论Baddeley工作记忆模型发展

工作记忆是指一种执行认知任务时对信息进行暂时加工、贮存的能量有限的记忆系统。工作记忆模型大致经历了三个阶段:第一阶段是由中央执行系统、语音环和视觉空间模板组成的最初的工作记忆三成分模型;第二阶段是工作记忆三成分模型的发展;第三阶段是有新增的系统——情景缓冲器加入的工作记忆四成分模型。     

合情推理问题的破解策略

归纳推理和类比推理是两种常见的合情推理．归纳推理就是从特殊性的前提,推出一般性的结论;而类比推理就是比较不同对象之间的类似性,如果已经知道两个对象有若干个共同属性,又知道其中一个对象还有某种性质,则可推测另一对象电可能具有该性质．合情推理是人们发现规律的一种有效手段,是数学推理的一种重要形式,作为课改新增内容,在近年的高考试题中,成为一个考查的热点．本文举例说明破解的策略。     

工作记忆在听障大学生推理他人心理状态中的作用

心理理论影响听障个体的同理心发展、人际交往以及融入社会的程度等。心理理论的加工机制是研究者关注的焦点问题,然而目前研究者对于个体心理理论的加工机制存在争议,有研究支持语义加工在个体推理他人心理状态中起到至关重要的作用,而有的研究则认为工作记忆才是个体在心理理论加工过程中的关键因素。因此,本研究以听障大学生、健听大学生各81名为被试,采取双任务实验范式,通过让被试在规定时间内进行语义加工理解故事内容、推理故事主角的心理状态,同时执行工作记忆任务,考察工作记忆在听障大学生心理理论中的作用。结果发现,对于听障大学生而言,推理他人心理状态的负荷干扰程度更为严重,语义加工不足以支撑其推理他人的心理状态,因此在推理他人心理状态阶段中施以重工作记忆负荷,可导致听障大学生推理他人心理状态的失败。     

加工负荷和加工时间对工作记忆广度任务成绩的影响

以大连市某小学40名五年级学生为被试,通过改变加工负荷和加工时间,考察了加工负荷和加工时间对工作记忆广度任务成绩的影响。结果表明,加工负荷和加工时间对工作记忆广度任务成绩有重要影响,加工负荷越高,被试的工作记忆广度任务成绩越低;加工时间越长,被试的工作记忆广度任务成绩越高。     

工作记忆与算术认知的研究现状与前瞻

工作记忆是当今认知心理学研究的一个重要领域。它是一种记忆系统,用于有限容量信息的暂时性储存和加工,在许多复杂的认知活动中起作用,如算术认知等。工作记忆的各成分对个体的算术认知所起的作用不同。目前工作记忆与算术认知研究的新趋势主要集中在采用“纯”干扰中央执行功能的任务研究工作记忆与算术认知的关系、工作记忆在各种算术运算中的作用、工作记忆与算术认知策略的关系等方面。     

心智逻辑的理论与方法研究

心智逻辑理论是当前研究人类实际推理的重要理论之一。该理论假定有一种逻辑存在于人们的心智中,该理论致力于建立一个推理理论说明人们是如何通过推理程序运用推理图式实现推理的,并设计出问题难度实验来检验理论的预测。当前心智逻辑理论面临跨文化研究和心智模型理论的挑战。     

工作记忆的性质和工作机制

对工作记忆概念的理解存在三种观点:结构观、功能观和内容观。持不同观点的研究者对工作记忆和工作机制有不同解释,资源-共享模式认为工作记忆的工作机制是认知空间分配;工作记忆容量的控制性注意观认为工作记忆是依赖于有限资源的注意控制过程;抑制观回避“容量”概念,强调工作记忆机制是克服干扰、排除任务无关信息的过程;任务转换假说认为工作记忆任务执行过程中存在记忆消退现象。这些观点从不同角度揭示了工作记忆的工作机制,既有重叠又有分歧。     

谈工作记忆与类比推理

类比推理是一种特殊的推理形式,也是个体抽象思维的一种主要形式。有些心理学家着重研究与类比推理有关的问题,以期可以找到发展类比推理能力的有效策略,以提高学生学习新知识、新技能等的效率。经过大量研究与调查数据显示,工作记忆的各个子成分与类比推理之间有着密切的联系,工作记忆直接影响着个体类比推理能力的发展。因此,文章主要探讨工作记忆与类比推理的含义,以及工作记忆对类比推理的影响,希望能够为相关研究者提供参考。     

例谈对小学生推理能力培养的认识

《义务教育数学课程标准》(2011年版)明确指出了推理是数学的基本思维方式,也是人们学习和生活中经常使用的思维方式。推理能力一般包括合情推理和演绎推理,这两种推理能力虽然功能不同,但是相辅相成。因此教师在日常教学中要将学生推理能力的培养贯穿于整个数学学习过程中。     

逻辑：推理技法及其使用

逻辑是一门工具性质的学科。逻辑工具和其它工具一样都有自身独特的使用价值。了解和掌握这种工具可以使人们思维活动跳出自然状态，让理性的翅膀在更广阔的逻辑空间翱翔。本文从逻辑的工具性出发，介绍了在使用推理时的一些技巧与方法，它们有换质法、换位法、换质位法、对当关系法、直言三段法、假言三段法、选言三段法等。并在此基础上给出了与之相关的推理模式。这些推理模式都是人们日常思维的组成部分。本文结合实例进行叙述为的是深入浅出，以便读者更好地理解和使用。     

Mathematics anxiety in young children: Concurrent and longitudinal associations with mathematical performance

This study explored mathematics anxiety in a longitudinal sample of 113 children followed from second to third grade. We examined how mathematics anxiety related to different types of mathematical performance concurrently and longitudinally and whether the relations between mathematics anxiety and mathematical performance differed as a function of working memory. Concurrent analyses indicated that mathematics anxiety represents a unique source of individual differences in children’s calculation skills and mathematical applications, but not in children’s geometric reasoning. Furthermore, we found that higher levels of mathematics anxiety in second grade predicted lower gains in children’s mathematical applications between second and third grade, but only for children with higher levels of working memory. Overall, our results indicate that mathematics anxiety is an important construct to consider when examining sources of individual differences in young children’s mathematical performance. Furthermore, our findings suggest that mathematics anxiety may affect how some children use working memory resources to learn mathematical applications.     

情景缓冲器的提出及其研究现状

情景缓冲器是巴德利在2000年提出的工作记忆模型的第四个成分．是对其在1974年提出的工作记忆广度三成分模型的补充。情景缓冲器是一种各子系统和长时记忆之间的交界面,被认为是代表一个可以利用多重编码的存储系统。在某种意义上它被认为是一种整合的情景或场景,并提供一个在系统之间的能应用不同编码方式的容量有限的缓冲。目前关于情景缓冲器的研究主要集中在它是如何整合来自各个子系统的信息以及它在语言学习方面的作用．     

工作记忆对句子加工影响的研究

句子加工是心理语言学研究的重要内容,主要关注影响加工过程的因素。工作记忆是影响句子加工过程的重要因素之一。文章首先分析工作记忆的作用与特点,然后探讨工作记忆和工作记忆容量的个体差异对歧义句和复合句加工的影响。     

A dominance analysis approach to determining predictor importance in third, seventh, and tenth grade reading comprehension skills

The purpose of the present study was to investigate and rank order by importance the contributions of various cognitive predictors to reading comprehension in third, seventh, and tenth graders. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that for third grade, the best fit was a four-factor solution including fluency, verbal reasoning, nonverbal reasoning, and working memory factors. For seventh and tenth grade, three-factor solutions with fluency, reasoning, and working memory factors were the best fit. The three and four-factor models were used in separate dominance analyses for each grade to rank order the factors by predictive importance to reading comprehension. Results indicated that fluency and verbal reasoning were the most important predictors of third grade reading comprehension. For seventh grade, fluency and reasoning were the most important predictors. By tenth grade, reasoning was the most important predictor of reading comprehension. Working memory was the least predictive of reading comprehension across all grade levels. These results suggest that inferential reasoning skills become an important contributor to reading comprehension at increasing grade levels.     

影响英语专业二年级学生英语写作表达的认知因素先导研究

在当今社会中,外语写作是如此的常用,它在我们的日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。许多学者已注意到写作对于我们的重要性,并从自己的专业视角做了大量的研究。但是我们注意到,虽然有很多研究已从如语言学、语用学、文体学等角度对写作文本做了研究。然而极少有研究从工作记忆这个认知因素的角度来分析写作过程。本先导研究以MenBaddeley的工作记忆模型和Hayes的写作认知过程的新模型为理论基础,对桌大学人文科技学院大二英语专业的学生进行了写作过程“工作记忆”影响因素问卷和访谈调查,对收集的数据做了统计,并从Baddeley和Hayes理论角度对工作记忆如何影响英语写作过程中的各个阶段做了数据分析。研究初步表明,工作记忆影响着写作过程中的三个阶段,其中写前阶段和写中阶段受到的影响最大,而每一个阶段的某些方面受到较大的影响。     

工作记忆:人类高级认知活动的核心

工作记忆是个体在执行认知任务过程中,对信息暂时保持与操作的能力。近年来的诸多研究指出,工作记忆在人类智力、学习、推理、创造力等高级认知活动中起重要的作用。潜变量分析揭示了工作记忆的中央执行系统与高级认知活动之间存在着密切关系;而脑成像研究显示,工作记忆与高级认知活动的共享脑机制可能是两者关系紧密的主要原因;通过对个体工作记忆能力的训练,提升其阅读能力、智力水平等高级认知能力的干预研究,则进一步证明了工作记忆在人类高级认知活动中的核心影响。     

Reasoning and working memory as predictors of school grades

The present paper contributes to individual difference research in the field of working memory (WM) and reasoning and their contribution to the prediction of real-life criteria. Therefore, a broad WM test battery, a well-established measure of reasoning, and school grades were applied. It is argued that abilities as assessed with the WM component coordination are relevant for good performances at school, especially for science courses. The verbal task of the WM component storage in the context of processing was assumed to be relevant for the prediction of performance in language courses. As expected, reasoning turned out to be the best predictor of school grades. However, it was also confirmed that variance shared by coordination and reasoning can explain school performance, especially as concerns science courses. The verbal storage in the context of processing task significantly accounted for variance in language courses above and beyond reasoning. Thus, the present study provided further insights into the differential validity of different WM components.     

Contribution of Working Memory Capacity to Children’s Reading Comprehension: A Longitudinal Investigation

We examined the contribution of working memory capacity to the development of children’s reading comprehension. We present data from three waves of a longitudinal study when the children were 7 years (Grade 1), 8 years (Grade 2) and 9 years (Grade 3). Two questions were raised: The first question concerned the developmental changes of the relative contribution of working memory in predicting reading comprehension compared to vocabulary and decoding skills. The second question explored to what extent reading comprehension could be predicted by working memory capacity measured at a prior time. At the end of each grade, reading comprehension, nonword reading, vocabulary knowledge and working memory capacity were assessed. To test the first question, the predictive power of working memory capacity was compared to vocabulary and decoding skills by performing concurrent multiple-regression analyses in each grade. The results showed that working memory capacity emerged as a direct predictor of reading comprehension in Grade 3. To address the second question, we performed multiple-regression analyses predicting reading comprehension from working memory, nonword reading, and vocabulary measured at a prior time. In these analyses, the autoregressive effect was taken into account to separately assess the unique contribution of each predictor to the development of later reading comprehension. The results showed that Grade 1 vocabulary and Grade 2 working memory had additional effects on Grade 3 reading comprehension after the autoregressive effect of reading comprehension had been accounted for. These findings support the idea that, as word recognition becomes automated throughout the early grade levels, working memory becomes an important determinant of reading comprehension. There is also evidence that working memory capacity directly influences the development of reading comprehension skills. The direction of the causal flow is discussed.