

创业团队冲突管理、团队自省性与创业绩效的关系

将团队冲突管理与团队自省性引入创业研究领域,分析了国内107家科技型创业企业创业团队冲突管理、自省性与创业绩效的关系。研究表明,创业团队应更多地采用合作性冲突管理,避免回避性冲突管理对团队自省性的负面影响;同时,努力提高团队自省性水平,尤其是行动/调适的水平,对提高创业绩效有良好作用。     

动态能力对企业新产品开发绩效的影响——双元创新的中介作用

新产品开发作为企业重要的利润增长点,日益成为创新管理理论和实践关注的重点。本文遵循"能力—行为—绩效"的基本逻辑思路,基于动态能力视角,构建以双元创新为中介变量的动态能力对企业新产品开发绩效影响的概念模型,并收集281份中国企业样本数据进行实证检验。研究表明:①动态能力3个维度对探索式创新均有正向促进作用;机会感知能力对利用式创新的作用效果不显著;②探索式创新和利用式创新对企业新产品开发绩效均具有正向影响,且双元创新平衡性对新产品开发绩效提升的正向影响更为显著;③双元创新在机会利用能力、整合重构能力与新产品开发绩效之间均发挥部分中介作用,在机会感知能力与新产品开发绩效之间发挥着完全中介作用。     

善事先利器:团队知识共享与新产品开发绩效

既有研究对于团队层面知识共享与新产品开发绩效的研究忽视了成员主动性人格的作用。为丰富研究思路和认知,本文基于特质激活理论和资源保存理论,以国企研发团队为研究对象,创造性地引入主动性人格作为知识共享和新产品开发绩效之间的中间变量,以知识异质性为调节变量。通过对上海汽车集团、上海电气集团和宝武集团三家大型国企的研发团队的问卷数据进行实证研究,结果发现：（1）知识共享显著正向影响新产品开发绩效,并且对主动性人格具有正向促进作用;（2）主动性人格对新产品开发绩效有正向影响,并且在知识共享和新产品开发绩效的路径上起中介作用;（3）知识异质性在主动性人格与新产品开发绩效的关系中具有正向调节效应。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.