大强度间歇训练与一般有氧训练对男子皮艇运动员神经-免疫应答特征的比较

目的：比较大强度间歇训练（HIIT）和一般有氧训练（AT）2种训练方法的神经-免疫应答特征差异。方法：以8名一线男子皮艇运动员为研究对象,HIIT和AT各进行2周训练,每周9节训练课,训练量基本保持一致;对两种训练方法前、后的测定指标进行比较。分别在HIIT和AT前、后次日晨6：30安静状态下进行仰卧位短时程5 min心率变异性测试,并在测试结束即刻空腹安静状态下取肘静脉血,用于测量淋巴细胞亚群和血浆儿茶酚胺。结果：2周训练后,AT组和HIIT组心率变异性（HRV）时域指标R-R间期标准差（SDNN）、相邻R-R间期差值均方根（RMSSD）、相邻间期的差值标准差（SDSD）和频域指标总功率（TP）、高频功率（HF）、低频功率（LF）均有不同幅度变化,但均无统计学意义,且AT组和HIIT组间无交互效应;AT组T%、CD8⁺%和HIIT组B%、CD4⁺%、CD4⁺/CD8⁺均有显著差异,且AT组和HIIT组间B%、CD4⁺%、CD8⁺%和CD4⁺/CD8⁺有显著交互效应;AT组和HIIT组ADR、NE有不同幅度变化,但均无统计学差异;AT组和HIIT组间NE有显著交互效应。结论：与AT相比,HIIT对免疫系统产生影响更大,但两者对神经系统影响均较小。在竞技体育训练过程中,运动员进行HIIT后,建议及时通过饮食、营养品等手段进行干预,避免运动员出现免疫功能下降的现象。     

我国优秀女子公开级和轻量级赛艇运动员体能差异初探烫

以21名中国优秀女子赛艇公开级和轻量级运动员为研究对象,运用分层逐步回归法筛选,有效反映我国优秀女子赛艇运动员体能水平的指标并以其为研究变量,进而运用多因变量方差分析比较其体能差别,在此基础上运用判别分析法,建立我国优秀女子赛艇公开级和轻量级的体能判别函数,为提高我国公开级和轻量级的选材科学性和训练针对性提供理论依据.     

我国优秀女子公开级和轻量级赛艇运动员体能差异初探

以 2 1名中国优秀女子赛艇公开级和轻量级运动员为研究对象 ,运用分层逐步回归法筛选 ,有效反映我国优秀女子赛艇运动员体能水平的指标并以其为研究变量 ,进而运用多因变量方差分析比较其体能差别 ,在此基础上运用判别分析法 ,建立我国优秀女子赛艇公开级和轻量级的体能判别函数 ,为提高我国公开级和轻量级的选材科学性和训练针对性提供理论依据     

浙江男子赛艇运动员8周高原训练身体机能变化特点的研究

通过实验法,选取测定了与运动负荷和身体机能有关的血红蛋白（Hb）、血尿素（BNU）、血清肌酸激酶（CK）等生化指标,对浙江男子赛艇运动员高原训练期间运动负荷及机能状态进行监测和评定。结果：高原训练期间Hb值高于高原前,高原第3周与高原前1周相比有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。BUN高原训练期间显著高于高原前（P〈0.05）。CK高原期间显著低于高原前（P〈0.05）。结论：HB、BUN、CK是高原训练身体机能的监测指标的有效指标。高原训练期间应有效调控训练负荷,避免训练量过大。     

我国优秀女子公开级和轻量级赛艇运动员体能差异初探

以 2 1名中国优秀女子赛艇公开级和轻量级运动员为研究对象 ,运用分层逐步回归法筛选 ,有效反映我国优秀女子赛艇运动员体能水平的指标并以其为研究变量 ,进而运用多因变量方差分析比较其体能差别 ,在此基础上运用判别分析法 ,建立我国优秀女子赛艇公开级和轻量级的体能判别函数 ,为提高我国公开级和轻量级的选材科学性和训练针对性提供理论依据     

竞技游泳运动员大赛备战前高原训练生化监控指标分析

目的：通过测试高原训练前和高原训练后Rbc、Wbc、Hgb、Hct、Mcv、Mch、Mchc、Ck、Bun、Sf、T、C、T/C指标,分析高原训练对运动员生化指标的影响。方法：15名游泳运动员在昆明海埂训练基地进行5周的高原训练,出发高原前2天及高原训练第1周、第3周及回到平原1周后清晨空腹抽取静脉血,采用BC600全自动血液细胞分析仪检测血常规指标,Dimension RxL MaxTM全自动生化分析仪仪器检测Ck、Bun, ADVIA Centaur XP全自动化学发光免疫分析仪检测Sf、T、C的含量。结果：高原第1周、高原第3周和高原后1周的Rbc明显低于高原出发前,而Rbc含量显著高于高原出发前;高原第3周和高原后1周的Hgb显著高于高原前;高原第1周、第3周的Hct、Mcv、Mch显著低于高原前,而高原后1周的Hct、Hct、Mcv、Mch显著增加;高原第1周、第3周的Mchc显著高于高原前,而高原后1周的Mchc显著增加;高原后1周的Sf显著高于高原前;男运动员的T、T/C值高原训练第1周高于高原前,女运动员的T、T/C值高原第1周、第3周、高原后1周明显高于高原前。结论：...     

对陕西男子轻量级赛艇运动员亚高原训练规律的研究

本文通过对陕西男子轻量级赛艇队8名队员在海拔1800m的甘肃刘家峡水上训练基地的亚高原环境训练期间生理、生化指标的测试分析发现,为期2周期,12周的亚高原训练能提高运动员的心肺功能和有氧能力,提示赛艇轻量级运动员在HR,无氧阈,体成分等方面变化规律。     

男子公开级赛艇运动员机能变化规律的初步研究

本文通过对中国国家队15名男子公开级赛艇运动员进行40周的训练周期训练,观察训练周期中的训练特点与运动员机能指标变化,进行一些规律性的分析研究,为赛艇科学训练提供一些科学理论依据。研究对象:研究对象为备战2002年亚运会中国国家赛艇队男子公开级运动员,15人,身高188.2±     

中国赛艇队男轻运动员身体成分监测对训练效果的研究

通过国家赛艇队4名男轻队员冬训前后身体成分变化的研究,分析探讨中国赛艇男轻运动员最佳身体成分。结果显示,一定范围内体脂％的下降与赛艇轻量级运动员有氧耐力的提高显著相关;赛艇轻量级运动员瘦体质量的增加与否可反映力量训练的效果;本研究中,男子轻量级运动员身体成分的改变与专项测功仪能力的变化未呈显著相关性。     

低氧预适应结合长时间亚高原训练对男子赛艇运动员运动能力的影响

目的探讨10 d低氧预适应训练结合8周亚高原训练对赛艇运动员有氧运动能力的影响,为新的训练方法在赛艇项目上的应用提供理论与实践依据。方法以16名优秀男子赛艇运动员为研究对象,低氧模拟海拔高度为1 200～1 500 m,采用HiLo训练。高原训练高度为1 500 m。分别于低氧训练前、亚高原训练中、下高原后进行测功仪6 km和6级递增负荷测试,记录测试中的总成绩、血乳酸、心率等指标。训练全程每周进行Hb、RBC等指标测试。结果 (1)红细胞系指标变化:与传统高原训练模式不同,和低氧训练前相比,低氧训练3 d,Hb下降(P<0.05),RBC和Hct保持稳定(P<0.05),三者在高原训练3 d即升高,并保持到高原训练3周(P<0.01),提示,10 d模拟低氧训练加快了运动员对高原阶段训练的适应。之后Hb在高原训练6周和下高原后2、3周出现两次峰值(P<0.01),RBC、Hct一直保持较高状态到下高原后3周(P<0.01),提示机体氧运输能力得到提高。(2)专项运动能力变化:与低氧训练前相比,下高原后测功仪6 km成绩提高2.34%(P<0.01),即刻心率下降2.66%(P<0.05)。6级测试后发现,与低氧训练前相比,高原训练后运动员无氧阈水平下的运动强度增大,乳酸-运动强度曲线发生明显右移。结论(1)10 d低氧预适应干预加快了运动员高原适应;(2)10 d低氧预适应结合8周亚高原训练这一训练模式提高了男子赛艇运动员机体氧运输能力和有氧运动能力。     

Foot force production and asymmetries in elite rowers

The rowing stroke is a leg-driven action, in which forces developed by the lower limbs provide a large proportion of power delivered to the oars. In terms of both performance and injury, it is important to initiate each stroke with powerful and symmetrical loading of the foot stretchers. The aims of this study were to assess the reliability of foot force measured by footplates developed for the Concept2 indoor ergometer and to examine the magnitude and symmetry of bilateral foot forces in different groups of rowers. Five heavyweight female scullers, six heavyweight female sweep rowers, and six lightweight male (LWM) rowers performed an incremental step test on the Concept2 ergometer. Vertical, horizontal, and resultant forces were recorded bilaterally, and asymmetries were quantified using the absolute symmetry index. Foot force was measured with high consistency (coefficient of multiple determination>0.976 ± 0.010). Relative resultant, vertical, and horizontal forces were largest in LWM rowers, whilst average foot forces significantly increased across stroke rates for all three groups of rowers. Asymmetries ranged from 5.3% for average resultant force to 28.9% for timing of peak vertical force. Asymmetries were not sensitive to stroke rate or rowing group, however, large inter-subject variability in asymmetries was evident.     

Olympic lightweight and open-class rowers possess distinctive physical and proportionality characteristics

Abstract

Rowers competing at the 2000 Olympic Games were measured for 38 anthropometric dimensions. The aim was to identify common physical characteristics that could provide a competitive advantage. The participants included 140 male open-class rowers, 69 female open-class rowers, 50 male lightweight rowers, and 14 female lightweight rowers. Body mass, stature, and sitting height were different (P < 0.01) between the open-class and lightweight rowers, as well as a comparison group of healthy young adults (“non-rowers”, 42 males, 71 females), for both sexes. After scaling for stature, the open-class rowers remained proportionally heavier than the non-rowers, with greater proportional chest, waist, and thigh dimensions (P < 0.01). Rowers across all categories possessed a proportionally smaller hip girth than the non-rowers (P < 0.01), which suggested the equipment places some constraints on this dimension. Top-ranked male open-class rowers were significantly taller and heavier and had a greater sitting height (P < 0.01) than their lower-ranked counterparts. They were also more muscular in the upper body, as indicated by a larger relaxed arm girth and forearm girth (P < 0.01). For the male lightweight rowers, only proportional thigh length was greater in the best competitors (P < 0.01). In the female open-class rowers, skinfold thicknesses were lower in the more highly placed competitors (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the rowers in this sample demonstrated distinctive physical characteristics that distinguish them from non-rowers and other sports performers.     

Effect of 4 weeks of basic military training on peripheral blood leucocytes and urinary excretion of catecholamines and cortisol

In this study, we assessed the effects of a 4 week basic military physical training programme for male recruits of the Hellenic Air Force on the number and distribution of circulating immune cells and adrenergic and adrenocortical hormonal responses. One group of recruits (exercised, n = 48) participated in moderate intermittent physical exercise, whereas a second group (non-exercised controls, n = 9) performed only light work in the barracks. Both groups participated in the same non-physical, classroom-type training and testing. Military training by the exercised group resulted in significant increases in CD4^?+? T-lymphocytes, renal cortisol excretion and the urinary noradrenaline/adrenaline ratio, together with reductions in neutrophils and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. In the exercised group, the urinary noradrenaline/adrenaline ratio correlated positively with the training-induced changes in CD4^?+? T-lymphocytes and negatively with changes in the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. No significant relationship was found between training-induced increases in cortisol excretion and any of the peripheral blood cell alterations. Our results indicate that 4 weeks of military training consisting of intermittent moderate exercise resulted in a significant increase in CD4^?+? T-lymphocytes and reduction in neutrophils. These changes were probably driven by alterations in hormonal status, including the significant impact of sympathetic nervous system activation.     

Olympic lightweight and open-class rowers possess distinctive physical and proportionality characteristics

Rowers competing at the 2000 Olympic Games were measured for 38 anthropometric dimensions. The aim was to identify common physical characteristics that could provide a competitive advantage. The participants included 140 male open-class rowers, 69 female open-class rowers, 50 male lightweight rowers, and 14 female lightweight rowers. Body mass, stature, and sitting height were different (P < 0.01) between the open-class and lightweight rowers, as well as a comparison group of healthy young adults ("non-rowers", 42 males, 71 females), for both sexes. After scaling for stature, the open-class rowers remained proportionally heavier than the non-rowers, with greater proportional chest, waist, and thigh dimensions (P < 0.01). Rowers across all categories possessed a proportionally smaller hip girth than the non-rowers (P < 0.01), which suggested the equipment places some constraints on this dimension. Top-ranked male open-class rowers were significantly taller and heavier and had a greater sitting height (P < 0.01) than their lower-ranked counterparts. They were also more muscular in the upper body, as indicated by a larger relaxed arm girth and forearm girth (P < 0.01). For the male lightweight rowers, only proportional thigh length was greater in the best competitors (P < 0.01). In the female open-class rowers, skinfold thicknesses were lower in the more highly placed competitors (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the rowers in this sample demonstrated distinctive physical characteristics that distinguish them from non-rowers and other sports performers.     

Three-dimensional anthropometric analysis: Differences between elite Australian rowers and the general population

Abstract

The aim of this study was to quantify the anthropometric differences between elite senior Australian rowers and the Australian adult population using three-dimensional (3D) whole-body scanning. The dimensions of senior rowers competing at the 2007–2008 Australian Rowing Championships were compared with those of an age-matched sample of Australian adults. Mass, height, and sitting height were measured before the participants underwent a 3D whole-body scan, with lengths, breadths, girths, cross-sectional and surface areas, and volumes extracted from each scan. Differences in means and variability between the two groups were expressed as standardized effect sizes and ratios of coefficients of variation. Heavyweight rowers were generally much larger than the general population in absolute size, with 3D dimensions and height and mass showing the largest effects. In contrast, lightweight rowers were generally similar or smaller in absolute and proportional size. The dimensions of rowers, especially the lightweights, were also generally less variable than those of the general population. The greatest differences between elite rowers and the general population were seen in dimensions that could not be captured without 3D scanning, such as segmental volumes and cross-sectional areas.     

不同低氧训练方式对红细胞调控T淋巴细胞免疫及亚群的影响

观察不同低氧训练方式对红细胞调控T淋巴细胞免疫及亚群的影响。用低氧舱模拟4000m高原低氧环境（12．6％氧浓度），将50只SD雄性大鼠随机平分为5组：高住高训组（HiHi）、高住低训组（HiLo）、高住对照组（HiCo）、低住低训组（LoLo）和低住对照组（LoCo）。实验4周，每周6天游泳，1天休息，每天训练1．5h。实验结束后，同时取腹主动脉血，用流式细胞仪检测红细胞CD48、CD59荧光强度和T淋巴细胞CD2^＋％、CD3^＋％、CD4^＋％、CD8^＋％。结果发现，红细胞CD48、CD59表达和T淋巴细胞CD2^＋％、CD3^＋％、CD4^＋％、CD8^＋％大致趋势是HiHi组〈HiCo组〈HiLo组〈LoCo组〈LoLo组，各组间CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。提示：1）低氧暴露可能会降低红细胞调控T淋巴细胞免疫能力；常氧环境中运动有可能促进红细胞调节T淋巴细胞免疫；2）低氧暴露和常氧环境中训练都有可能影响T淋巴细胞总数；3）不同低氧训练方式中CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值没有显著性差异。     

Effects of Light and Heavy Equipment on Acquisition of Sports-Type Skills by Young Children

Abstract

This study was made to test certain hypotheses concerning proprioceptive facilitation by observing the relative effects of the use of lightweight and heavyweight equipment on the acquisition and retention of selected skills by second and third grade children. The 96 7-and 8-year-old children were equaled into four groups on the basis of summed scores derived from a five-item physical performance test battery. Each group consisted of 12 boys and 12 girls, ande were two equated groups in each grade level. One group at each grade level was randomly assigned to use lightweight plastic equipment, while the other grade group used the standard-type equipment classified as heavyweight equipment. Each lightweight group and each heavyweight group were taught the four sports-type skills and tested in the performance of the skill 2 days after the instructional lesson and retested 9 months later. It was concluded that the learning of sports-type skills by young children of limited strength may be facilitated by the use of lighter-weight equipment. To some extent, this relationship among the factors of equipment weight, strength, and the acquisition of skill would seem to be in accord with the “flower spray ending feedback” theory of proprioceptive facilitation.     

高原训练对男子赛艇运动员EPO和红细胞系等指标影响的研究

目的:探讨八周高原训练对优秀男子赛艇运动员促红细胞生成素(EPO)和红细胞系等指标的影响。方法:12名男子赛艇运动员在云南会泽(2210米)进行8周高原训练,在高原训练前的第3天、高原训练的第2天、第5天、第10天、第24天、第35天、第56天以及高原训练结束后的第14天、第28天等测试运动员的EPO和红细胞系等指标。结果:与高原训练前相比,高原训练的第2天EPO、RBC和Hgb分别提高了27.21%、6.04%和2.88%;在第56天分别提高了8.37%、10.63%(P<0.05)和4.72%;在高原训练结束后14天分别提高了21.92%、9.11%(P<0.05)和7.74%(P<0.05)。结果提示,8周高原训练能够有效地提高运动员EPO和红细胞(RBC)等水平,但其变化规律不同于常规的4-6周高原训练。而RBC和血红蛋白(Hgb)等呈现波浪形的变化趋势,这可能跟运动训练的量和强度密切相关。而初次与多次高原训练的运动员在相关指标的变化上具有不同的规律,提示初次进行高原训练的运动员对高原环境更加敏感。     

赛艇运动高原和低氧训练研究进展

高原训练和低氧训练作为提高运动员运动成绩的手段已经广泛应用于诸多耐力项目,赛艇运动也因合理地高原训练和低氧训练在一些国际大赛中取得了较为显著的成绩。本文综合各家赛艇运动高原训练、低氧训练研究成果进行综述,为赛艇运动高原训练、低氧训练的进一步发展提供参考。