论英语专业英美文学教学中学生元认知策略的培养

基于约翰·弗莱尔的元认知理论,从增强元认知策略意识、培养元认知使用策略能力的角度探讨在英语专业的英美文学课程教学中对学生进行元认知策略培训的问题。研究分为三个阶段：调查反思、策略培训和培训结果分析。研究表明,多种方式的元认知培训能够强化学生的策略意识和策略使用能力,提高文学作品的阅读能力,使文学教学有效果、有效率。     

基于元认知理论的英语专业高级听力教学

近几年来，元认知理论在英语听力教学研究中受到重视，但鲜有学者对英语专业高级听力教学进行元认知方面的研究。对元认知理论框架下的英语专业高年级听力教学进行初步探讨，结合高级听力教学目标及特点，提出了一些有利于培养学生元认知意识，增加元认知知识，掌握元认知策略的有效方法。     

Towards a methodology to determine standard time allocations for academic work

An online survey of workload activities was circulated to academics across Australia seeking estimates for the time to undertake a range of academic-related tasks associated with teaching, research and service. This article summarises the most important findings from the teaching data of the 2059 respondents. This detail of workload data has not been reported before across the Australian university sector. The findings showing that most academics work more than 50 h per week are consistent with previous studies. Although the estimates of the individuals varied greatly, statistical inquiry indicated the median time required does not vary by experience and online teaching generally requires more preparation time than on-campus teaching. The paper proposes this methodology as a credible means to derive realistic time-based standards for other aspects of academic work and will assist university managers by providing an external benchmark upon which to develop local academic workload models.     

The politics of teaching time in disciplinary and control societies

Abstract

This article argues that education reform agendas which use policy levers, standardised testing and new regulatory authorities to steer teachers’ work at a distance are creating a new temporal politics. Evidence from interviews with teachers and principals in Australian schools suggests that these reforms are impacting on individual experiences of the rhythms of their day-to-day work. First, there is a disquieting perception of an acceleration of their working life. Second, and related, many teachers and principals spoke of feeling ‘out of time’, or out of rhythm, with the new expectations of their work. Using Deleuze’s control societies, we posit that this arrhythmia exemplifies the experience of the classroom being ‘opened up’ for the purposes of comparison. This breakdown of the enclosed classroom is affected through the datafication of teaching.     

An analysis of teachers’ self-reported competencies for teaching metacognition

For successful reading experiences in native and/or foreign/second language, individuals need to benefit from not only cognitive strategies but also metacognitive strategies. Although research found reading comprehension and performance increase following metacognitive trainings, such findings may not transfer into mainstream classrooms as easily for several reasons. This study, therefore, aimed to disseminate the phenomenon of teaching metacognition with an emphasis on teacher’s instrumental role during classroom learning. More specifically, it investigated language instructors’ metacognition and their self-reported competencies for teaching metacognition. It also examined whether and how self-reported competencies changed following a professional development (PD) module of teaching for metacognition. Utilising Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) and think aloud protocols for instructional planning, this study found most participants were either highly metacognitive or metacognitive individuals. It was also found that most participants were initially not knowledgeable about and/or competent in teaching metacognition. Following PD, highly metacognitive teachers developed authentic lesson plans manifesting metacognition instruction while metacognitive teachers adopted similar instructional designs presented during the PD. Besides, half of the participants appreciated teaching metacognitively following the PD. Finally, under the light of these findings, future research and policy adjustments were proposed.     

Developing strategic learners

This paper derives from an ongoing project on the teaching and learning of reading in English and Irish primary classrooms. The project is seeking to understand how reading, and indeed, learning, are conceptualised by pupils and teachers and, particularly, to understand how pedagogy supports (and hinders) the acquisition of metacognitive awareness and strategies among 9 year olds. This paper focuses on teaching in one classroom, the purpose being to develop teachers’ and researchers’ understanding of metacognition by holding up for analysis, incidents from one classroom. It is not our intention to criticise the teacher's practice with the benefit of hindsight — rather we are concerned to enhance awareness of some of the processes of learning in general and of metacognition in reading, in particular. We begin by reviewing briefly some of the literature on metacognition and by noting the implications for practice. We proceed by investigating the opportunities for metacognitive development in two reading lessons.     

元认知策略在口译教学中的运用

口译教学效果的好坏直接关系到学生口译技能的掌握与口译能力的提高。文章结合口译训练特点,讨论了如何将元认知策略运用到口译教学中,以及培养学生元认知意识和发展元认知策略的途径。根据教学实践和学生反馈,发现元认知策略对于口译教学质量和学生口译水平的提高均有明显效果。     

The effect of value on judgment of learning in tradeoff learning condition: the mediating role of study time

Metacognition and Learning - Metamemory refers to the metacognitive awareness of one’s own memory status. Previous research has shown that item value plays a dominant role in self-regulated...     

非英语专业大学生英语阅读元认知意识培训的研究

文章通过英语阅读课程教学,从元认知知识、元认知体验和元认知调节等三个方面入手对111名大二学生进行了元认知意识的调查及培训,旨在探索建立适合中国大学生特点及认知策略习得一般规律的、切实可行的英语阅读的元认知意识培训模式,以丰富元认知理论,为英语阅读教学提供参考意见。     

Progression through Academic Ranks: A Longitudinal Examination of Internal Promotion Drivers

The last 20 years have brought major workload changes for academics globally, with the feeling that an academic in today's global higher education industry has three full‐time jobs (research, teaching and service). Following recent Government reforms, the Australian higher education sector has been forced to redefine itself in a more commercial context. The need to research workloads over time is recommended owing to changes as a result of growth, internationalisation and increasing competition. This longitudinal study comprises 5 years of observable teaching and research workloads capturing the teaching and research output of more than 85 individuals in two Australian university business faculties. Our results reinforce the axiom ‘publish or perish’ as it is the number of research papers published which increases the chances of internal promotion. Other observed workload characteristics, number of courses taught, number of students, research income and the number of research grants awarded, did not increase the likelihood of internal promotion. Suggestions for policy reforms and further research are identified.     

元认知策略在大学英语听力教学中的应用

针对目前大学英语听力教学中存在的问题,提出应该将元认知策略应用到听力教学当中。教师应该培养学生的元认知策略使用的意识,培养学生昕前计划的能力．培养学生自我监控的能力,培养学生评估和反思的能力以及培养学生课外自主学习的能力。     

The relationships and impact of teachers’ metacognitive knowledge and pedagogical understandings of metacognition

We know that metacognitive students are successful in school (Sternberg Instructional Science 26:127–140, 1998). However, despite the recognition of the role of metacognition in student success, limited research has been done to explore teachers’ explicit awareness of their metacognition and their ability to think about, talk about, and write about their thinking (Zohar Teaching and Teacher Education 15:413-429, 1999). Therefore, the current study investigates teachers’ understanding of metacognition and their pedagogical understanding of metacognition, and the nature of what it means to teach students to be metacognitive. One hundred-five graduate students in education participated in this study. The data analysis results, using mixed research method, suggest that the participant’s metacognitive knowledge had a significant impact on his/her pedagogical understanding of metacognition. The results revealed that teachers who have a rich understanding of metacognition report that teaching students to be metacognitive requires a complex understanding of both the concept of metacognition and metacognitive thinking strategies.     

元认知视角下的英语写作教学

根据Flavell提出的元认知概念,写作者可以认识了解自己的写作过程并对该过程实施监控。近些年的相关研究表明元认知与写作密切相关。丰富的元认知知识有助于写作能力、水平的提高。本文介绍了近年来国内外基于该理论的英语写作研究成果,并对如何培养学生的元认知来提高英语写作水平提出了一点看法。     

Development of metacognitive concepts about thinking in gifted and nongifted children: Recent research

This article provides an overview of recent research in our laboratories on the development of metacognition in gifted and nongifted children. Research examining the development of children's metacognitive knowledge of mental activity concepts, general declarative metacognitive knowledge, and specific metacognitive attributions are reviewed. The present studies found, as had Alexander, Carr, and Schwanenflugel (1995), patterns of gifted and nongifted metacognitive development differed depending on the type of metacognitive knowledge being examined. Specifically, recent research on knowledge of mental activity concepts showed no clear advantages for gifted children over nongifted children. Declarative metacognitive knowledge research continues to support a monotonic advantage hypothesis in which gifted children show consistent advantages over nongifted children during the early elementary school years. This advantage, however, is short-lived due to the possible presence of a ceiling effect showing a closing of the declarative metacognitive knowledge gap between gifted and nongifted children around fourth grade. Finally, recent research on specific metacognitive attributions suggests that more intelligent children develop more sophisticated attributions over time but their ability to use this information may be more dependent on other individual differences variables that may or may not be related to intelligence such as knowledge base familiarity. We conclude that it is important to differentiate the types of metacognitive knowledge being measured in studies as we investigate individual differences in the development of children's metacognitive insights about thinking.     

The Best and the Worst

Faculty workload is based on the amount of time spent on teaching, research, and service. The workload varies according to institutional focus, teaching field, type of course, course level, and instructional format. Compared with traditional face-to-face courses, online courses require a disproportionate investment of time and effort by faculty, necessitating special consideration when calculating faculty workload. The authors examine the workload for faculty teaching online courses in community colleges, specifically, the number of online classes taught per semester, class sizes for online courses, incentives for online instructors and how the workload for online instructors is calculated. Results indicate inconsistent practices within and between institutions; the workload for online instructors based on class sizes is less than, equal to, or more than that of faculty teaching face-to-face courses. Further investigations into common practices at other institutions and dialogue between administrators and faculty to discuss workload issues are recommended.     

不同民族中学生英语阅读的元认知意识研究

采用英语阅读的元认知意识问卷对汉族、纳西族和彝族中学生进行测查。结果表明 :( 1 )3种民族中学生英语阅读的元认知意识水平随着年级的升高呈现出提高的趋势 ;( 2 )汉族与纳西族中学生英语阅读的元认知意识水平整体上具有一致性 ,彝族中学生英语阅读的元认知意识水平呈现出优于汉族和纳西族的趋势。基于此 ,教师在英语阅读教学中应加强对学生元认知意识的培养。     

Comparison of Taiwanese and Canadian Students' Metacognitive Awareness of Science Reading,Text, and Strategies

This study used a Chinese-language version of the Index of Science Reading Awareness to explore the science reading metacognition and comprehension of Taiwanese students. Structural equation modelling results confirmed the underlying model comprised three clusters of metacognitive knowledge: beliefs and confidence in science reading, knowledge of structure of science text, and knowledge of science reading strategies. The main contribution of the current research was to provide evidence about the relationship between metacognitive awareness and comprehension of science text. In addition, data comparisons to Canadian (British Columbia) benchmarks from the original development revealed that metacognitive awareness of science reading deteriorated from elementary to middle school in both countries, and there were no significant differences of metacognitive awareness of science reading between Canadian and Taiwanese students. Instructional suggestions for raising students' metacognitive awareness on science reading were discussed.     

视频微博对提高大学生英语口语能力及元认知水平的研究

口语教学一直是大学英语教学的薄弱环节,存在＂不敢讲＂、＂无话讲＂、＂讲不好＂等难题。该文采用元认知理论与视频微博技术相结合视角,开展了大学英语口语训练创新模式研究。研究结果表明,基于移动终端的视频微博平台可以有效激发学习兴趣,增强元认知体验,培养元认知意识,提高元认知能力,从而促进大学生英语口语自主学习能力和口语水平提高。     

Metacognition and EFL/ESL reading

Several distinct research streams are converging in the field of foreign or second language reading in the U.S. Separate research streams in metacognition, in reading strategies, and in the training of reading strategies are converging in the field of English as a foreign or second language. This confluence of research is dramatically impacting the teaching of English to adult non-native speakers for academic purposes. In this article we will briefly review these distinct research streams for their relevance to the population in question, and will then describe the research design for an empirical study we are currently conducting to further investigate the efficacy of metacognitive strategy training for adult EFL/ESL reading.     

元认知视角下的英语写作教学

根据Flavell提出的元认知概念,写作者可以认识了解自己的写作过程并对该过程实施监控。近些年的相关研究表明元认知与写作密切相关。丰富的元认知知识有助于写作能力、水平的提高。本文介绍了近年来国内外基于该理论的英语写作研究成果,并对如何培养学生的元认知来提高英语写作水平提出了一点看法。