自我决定动机影响运动员心理疲劳:横向与纵向研究的证据

从自我决定理论(Deci和Ryan,1985)角度解释心理疲劳,是近几年运动员心理疲劳领域研究的热点之一.根据这一理论,假设自我决定动机对运动员心理疲劳具有负向预测作用,并通过横向和纵向两个研究检验这一假设.对225名现役运动员的横向研究发现,由自我决定动机指向心理疲劳的结构方程模型得到了数据的良好拟合,自我决定动机对心理疲劳3个维度均有可靠的负向预测作用.纵向研究进一步探讨两者的关系.冬训前、后为期12周的间隔中,对60名柔道运动员进行自我决定动机和心理疲劳的测验.结果发现,冬训初期的自我决定动机对冬训末期运动员的心理疲劳具有可靠的负向预测作用;结果还发现,冬训前、后动机自我决定程度的变化对心理疲劳的变化具有可靠的负向预测作用.这两点均说明自我决定动机对心理疲劳具有纵向预测作用.     

基于自我决定理论的运动员心理疲劳预测模型构建

基于自我决定理论（SDT）构建结构方程模型（SEM）,探究教练员自主支持、基本心理需要与自主性动机影响运动员心理疲劳的路径机制。结合本土化研究取向,采用问卷调查法对344名现役少体校排球运动员进行整群抽样调查,利用AMOS19.0对SEM进行验证。研究结果：（1）教练员自主支持、基本心理需要与自主性动机均可显著预测运动员心理疲劳（P<0.001);(2）基本心理需要、自主性动机在教练员自主支持与运动员心理疲劳间起显著中介作用,具体由3条路径产生的间接效应组成,即教练员自主支持→基本心理需要→运动员心理疲劳（β=-0.26,P<0.001）、教练员自主支持→自主性动机→运动员心理疲劳（β=-0.04,P<0.001）、教练员自主支持→基本心理需要→自主性动机→运动员心理疲劳（β=-0.09,P<0.001);(3）基本心理需要、自主性动机在教练员自主支持与运动员心理疲劳间起部分中介作用,基本心理需要→自主性动机的链式中介起完全中介作用。结论：通过SEM拟合度验证,有效支持自我决定理论预测模型可以有效解释中国运动员心理疲劳程度。教练员自主支持、基本心理需要的满足和自...     

外部动机内化对运动员心理疲劳的影响

以自我决定理论为指导,通过2项研究来探讨外部动机内化对运动员心理疲劳的影响。研究一：40名青少年足球运动员先后参与到2个实验 室试验中,通过不同性质的无趣任务诱发心理疲劳,检验不同动机类型下运动员心理疲劳的情况;研究二：以教练为运动员提供的自主环境为自变 量,利用试验组、对照组前后测准试验设计,考察真实运动情境中,运动员外部动机内化对心理疲劳的影响。结果表明：运动员外部动机的内化水平 与心理疲劳存在显著负相关;外部动机内化的变化在一定条件下可预测心理疲劳的变化;当运动员外部动机内化水平变低时,心理疲劳的程度升 高;外部动机内化可增加运动员对无趣任务的认同经验和控制感,从而降低负性体验。结果提示,提高运动员的自主支持可促使运动员外部动机内 化,从而对心理疲劳起到预防作用。     

基本需要理论在中国运动员中的初步检验

目的:以基本需要理论为基础,探讨感知到的教练员自主性支持通过基本心理需要为中介对运动员疲劳和训练满意感影响的路径模型。方法:质性研究和量化研究相结合。对13名国际健将级运动员进行访谈,并对840名大学生运动员进行问卷调查,运用SPSS17.0和AMOS18对数据进行统计分析,建立结构方程模型。结果:教练员自主支持、3种基本心理需要与疲劳负相关,与训练满意感正相关。教练员自主支持预测3个基本需要,即能力需要、关系需要、自主性需要正向预测训练满意感,负向预测疲劳。结论:基本需要理论在中国运动员中是适用的,能力需要和关系需要是教练员自主支持和疲劳、训练满意感的中介。     

运动员训练比赛满意感与运动动机的关系:心理疲劳的中介作用

以102名优秀运动员为被试,进行训练比赛满意感、心理疲劳和运动动机的测量,以检验运动员的训练比赛满意感与运动动机的关系以及心理疲劳在两者之间的中介作用。研究发现:1)运动员训练比赛满意感与运动动机之间存在显著的正相关,训练比赛满意感对运动动机具有显著的正向预测作用;2)体力/情感耗竭在运动员训练比赛满意感与运动动机之间起完全中介作用;3)运动负评价在训练比赛满意感与运动动机之间具有显著的中介作用。可通过有效缓解与降低运动员的心理疲劳来提高训练比赛满意感对运动动机的积极效应。     

小学高年级女生体育课中的自主支持感与动机定向之间的关系： 基本心理需要的中介作用

以自我决定理论为基础,检验能力、自主和关系感对自主支持感与学生的动机定向之间关系的中介作用。采用问卷法对232 名小学4～6 年级 的女生进行调查,结构方程模型的结果显示：学生知觉到的来自体育教师的自主支持对能力、自主和关系感这3 种基本心理需要有着显著的预测作 用,同时,每种基本心理需要对学生的动机定向有着显著的预测作用,基本心理需要对自主支持感与学生动机定向之间的关系具有完全中介作用。 因此,为了使学生形成自主的动机定向,体育教师应该尽量营造自主支持的教学情境来满足学生基本的心理需要。     

青少年运动员友谊质量对网络成瘾的影响:孤独感和运动心理疲劳的链式中介作用

为探讨友谊质量、孤独感、运动心理疲劳和青少年运动员网络成瘾的关系,采用友谊质量量表、青少年孤独感量表、运动心理疲劳量表和网络成瘾量表对298名青少年运动员进行调查,结果发现：（1）友谊质量与孤独感、心理疲劳、网络成瘾都呈显著负相关;孤独感、心理疲劳与网络成瘾均存在显著的两两正相关;（2）友谊质量既可以直接影响网络成瘾,也可以通过孤独感和心理疲劳的中介作用对网络成瘾产生间接影响,具体包括3条中介路径,即通过孤独感的中介路径、心理疲劳的中介路径和通过孤独感和心理疲劳的链式中介路径。构建中介效应模型在一定程度上揭示了青少年运动员友谊质量影响网络成瘾的作用机制,对于运动员人际关系的提高和网络成瘾的防治具有一定的参考价值。未来,可以从提升运动员的友谊质量出发,帮助运动员改善人际关系,减少孤独感体验,进而缓解心理疲劳,在一定程度上减少对网络的依赖。     

艰难的卫冕路:一位世界冠军运动员的自我心理调适研究

获得奥运会和世界锦标赛等大赛冠军是每位运动员的梦想,而实现各项大赛的卫冕更是难上加难,这其中心理因素对于卫冕的影响尤为关键。为了分析世界冠军运动员大赛卫冕前后的自我心理调适问题,以我国羽毛球冠军运动员CL为例,从运动员参赛动机、参赛目标、参赛认知、参赛准备和决策等方面展开一项个案研究。研究发现世界大赛冠军需要克服很多个人心理问题带来的影响才能实现卫冕,通过对参赛动机的调节会激发更加积极的自我心理调适;细化目标与问题,并着力解决问题会更好地稳定运动员心理,促进更高理想的实现;调整注意与记忆,适当降低自身的成就动机,保持积极情绪有助于运动员自我心理调控。     

高水平篮球运动员应对自我效能对其赛前焦虑和心理疲劳的影响

为考察高水平篮球运动员应对自我效能对其赛前焦虑和心理疲劳的影响,采用应对自我效能问卷、赛前焦虑问卷和心理疲劳问卷对243名普通高校高水平篮球运动员进行调查。结果发现：（1）高水平篮球运动员应对自我效能对其赛前焦虑具有显著的负向预测效果;（2）高水平篮球运动员应对自我效能对其心理疲劳具有显著的负向预测效果。因此,高水平篮球运动员应掌握一些有效的应对策略以提高其应对自我效能,进而降低其焦虑程度和心理疲劳水平。     

技能类项目运动员心理疲劳的评价标准

尝试通过问卷调查结果建立技能类项目运动员心理疲劳的评价标准:第1步,选取技能类项目运动员381人,进行了心理疲劳和训练比赛满意感的测量.多元回归结果表明,心理疲劳可以解释训练比赛满意感总方差的35.30%.同时,根据优势分析的结果,使用标准分评价心理疲劳,并结合教练员、运动员的意见,参照前人的分类,将研究参与者分为无心理疲劳,轻度心理疲劳和严重心理疲劳3组.第2步,另取技能类项目运动员192名,以训练比赛满意感、运动动机以及自尊为效标,对上一步所建立的评价标准进行检验.方差分析结果表明,不同程度心理疲劳组在各个效标上均存在显著差异.结果表明,建立的标准可用来评价技能类项目运动员的心理疲劳.     

Testing self-determined motivation as a mediator of the relationship between psychological needs and affective and behavioral outcomes

Self-determination theory suggests that when psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are met, participants experience more self-determined types of motivation and more positive outcomes. Limited research has examined this mediational role of self-determined motivation in adult physical activity participants, and very few studies have included assessments of relatedness. This study tested the hypothesis that self-determined motivation would mediate the relationship between psychological need fulfillment and affective and behavioral outcomes. Adult dragon boaters (N = 558) between the ages of 19 and 83 completed a questionnaire on motivational aspects of dragon boating. Competence, relatedness, and autonomy all significantly predicted self-determined motivation, but self-determined motivation only partially mediated their relationship with positive and negative affect. These findings demonstrate the importance of all three needs in adult activity motivation and suggest that the relationships between needs, self-determination, and outcomes may be complex.     

A reciprocal effects model of the temporal ordering of motivation and burnout among youth table tennis players in intensive training settings

Abstract

Using self-determination theory (SDT) (Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum) as the theoretical framework, we conducted a longitudinal investigation of the temporal ordering between motivation and burnout among youth athletes in intensive training setting. Data were collected from 145 table tennis players in intensive training centres at three time points during a 2-month period characterised by a simultaneous increase in social, physical and psychological demands for these athletes. Structural equation modelling of cross-lagged panel models was used to test the hypotheses. Results showed significant paths leading from athlete burnout – especially sport devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment – at time 1 to amotivation, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations at times 2 and 3. Only two significant paths leading from motivation (introjected regulation at time 1) to burnout (emotional/physical exhaustion at time 2 and reduced sense of accomplishment at time 3) were identified. Overall, our results suggest that athlete burnout predicts motivation over time but motivation did not predict athlete burnout over time. Results are discussed in terms of current research findings on SDT.     

Functional asymmetry in a simple coincidence-anticipation task: Effects of handedness

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine whether quality of self-determined motivation at the start of the competitive season in elite athletes and symptoms of overtraining can predict athlete burnout propensity at the end of the season. The participants were 141 elite winter sport athletes. In September, at the beginning of the season, the athletes responded to a self-determined motivation questionnaire, while they answered questions assessing overtraining symptoms and burnout in March, at the end of the season. Findings indicated that self-determined motivation and symptoms of overtraining were negatively and positively linked respectively to dimensions of athlete burnout. The results suggest that self-determined motivation and symptoms of overtraining are both independently linked to signs of burnout in elite athletes and that although no moderating effect was found, pairing self-determined motivation with symptoms of overtraining increased the prediction of burnout in athletes at the end of the season. Our findings are in line with those of recent research (Cresswell & Eklund, 2005; Lemyre, Treasure, & Roberts, 2006) and support a motivational approach to study burnout in elite athletes.     

Burnout in elite rugby: relationships with basic psychological needs fulfilment

In this study, we examined the utility of self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2002) as a framework for understanding the antecedents of athlete burnout in elite New Zealand rugby union players (n=133). Perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness (i.e. basic psychological needs) were hypothesized to be negatively related to burnout scores, while players classified as "high-burnouts" were predicted to report lower needs fulfilment than players with low burnout. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that relatedness was a low to moderate predictor of burnout, but players' competence and autonomy accounted for substantial portions of variance in two athlete burnout symptoms: reduced accomplishment and sport devaluation. The proportion of variance accounted for in the exhaustion dimension of athlete burnout was not substantive. Multivariate analysis of variance supported these results, as "high-burnout" players had lower competence and autonomy scores than athletes reporting low burnout symptoms. The two groups did not report significantly different relatedness scores. Implications of these results for researchers and practitioners are discussed.     

Coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation of paralympic athletes

The purpose of the present study, grounded in self-determination theory, was to explore the relationship between Paralympic athletes' perceptions of autonomy-supportive coach behavior basic psychological needs, and intrinsic motivation to know, accomplish, and experience stimulation. One hundred thirteen Canadian Paralympic athletes completed an online survey, consisting of measures of coach autonomy support; of perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness; and of intrinsic motivation. Perceived coach autonomy support was a predictor of athletes' perceptions of autonomy and relatedness. Perceived competence was a significant predictor of all three forms of intrinsic motivation, while perceived autonomy was a significant predictor of intrinsic motivation to accomplish and experience stimulation. The results highlight the important relationship between coach behavior and athlete motivation in disability sport.     

Coach Autonomy Support,Basic Need Satisfaction,and Intrinsic Motivation of Paralympic Athletes

The purpose of the present study, grounded in self-determination theory, was to explore the relationship between Paralympic athletes' perceptions of autonomy-supportive coach behavior, basic psychological needs, and intrinsic motivation to know, accomplish, and experience stimulation. One hundred thirteen Canadian Paralympic athletes completed an online survey, consisting of measures of coach autonomy support; of perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness; and of intrinsic motivation. Perceived coach autonomy support was a predictor of athletes' perceptions of autonomy and relatedness. Perceived competence was a significant predictor of all three forms of intrinsic motivation, while perceived autonomy was a significant predictor of intrinsic motivation to accomplish and experience stimulation. The results highlight the important relationship between coach behavior and athlete motivation in disability sport.     

Impacts of talent development environments on athlete burnout: a self-determination perspective

Guided by Deci and Ryan’s (2000) self-determination theory, this survey study aimed to examine the effects of the talent development environmental factors on athlete burnout. Talented adolescent athletes (n = 691) filled out a survey form measuring the talent development environmental factors, needs satisfaction and burnout. The findings showed that three talent environmental factors (i.e., long-term development focus, holistic quality preparation and communication) were negative predictors of burnout via needs satisfaction. It was concluded that the three talent development environmental factors may be important for facilitating athletes’ needs satisfaction and preventing burnout.     

Motivation and Exercise Dependence

The objective of this study was to use self-determination theory to analyze the relationships of several motivational variables with exercise dependence. The study involved 531 exercisers, ranging in age from 16 to 60 years old, who responded to different questionnaires assessing perception of motivational climate, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivation types, and exercise dependence. The results of multiple mediation analysis revealed that ego-involving climate and perceived competence positively predicted exercise dependence in a directed and mediated manner through introjected and external regulation. Gender and age did not moderate the analyzed relationships. These results allow us to better understand the motivational process explaining exercise dependence, demonstrating the negative influence of the ego-involving climate in the context of exercise.     

Empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport

The aim of this study was to examine the empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport. Addressing theoretical and methodological limitations of previous research, the study tested the independent and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived competence on seven motivational variables with different degrees of self-determination. Regression analyses of data collected from 247 British university students showed that task orientation predicted motivational variables with high self-determination. In contrast, ego orientation predicted motivational variables with low self-determination. Perceived competence predicted both high self-determined and low self-determined motivational variables. A significant interaction emerged between task and ego orientations in predicting external regulation. The results suggest the adaptive role of task orientation in facilitating self-determined motivation in sport. However, the findings are not conclusive, as the variance explained in most analyses was relatively small. Suggestions are offered for a more comprehensive empirical testing of the links between the two theories.     

Empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport.

The aim of this study was to examine the empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport. Addressing theoretical and methodological limitations of previous research, the study tested the independent and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived competence on seven motivational variables with different degrees of self-determination. Regression analyses of data collected from 247 British university students showed that task orientation predicted motivational variables with high self-determination. In contrast, ego orientation predicted motivational variables with low self-determination. Perceived competence predicted both high self-determined and low self-determined motivational variables. A significant interaction emerged between task and ego orientations in predicting external regulation. The results suggest the adaptive role of task orientation in facilitating self-determined motivation in sport. However, the findings are not conclusive, as the variance explained in most analyses was relatively small. Suggestions are offered for a more comprehensive empirical testing of the links between the two theories.