语篇理解的推理研究

语篇理解在很大程度上取决于推理的产生,对推理的研究一直是语篇阅读理解研究的关键部分。一语语篇理解的推理研究经历了三个阶段,二语语篇理解的推理逐渐引起研究者们的关注。影响推理过程的因素主要有读者因素和语篇因素。研究者们提出了最小假设模型、建构主义理论、现时状态选择策略和因果推理产生模型等理论模型来描述推理过程、预测推理内容、解释推理结果。     

语篇理解的推理研究

对推理的研究是语篇阅读理解研究的关键。一语语篇理解的推理研究经历了三个阶段,二语语篇理解的推理逐渐引起研究者们的关注。研究者们提出了最小假设模型、建构主义理论和因果推理产生模型等理论模型来描述推理过程、预测推理内容、解释推理结果。     

英语听力理解中的信息差成因及其调控策略分析

在听力理解中,信息差的存在是普遍的,它直接影响着听者对发话人语意的正确理解。本文从语音、语义、语用三个方面分析了英语听力理解中信息差的成因,并提出调控信息差的策略,包括提高学生的听音辨音能力、语篇分析能力、语用推理能力以及跨文化交际能力等。     

语篇与英语阅读教学

阅读是一个复杂的心理语言活动过程，是作、语言信息和读三方面共同作用的结果。阅读理解实际上是一个人的概念能力、背景知识和加工策略三之间相互作用的结果。语篇阅读教学的目的是把阅读材料的感知输入转化为对阅读材料的最佳理解过程。章阐述了语篇语言学的四种理论模式，分析了三种语篇阅读的推理模式，并提出了语篇阅读的具体处理过程和方法。     

基于语篇组织模式的高三英语阅读教学

影响英语阅读理解效果的语言因素主要有三个——词汇、语法和篇章。但在英语阅读教学和高考阅读复习中,有些教师过分重视词汇、语法、句法的分析和答案的讲解,而忽视对语篇的考虑和理解,使得学生很少参与分析、推理、归纳和总结等认知过程,缺乏相应的语篇知识,从而导致学生的语篇能力较弱,阅读的层次和质量难以提升。笔者试从语篇组织模式的视角,结合高三阅读教学谈谈如     

语篇推理过程及阅读推理策略的培养

推理活动是阅读理解的核心,推理是构建篇章连贯的重要手段。本文通过对语篇理解中的推理,可以看出在外语推理策略阅读教学中应深化语篇特征和语境因素分析,这样有利于培养和提高语篇推理能力,充分发挥推理在外语阅读教学中的重要作用。     

宏观结构理论在语篇理解中的作用

基于认知心理学的Van Dijk的宏观结构理论认为,语篇的宏观结构是建立在不同层面的多层级形式。每一层级的宏观结构都是从微观结构和低一级的宏观结构中依照语义蕴涵的原则缩减语义信息所得出来的。各个层级的"抽象"手段归纳为删除、概括、选择和涵盖规则四条宏观规则。运用这些规则理解英语语篇,可以使英语学习者在英语语篇阅读中最大程度地获得相关信息,能动地理解语篇,掌握语义的深层结构,从而提高阅读质量。     

图式理论与英语阅读理解

图式理论认为语篇理解仅凭语篇的表层结构和意义是不够的,它需要储存于读者记忆中不同层次的知识。结构的投射,使语篇和读者过去储存的知识结合起来。读者在阅读过程中能调用正确的形式图式,对语篇结构各段落间的逻辑关系有一个正确的预测,输入的视觉信息与图式相互作用,从而对语篇做出智能分析和认知推理,使认识和行为达到阅读的统一,对阅读理解产生一定的正迁移,提高阅读理解水平。     

高考英语阅读训练中的语篇分析探讨

<正>阅读理解是高考英语中考查学生语言综合运用能力占比较高的题型,需要学生在有限的时间内提炼关键信息,通过分析、对比、推理、论证等把握语篇的主题思想、语言特点及寓意。可见高考英语阅读题型对学生语篇分析能力提出了较高要求。高中英语阅读教学中教师教授学生语篇分析方法,指导学生从宏观层面把握语篇体裁特点及语言框架,     

语篇理解中照应关系的认知语用分析

语篇理解是一个复杂的心理过程,不仅要理解文字符号的表层结构,而且要理解语义的深层结构转化。照应是语篇中一种普遍的语言现象,其正确推理关系着语篇中作者意图理解的成功。认知语言学的关联理论和顺应理论为语篇中照应关系的语用推理提出了新的思路。     

The role text structure inference skill plays for eighth graders’ expository text comprehension

The present study investigated whether text structure inference skill (i.e., the ability to infer overall text structure) has unique predictive value for expository text comprehension on top of the variance accounted for by sentence reading fluency, linguistic knowledge and metacognitive knowledge. Furthermore, it was examined whether the unique predictive value of text structure inference skill differs between monolingual and bilingual Dutch students or students who vary in reading proficiency, reading fluency or linguistic knowledge levels. One hundred fifty-one eighth graders took tests that tapped into their expository text comprehension, sentence reading fluency, linguistic knowledge, metacognitive knowledge, and text structure inference skill. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that text structure inference skill has no unique predictive value for eighth graders’ expository text comprehension controlling for reading fluency, linguistic knowledge and metacognitive knowledge. However, text structure inference skill has unique predictive value for expository text comprehension in models that do not include both knowledge of connectives and metacognitive knowledge as control variables, stressing the importance of these two cognitions for text structure inference skill. Moreover, the predictive value of text structure inference skill does not depend on readers’ language backgrounds or on their reading proficiency, reading fluency or vocabulary knowledge levels. We conclude our paper with the limitations of our study as well as the research and practical implications.     

推理·连贯·语篇理解

连贯(coherence)是语篇的基本特征,在语篇理解中起重要作用。推理是语篇理解者构建语篇连贯的重要手段之一,因而也是构成语篇理解的基础。推理不仅仅涉及语篇信息的长时表征,也包括与连贯有关的信息短时激活,在语篇理解和信息加工系统中有其特定的制约和激发机制,语篇连贯离不开推理。文章探讨了推理(inference)和连贯的关系及其在语篇理解中的作用。     

Interest,inferences, and learning from texts

Topic interest and learning from texts have been found to be positively associated with each other. However, the reason for this positive association is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to examine a cognitive process, inference generation, that could explain the positive association between interest and learning from texts. In Study 1, sixty undergraduate students participated by reading two science texts, which differed in coherence levels, silently. The results replicated previous findings that topic interest is positively associated with recall and accurate answers to comprehension questions for both texts. In Study 2, sixty-nine undergraduate students participated by reading the same two science texts while thinking aloud. The results indicated that topic interest was positively associated with inference generation while reading for the more coherently-written text. Subsequent analyses indicated inference generation partly explained the positive association between topic interest and accurate answers to comprehension questions for the more coherently-written text. The findings from Study 2 were independent of the effects of reading comprehension skill. Theoretical implications of the findings, in regard to standards of coherence and depth of processing while reading, are discussed.     

Le Rôle des Connaissances Initiales dans l’Acquisition d’Informations Nouvelles à l’Aide de Textes

Although research on reading and comprehension indicates that subjects’ prior knowledge plays an important role in learning new information from text, several methodological (as the diversity of methods to consider subjects’ prior knowledge) and theoretical (as lack of model of knowledge representation) difficulties make hard to understand the outcomes of the studies in this area. Some researches show that prior knowledge have no effect on reading comprehension. However, most of the studies show that prior knowledge have impact on reading performances. If they can act to distord text, interfering with new information to align it with reader’s previous ideas, they have also positive impact. Often, a modification of reading time is observed when subjects have high knowledge about the topic of the text. We think that these results suggest that prior knowledge can facilitate the reader’s knowledge base activation, his inference activity and his perceptions of the importance of information. To have a complete portrait about this question, we have to examine the relationships between prior knowledge and some other related subjects as, other kinds of knowledge, text- and other reader-based factors, etc.     

Comprehension processes and outcomes with refutation and expository texts and their contribution to learning

The study compared the comprehension processes and outcomes obtained with refutation and expository text and their association with learning outcomes. After a knowledge pretest, undergraduate students read an extended expository text or a corresponding refutation text that addressed three potential misconceptions about the scientific concept of energy. Think-aloud, cued recall, and posttest data indicated that the positive impact of refutation text was more associated with comprehension outcomes than processes. Refutation text did not influence comprehension processes but facilitated valid inference generation in recall and minimized the negative effects of distortions on learning. The findings suggest the timing of the refutation text effect to be later, after reading, and its nature to be that of neutralizing the influence of any misconceptions on learning from text instead of changing them.     

图式知识与阅读推论

探讨了图式知识在英语阅读推论中的作用.     

From words to text: inference making mediates the role of vocabulary in children’s reading comprehension

We examined the relationship between inference making, vocabulary knowledge, and verbal working memory on children’s reading comprehension in 62 6th graders (aged 12). The effect of vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension was predicted to be partly mediated by inference making for two reasons: Inference making often taps the semantic relations among words, and the precise word meanings in texts are selected by readers on the basis of context. All independent variables were significantly and moderately correlated with reading comprehension. In support of our prediction, the link between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension was significantly mediated by inference making even when verbal working memory was controlled. An alternative mediation hypothesis (vocabulary as a mediator of the effect of inference making on comprehension) was not supported by the data. The study replicates and extends the findings of earlier work (Cromley & Azevedo, 2007; Segers & Verhoeven, 2016; Ahmed et al., 2016).     

The role of question type and reading ability in reading comprehension

Performance on a standardized reading comprehension test reflects the number of correct answers readers select from a list of alternate choices, but fails to provide information about how readers cope with the various cognitive demands of the task. The aim of this study was to determine whether three groups of readers: normally achieving (NA), poor comprehenders (CD), with no decoding disability, and reading disabled (RD), poor comprehenders with poor decoding skills, differed in their ability to cope with reading comprehension task demands. Three task variables reflected in the question-answer relations that appear on standardized reading comprehension tests were identified.Passage Independent (PI) question can be answered with reasonable accuracy based on the reader's prior knowledge of the passage content.Inference (INFER) questions required the reader to generate an inference at the local or global test level.Locating (LOCAT) questions require the reader to match the correct answer choice to a detail explicitly stated in the text either verbatim or in paraphrase form. The relations among reader characteristics, cognitive task factors and reading comprehension test scores were analyzed using a structural relations equation with LISREL. It was found that the three reading groups differed with respect to the underlying relationship between their performance on specific question-answer types and their standardized reading comprehension score. For the NA group, a high score on PI was likely to be accompanied by a low score on INFER, whereas in the CD and RD groups, PI and INFER are positively related. The finding of a negative relationship between background knowledge and inference task factors for normally achieving readers suggests that even normal readers may have comprehension difficulties that go undetected on the basis of a standardized scores. This study indicates that current comprehension assessments may not be adequate for assessing specific reading difficulties and that more precise diagnostic tools are needed.     

The Dimensionality of Inference Making: Are Local and Global Inferences Distinguishable?

We investigated the dimensionality of inference making in samples of 4- to 9-year-olds (Ns = 416–783) to determine if local and global coherence inferences could be distinguished. In addition, we examined the validity of our experimenter-developed inference measure by comparing with three additional measures of listening comprehension. Multitrait, multimethod modeling determined that the best fitting model included both text and inference factors, but the factor loadings of these final models showed that local and global inference factors could not be measured reliably. The Inference Task as a whole was reliable and showed good validity at all grade levels.