美国青少年体质健康服务现状与启示研究

在对西方社会尤其是美国关注青少年体质健康问题进行历史回顾的基础上,着重分析了美国青少年体质健康促进的有关策略,涉及国家、社区、家庭以及学校等几个层面,最后提出了美国青少年体质健康促进方略对我国青少年体质健康服务体系构建的启示,以期使我国有所借鉴。     

Measurement error in short-term power testing in young people

The aim of this study was to examine the consistency or reproducibility of measuring cycling peak power in children and adults. Twenty-seven pre-pubertal girls and boys and 27 female and male physical education students (age 9.8 +/- 0.5 and 24.4 +/- 4.3 years, respectively; mean +/- s) participated in the study. All participants performed five tests over 15 days and underwent a habituation session before the study. Each test included four sprints against four different braking forces. We found that braking forces of 7.5% of body weight in children and 10% of body weight in adults were too high for most of the participants to elicit maximal cycling power. Unlike the children, the physical education students improved their performance between session 1 and session 2 (1025 +/- 219 vs 1069 +/- 243 W; P < 0.001). Therefore, to obtain reproducible measures of cycling peak power, a habituation session including a complete test protocol (i.e. warm-up plus three sprints) is highly recommended. When the protocol included three sprints in children and at least two sprints in adults, measurement of cycling peak power was found to be highly reliable (test-retest coefficient of variation approximately 3%). Finally, to avoid performance fluctuations, especially over several consecutive evaluations (e.g. longitudinal studies), it is necessary to maintain high motivation in children.     

Measurement error in short-term power testing in young people

The aim of this study was to examine the consistency or reproducibility of measuring cycling peak power in children and adults. Twenty-seven pre-pubertal girls and boys and 27 female and male physical education students (age 9.8±0.5 and 24.4±4.3 years, respectively; mean±s) participated in the study. All participants performed five tests over 15 days and underwent a habituation session before the study. Each test included four sprints against four different braking forces. We found that braking forces of 7.5% of body weight in children and 10% of body weight in adults were too high for most of the participants to elicit maximal cycling power. Unlike the children, the physical education students improved their performance between session 1 and session 2 (1025±219 vs 1069±243 W; P<0.001). Therefore, to obtain reproducible measures of cycling peak power, a habituation session including a complete test protocol (i.e. warm-up plus three sprints) is highly recommended. When the protocol included three sprints in children and at least two sprints in adults, measurement of cycling peak power was found to be highly reliable (test-retest coefficient of variation ～3%). Finally, to avoid performance fluctuations, especially over several consecutive evaluations (e.g. longitudinal studies), it is necessary to maintain high motivation in children.     

奥林匹克运动与青年人的社会化

青年人的社会化是当今世界共同关注的一个重要问题。奥林匹克运动有其独特的化内涵，对促进青年人的社会化有着不可替代的作用。本探讨了奥林匹克运动与青年人的社会化的关系，以促进中国青年人的社会化和国际化。     

Self-determination,stage of readiness to change for exercise,and frequency of physical activity in young people

Abstract

Release velocity and accuracy are vital components of throwing performance. However, there is no published research on these parameters for throwing in cricket. In this study, we investigated the throwing performance of 110 cricket players from six different populations: elite senior males, elite under-19 junior males, elite under-17 junior males, elite senior females, elite under-19 junior females, and sub-elite senior males. Based on a specifically designed cricket throwing test, participants were assessed for (1) maximal throwing velocity and (2) throwing accuracy at maximal velocity and at three sub-maximal velocities. Elite senior males exhibited the highest peak and mean maximal throwing velocities (P≤0.001). Furthermore, the groups of males had significantly higher peak and mean maximal throwing velocities than the groups of females (P≤0.01). A speed–accuracy trade-off existed such that all groups demonstrated improved accuracy scores at velocities between 75% and 85% maximal throwing velocity compared with 50% maximal throwing velocity and 100% perceived maximal exertion. The results indicate that sex, training experience (years training), and training volume (training time per week) may contribute to throwing performance in cricket players. Further research should focus on understanding the mechanisms behind the observed differences between these groups. This is the first study to describe the inherent throwing profiles of different cricket playing populations. Potentially, we have identified stimulus material for future training developments.     

参与不同体育活动的肢残人与正常人心理健康状况比较

以主观身体健康、身体吸引力、身体价值感、一般自尊和一般生活满意感5个量表为研究工具,对42名肢残青年和51名健全大学生进行调查.结果表明:体育活动对身体健全大学生的身体自尊和整体自尊水平的影响效果显著,对生活满意感变量也能产生一定的积极影响.体育活动对肢残人的身体自尊水平影响不显著,但对整体自尊和生活满意感变量的影响显著.肢残者参加体育活动能显著提升对整体自尊和生活满意感的积极评价.     

当前我国中青年体质状况分析与改善对策

当前,人们的物质生活水平不断提高,健身场所和健身器械等条件也日渐改善,健身运动种类也逐渐增多,但中青年群体基于种种原因慢慢失去了最基本的健身机会,由此带来的直接后果就是中青年群体体质健康状况的下降。本文首先分析了我国中青年群体体质现状、体育锻炼人群中中青年人数明显较少的现象及产生原因,通过对社会主义体制下提高中青年体育锻炼措施的探讨,旨在改善中青年体质,促进和提高他们的健康水平。     

体育运动与青少年学生心理健康

运用文献资料法对体育运动与青少年学生心理健康的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:不同的体育运动形式对不同的青少年人群的心理健康的影响作用是不同的,可能有运动负荷大小、受试者的个人兴趣、测试量表的信度、运动项目的选择、实验的研究设计等方面的原因。     

Sex differences in postprandial lipaemia after acute high-intensity interval running in young people

Acute exercise reduces postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations ([TAG]) in boys and girls; however, it is not known whether between-sex differences exist in response to exercise. Fifteen boys (mean(SD): 11.8(0.4) years) and sixteen girls (12.1(0.7) years) completed two, 2-day conditions. On day 1, participants rested (CON) or completed 10 × 1 min high-intensity interval runs at 100% maximal aerobic speed with 1 min recovery (HIIR). On day 2, participants consumed a standardised breakfast and lunch over a 6.5-h period during which seven capillary blood samples were collected. Based on ratios of the geometric means (95% CI for ratios), fasting [TAG] was 32% lower in boys than girls (?44 to ?18%, ES = 1.31, P < 0.001), and 12% lower after HIIR than CON (?18 to ?5%, ES = 0.42, P = 0.003); the magnitude of reduction was not significantly different between the sexes (8% (ES = 0.36) vs. 15% (ES = 0.47), respectively; P = 0.29). The total area under the [TAG] versus time curve was 27% lower in boys than girls (?40 to ?10%, ES = 1.02, P = 0.005), and 10% lower after HIIR than CON (?16 to ?5%, ES = 0.36, P = 0.001); the magnitude of reduction was similar between the sexes (11% (ES = 0.43) vs. 10% (ES = 0.31), respectively; P = 0.87). The small-moderate reduction in postprandial [TAG] after HIIR was similar between the sexes.     

Motivation for physical activity in young people: entity and incremental beliefs about athletic ability

Three studies are reported of children and youth aged 11-19 years (n = 3478) examining the nature of beliefs about athletic ability. Drawing on related research in academic, moral and stereotyping domains, development of a psychometric instrument assessing athletic ability beliefs is detailed. Support was found for a multidimensional hierarchical structure that is invariant across age and gender. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a structure comprising two higher-order factors of entity and incremental beliefs underpinned by beliefs that athletic ability is stable and a gift (entity), and is open to improvement and can be developed through learning (incremental). Incremental beliefs, indirectly through a task goal orientation, and entity beliefs directly, predicted self-reported amotivation towards physical education and sport. On the other hand, enjoyment of physical activity in youth was predicted directly by task orientation and incremental beliefs. Predictions concerning the moderating role of perceived competence were not supported. Our findings highlight the importance of ability beliefs and goals in understanding the determinants of physical activity in children and youth.     

Motivation for physical activity in young people: entity and incremental beliefs about athletic ability

Three studies are reported of children and youth aged 11–19 years (n?=?3478) examining the nature of beliefs about athletic ability. Drawing on related research in academic, moral and stereotyping domains, development of a psychometric instrument assessing athletic ability beliefs is detailed. Support was found for a multidimensional hierarchical structure that is invariant across age and gender. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a structure comprising two higher-order factors of entity and incremental beliefs underpinned by beliefs that athletic ability is stable and a gift (entity), and is open to improvement and can be developed through learning (incremental). Incremental beliefs, indirectly through a task goal orientation, and entity beliefs directly, predicted self-reported amotivation towards physical education and sport. On the other hand, enjoyment of physical activity in youth was predicted directly by task orientation and incremental beliefs. Predictions concerning the moderating role of perceived competence were not supported. Our findings highlight the importance of ability beliefs and goals in understanding the determinants of physical activity in children and youth.     

体育影视剧对青少年运动观的影响

近年来体育影视剧受到很多青少年观众的追捧,通过分析当前体育影视剧作品,找出他们所体现的社会价值以及对青少年运动观的影响.我国体育题材影视剧应多以励志片为主,在表现体育运动观的同时,更注重宣扬一种积极向上的精神.     

论老年大学快乐健康教育的改革与发展

采用调查法和献资料法，对我国老年大学进行了调查研究，提出了我国老年大学快乐健康教育改革的新思路，进而构建了快乐健康教育的目标体系、内容体系、教学方法以及组织形式，为推动我国老年大学体育教育改革提供了有益的方法论指导。     

普通高等学校健康教育课程内容与评价指标的构建

运用问卷调查、专家访谈、特尔菲法和数理统计法,从"终身体育"的视角对普通高等学校健康教育课程的内容和评价指标进行反复筛选,构建了包括健康基础知识、生理健康教育、心理健康教育等10个方面知识的健康教育课程内容;构建了包括3个一级指标,7个二级指标和38个三级指标的健康教育课程评价指标。     

少年田径运动员成就目标对心理健康、运动成绩的影响

综合运用问卷调查法、文献资料法、数理统计法及以访谈法等方法，分析讨论了成就目标、心理健康与运动成绩的关系。结果表明：掌握目标与躯体化因子的相关达到显著水平；成绩目标与人际关系敏感因子、焦虑因子、敌对因子的相关达到显著水平；掌握目标与运动成绩存在显著的正相关；高成就目标定向组和高掌握目标定向组运动成绩的得分分别与低成就目标定向组存在非常显著差异，高成就目标定向组和高掌握目标定向组运动成绩的均分较高；心理健康总分，高掌握目标定向组与高成就目标定向组、高成绩目标定向组、低成就目标定向组均存在显著差异，高掌握目标定向组得分最低。因此认为，高掌握目标定向最有利于运动员的全面发展。建议在培养少年田径运动员的成就目标定向时，应帮助运动员树立能力增长观，在运动训练过程中多设置掌握定向氛．围。     

健身跑对中老年人身体健康状况的影响

随着社会的日益进步和人民群众物质文化生活水平的逐渐提高,广大人民群众在追求物质文明和精神文明的同时,更注意自身的健康状况。健身跑作为一项普及性的全民健身运动,广泛的被老年人接受。因此,本文就健身跑对老年人心血管系统、呼吸系统、神经系统和运动系统的影响作了介绍,以期为今后科学地进行健身锻炼提供依据。     

The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on young people's physical activity intentions using an augmented version of Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour. We hypothesized that self-efficacy would exhibit discriminant validity with perceived behavioural control and explain unique variance in young people's intentions to participate in physical activity. We also expected that past physical activity behaviour would attenuate the influence of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy on intention. The sample comprised 1152 young people aged 13.5 - 0.6 years (mean - s ) who completed inventories assessing their physical activity intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, self-efficacy and past physical activity behaviour. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour achieved discriminant validity. Furthermore, the measures of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy were significantly related to their respective belief-based measures, supporting the concurrent validity of the measures of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. A non-standard structural equation model demonstrated that attitude and self-efficacy were strong predictors of physical activity intention, but perceived behavioural control and subjective norms were not. Self-efficacy attenuated the influence of attitudes and perceived behavioural control on intention. Past behaviour predicted intention directly and indirectly through self-efficacy and attitude. The present findings demonstrate that young people with positive attitudes and high self-efficacy are more likely to form intentions to participate in physical activity. Furthermore, controlling for past physical activity behaviour revealed that the unique effects of self-efficacy and attitudes on young people's physical activity intentions were unaltered.