父母教养方式对听障初中生自尊水平的影响研究

本研究采用<父母教养方式评价量表>和<缺陷感量表>探讨父母教养方式对听障初中生自尊水平的影响,结果发现父母情感温暖与理解教养方式对听障初中生自尊水平有显著的积极影响,惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、过度保护教养方式则有极其显著的消极影响.在昕障初中生一些群体中,父母教养方式对听障初中生自尊水平的影响作用和预测效果存在差异.从父母教养方式各维度来看,父母某些消极教养方式对听障初中生自尊水平的影响作用更明显.本研究还提出有关建议,为听障初中生的父母教养子女提供参考.     

初中生父母教养方式的调查研究

为了解初中生父母教养方式的现状，我们对石家庄市城市、农村两所中学389位初中生进行了调查，结果发现：1．男女初中生的父母教养方式存在差异，初中男生更多地感受到惩罚严厉和过干涉过保护的消极父母教养方式，同时，也更多地感受到母亲的偏爱。2．城市和农村的父母教养方式也存在差异。3．化教育程度的差异是影响父母对子女教养方式的主要因素。     

基于父母教养方式的学校家庭教育指导探究——以乐山市第七中学为例

为探究父母教养方式对初中生心理健康、社会行为的影响,从而指导家长实施科学有效的家庭教育,以乐山市第七中学的初中生群体为样本展开调查研究。结果显示：父亲的教养方式在初中生性别上有显著差异;父母的教养方式在是否独生子女上有明显差异;亲社会行为与父母教养教养方式各维度均呈现出显著性相关。因此,学校需要针对多子女家庭进行专题指导,帮助家长用积极的教养方式促进孩子的心理健康和亲社会行为。     

父母的教养方式对儿童心理健康的影响

父母的态度和教养方式影响孩子的个性发展、道德品质和心理健康.本文分析论证了不同类型父母的教养方式与子女心理健康的关系,并提出了如何改善父母教养方式的构想.     

农村初中生父母教养方式的特点及影响因素研究

父母教养方式是指父母在抚育和教育子女的过程中所表现出来的一种对待孩子的相对稳定的行为倾向和行为模式,集中体现父母对孩子的教育观念和教育方式。本文通过探讨农村初中生父母教养方式的特点及影响因素,针对教养方式提出了一些行之有效改进措施和方法。     

外来初中生心理健康与父母教养方式关系的研究

本研究采用心理健康诊断测验（MHT）和父母教养方式问卷对143名外来初中生进行调查和统计分析,探讨外来初中生心理健康与父母教养方式之间的关系。结果表明：①外来初中生的父亲对男生的干涉和保护要显著高于女生。②初二学生在父亲的拒绝、否认,对人焦虑,孤独倾向上得分高于其它年级。③父亲的教养方式会更多地影响子女的心理健康。     

中学生个性与父母教养方式研究

本旨在探讨中学生个性与父母教育方式的关系。采用的方法是，以父母教养方式问卷（EMBU）和卡特尔个性因素问卷（16PF）为测试工具。对100名中学生进行测评的结果表明，父母教养方式对子女个性的形成有一定的影响。     

初中生创造个性、父母教养方式及其关系的研究

本研究试图探讨父母教养方式与创造个性之间的关系。对 1 87名初中生施测父母教养方式问卷和威廉斯创造情意测验 ,结果表明 :在创造个性方面 ,初中生的优势创造个性是挑战性 ,劣势创造个性是想象力 ;女生的创造性人格明显优于男生 ;初一被试好奇心明显优于初二被试。在父母教养方式方面 ,无论是父亲还是母亲的教养方式 ,被试都认为情感温暖维度出现频率最高 ,惩罚、严厉最低 ;认为母亲给了更多情感的温暖 ,而父亲更为严厉 ;男生比女生更倾向于认为父亲对于自己有过多的拒绝和否认、母亲对自己过于严厉 ;父母教养方式没有因为被试年龄的变化而变化。在父母教养方式与创造个性之间的关系上 ,总的来说 ,父母的情感温暖有利于创造个性的良好发展 ,而拒绝否认、严厉惩罚等消极维度则不利于创造个性的发展 ,不过 ,以上消极维度视其来自于父亲还是母亲而对创造个性有不同的影响     

初中生父母教养方式影响因素的研究

为对父母教养方式影响因素进行研究,我们对石家庄市城乡两所中学的389名在校初中生进行父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)儿童版的测试和一般资料的收集,并对调查数据进行统计分析,结果发现:子女的性别、来源、学习成绩和父母的性别、受教育水平、所从事职业等因素影响父母的教养方式。     

父母教养方式对初中生学校适应的影响：自我同一性的中介作用

为探讨父母教养方式对初中生学校适应的影响及自我同一性的中介作用,揭示父母教养方式对初中生学校适应的影响机制,采用简式父母教养方式评定量表、自我同一性量表和初中生学校适应问卷,通过随机取样对701名初中生进行问卷调查。结果显示：（1）父母拒绝、父母过度保护与初中生自我同一性、学校适应呈显著负相关,父母情感温暖与初中生自我同一性、学校适应呈显著正相关;（2）三种父母教养方式均可以通过自我同一性的中介作用对初中生学校适应产生影响。结论：初中生自我同一性在三种父母教养方式对初中生学校适应的影响中起部分中介作用。     

The Relation Between Toy Gun Play and Children's Aggressive Behavior

To assess the relation between toy gun play and aggression, thirty-six 3- to 5-year-olds were observed in free play in their daycare center and coded for amount of real aggression, pretend aggression, rough-and-tumble play (R & T), and nonaggressive pretend play. Based on a questionnaire completed by the parents, the children were also coded for the amount they played with toy guns in the home, the rated aggressive level of their preferred television programs, the rated aggressive level of their most preferred toys, and amount of parents' physical punishment of the children. Of all children, 56% played with toy guns in the home, most of whom were boys. Multiple regression analyses indicated that amount of parents' punishment strongly predicted real aggression in both boys and girls, and amount of toy gun play strongly predicted real aggression in boys. However, when it came to pretend aggression, aggressive level of children's preferred toys was the strongest predictor, while toy gun play negatively predicted pretend aggression. Toy gun play did not predict nonaggressive pretend play, but parents' punishment negatively predicted nonaggressive pretend play. These results indicate that toy gun play and parental punishment are positively associated with a higher level of real aggression but not pretend aggression. This pattern is discussed in terms of a cuing effect theory versus a cathartic effect theory. It also argues for distinguishing between real and pretend aggression and other forms of play in future studies.     

The Relation Between Toy Gun Play and Children's Aggressive Behavior

To assess the relation between toy gun play and aggression, thirty-six 3- to 5-year-olds were observed in free play in their daycare center and coded for amount of real aggression, pretend aggression, rough-and-tumble play (R & T), and nonaggressive pretend play. Based on a questionnaire completed by the parents, the children were also coded for the amount they played with toy guns in the home, the rated aggressive level of their preferred television programs, the rated aggressive level of their most preferred toys, and amount of parents' physical punishment of the children. Of all children, 56% played with toy guns in the home, most of whom were boys. Multiple regression analyses indicated that amount of parents' punishment strongly predicted real aggression in both boys and girls, and amount of toy gun play strongly predicted real aggression in boys. However, when it came to pretend aggression, aggressive level of children's preferred toys was the strongest predictor, while toy gun play negatively predicted pretend aggression. Toy gun play did not predict nonaggressive pretend play, but parents' punishment negatively predicted nonaggressive pretend play. These results indicate that toy gun play and parental punishment are positively associated with a higher level of real aggression but not pretend aggression. This pattern is discussed in terms of a cuing effect theory versus a cathartic effect theory. It also argues for distinguishing between real and pretend aggression and other forms of play in future studies.     

Parental educational involvement conceived as the arrangement of contingency operations

This study explored the utility of a conception of parental educational involvement as the arrangement of contingency operations that normatively change: the frequency of children’s school‐related behaviour, the reinforcing potency of stimuli produced by studying, and children’s tendencies to request parental intervention. A child‐report measure of parental contingency use was developed and administered to 1520 schoolchildren (Grades Four to Six). An exploratory factor analysis revealed three internally consistent dimensions of parental practices: use of punishment and negative reinforcement contingencies; use of positive reinforcement contingencies; and non‐responsiveness to children’s requests for educational intervention. Frequencies of use of punishment/negative reinforcement contingencies and of parental non‐responsiveness were inversely correlated with use of positive reinforcement contingencies and with teacher’s reports of children’s achievement. These scales might therefore identify parents whose current educational practices are likely to be less than optimally effective, so that they might be helped to intervene more beneficially in their children’s academic affairs.     

Understanding the mediating role of corporal punishment in the association between maternal stress,efficacy, co-parenting and children's adjustment difficulties among Arab mothers

This study, guided by the Family Systems Theory, examines the direct effect of maternal use of corporal punishment on children's adjustment difficulties. Also, it explores whether corporal punishment serves as a mediating factor in the relationship between several maternal characteristics, marital relationships, and children's adjustment difficulties. A total of 2,447 Arab mothers completed anonymous, structured, self-report questionnaires. The use of corporal punishment was generally strongly supported by the Arab mothers in our sample. A greater likelihood of using corporal punishment was found among mothers of boys rather than girls, among mothers with lower perceived self-efficacy to discipline children, and among mothers with a lower perception of their husbands’ participation in child-related labor. In addition, the higher a mother's reports on disagreement with her husband about discipline methods and the stronger her level of maternal stress, the more likely she was to use corporal punishment. Corporal punishment also mediated the association between the above mentioned factors and child adjustment difficulties. Furthermore, a husband's emotional support and family socioeconomic status were directly associated to children's adjustment difficulties. The results of the current study emphasize the need to observe children's development within the context of their family systems and to consider the mutual influences of different subsystems such as marital relationships and mother–child interactions. Prevention and intervention programs should raise parents’ awareness concerning the harmful effects of corporal punishment and take into account the impact of dynamic transactions of parental conflicts and disagreements regarding discipline methods on child outcomes.     

Attitudes of Kuwaiti parents toward physical punishment of children

Objective: The major aim was to describe parental attitudes to physical punishments and examine their sociodemographic correlates. A related aim was to assess the association of parents’ own experience of physical punishment with attitudes to punishment of children.Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the second week of December, 1996 in five general clinics covering the major administrative areas of Kuwait: 337 Kuwaiti mothers and fathers with at least one living child were contacted; 95% were successfully interviewed using a structured questionnaire.Results: Eighty-six percent of parents agreed with physical punishment as a means of child disciplining. Agreement with punishment was higher in case of serious misbehaviors such as stealing (63%), sniffing glue and using drugs (77%). Multiple regression results showed that parent’s lower level of education and Bedouin ethnicity were positively associated with agreement on physical punishment. Larger percentages of parents who had experienced physical punishments themselves agreed with such punishment to discipline their children, but this was not statistically significant.Conclusions: In recent years education has become widespread for both sexes. An inverse association between educational level and agreement on physical beating suggest that attitudes to this form of child disciplining are changing. Those with a Bedouin ethnic background still adhere more strictly to the traditional forms of child disciplining including physical beating. There is a need for conducting research on the possible negative psychosocial impacts of physical punishment in view of findings from other countries.     

Attitudes of Kuwaiti parents toward physical punishment of children

Objective: The major aim was to describe parental attitudes to physical punishments and examine their sociodemographic correlates. A related aim was to assess the association of parents’ own experience of physical punishment with attitudes to punishment of children.Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the second week of December, 1996 in five general clinics covering the major administrative areas of Kuwait: 337 Kuwaiti mothers and fathers with at least one living child were contacted; 95% were successfully interviewed using a structured questionnaire.Results: Eighty-six percent of parents agreed with physical punishment as a means of child disciplining. Agreement with punishment was higher in case of serious misbehaviors such as stealing (63%), sniffing glue and using drugs (77%). Multiple regression results showed that parent’s lower level of education and Bedouin ethnicity were positively associated with agreement on physical punishment. Larger percentages of parents who had experienced physical punishments themselves agreed with such punishment to discipline their children, but this was not statistically significant.Conclusions: In recent years education has become widespread for both sexes. An inverse association between educational level and agreement on physical beating suggest that attitudes to this form of child disciplining are changing. Those with a Bedouin ethnic background still adhere more strictly to the traditional forms of child disciplining including physical beating. There is a need for conducting research on the possible negative psychosocial impacts of physical punishment in view of findings from other countries.     

低收入农民工家长对学前子女教育期待的研究

家长教育期待是影响子女学业成就的关键因素。相较于城市家长,农民工家长教育期待水平相对偏低。在实现教育期待上,他们表现出了明显的外控倾向。与城市居民有更多互动的从事越界型职业的家长,对子女获取更高学历的意愿更强烈。家长投入效能感、聚居区的独特文化、城乡二元和新二元社会结构的限制是影响农民工家长教育期待的主要原因。农民工家长教育期待对子女发展的影响是复杂的。短期内,家长教育期待可能提升子女教育期待,但长期来看,缺乏实现条件的家长教育期待对儿童的发展未必是正向的,家长教育期待的表达可能导致子女轻视本阶层。     

Does the gender of parent or child matter in child maltreatment in China?

Child maltreatment is a public health problem worldwide, and China is no exception. However, the pattern of child maltreatment remains unknown, including whether the gender of children and their parents has an impact on the occurrence of maltreatment. This study aims at examining the rates and frequency of child maltreatment, including physical abuse, psychological abuse and neglect perpetrated by mothers and fathers. We also test whether the interaction between parents’ gender and their child's gender affects the occurrence of child maltreatment in China. 997 children from the China Jintan Child Cohort Study participated in the present study and reported their maltreatment experience perpetrated by their mothers and fathers using the questionnaire, Parent–Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC_CA). Generalized linear model analyses show that boys were more likely than girls to report physical abuse, and, in particular, boys were more likely than girls to be physically abused by their fathers. On the other hand, mothers were more likely than fathers to exhibit psychological aggression and use corporal punishment for both boys and girls. There was no difference based on the child's or parent's gender in the occurrence of neglect. The findings present empirical evidence that enhances the understanding of the pattern of child maltreatment in China, provide implications for social workers and health professionals to identify children at risk of child maltreatment, and shed light on future research studies.     

A cross-cultural examination of use of corporal punishment on children: a focus on Sweden and the United States

It appears that Sweden and the United States may be a study in contrasts regarding the sanction and use of corporal punishment on children. A 1979 study of American parents noted that 81% of them employed corporal punishment with children. A different study done in Sweden in 1978 noted that only 26% of parents used corporal punishment with children. What points to the differences in these parenting patterns within the two countries? In addition, a 1977 U.S. Supreme Court case entitled Ingraham vs. Wright ruled that “schools are empowered to carry out corporal punishment.” This court case involved two high school boys in Florida who had been repeatedly struck with wooden paddles. In contrast, Sweden had statutes which prohibited corporal punishment of children in their secondary schools as early as the 1920s. In 1957, the country passed a law which defined corporal punishment as unacceptable for small children in the schools. Then, in 1979, the Swedish government passed a statute prohibiting corporal punishment by parents. Are there differences in the way the two countries view law and its uses? Or, do the cultures sanction violence in general or just violence against children in different ways? This article examines some of the similarities and differences found in American and Swedish treatment of children and proposes what appear to be extreme differences in the way the countries and their people approach corporal punishment.