我国优秀男子三级跳远运动员的技术特征分析

以第十一届全运会男子三级跳远前8名运动员为研究对象,采用影片拍摄法、图像解析法对其主要运动学参数进行分析.结果表明,我国优秀男子三级跳远运动员主要采用单足跳型技术;着地瞬间时相,着地角在跨步跳阶段、支撑腿膝角在跨步跳和跳跃阶段与国外优秀运动员存在显著性差异;支撑腿最大缓冲时相:支撑腿膝角缓冲幅度与国外优秀运动员相比偏小,差异显著,表明支撑腿退让性工作能力和快速蹬伸能力不强.离地瞬间时相:起跳角在单足跳和跨步跳阶段与国外优秀运动员相比偏小;助跑最后一步的水平速度为9.99 m/s,与国外优秀运动员相比存在显著性差异.     

我国优秀男子跳高运动员起跳阶段摆动腿技术的运动学研究

背越式跳高起跳技术主要由起跳腿的蹬伸技术与摆动腿的摆动技术所组成。目前,大多数人们集中于跳高起跳的"蹬伸"技术研究,对起跳阶段的"摆动"技术研究相对较少。文章运用现场技术录像和运动图像解析的方法,对我国优秀男子跳高运动员在起跳阶段摆动技术进行解析研究,结果表明:我国优秀男子跳高运动员起跳前摆动腿最大缓冲幅度比较大;在起跳阶段摆动腿蹬离瞬间,摆动腿膝关节角度变化较小。背越式跳高起跳过程中的摆动腿缓冲阶段,身体重心的高度、摆动腿膝角的变化情况与助跑水平速度的损失有显著性相关。助跑最后一步摆动腿的伸膝角度、伸膝速度与起跳腿着地时摆动腿的摆动速度、摆动腿离地后的最大摆动速度都有高度的相关性。     

我国优秀男子跳远运动员起跳过程中送髋技术的三维运动学分析

选取近三年来参加全国田径锦标赛8名男子跳远运动员为研究对象,主要采用文献资料法、三维运动录像解析法、数理统计法及逻辑分析法,对跳远起跳技术进行研究。结果表明:送髋技术对跳远成绩有一定影响;我国优秀男子跳远运动员送髋技术有一定缺陷;着板瞬间,起跳腿髋角较小,向上向前送髋不积极;摆动腿髋角较大,摆动腿侧以髋带腿的摆动幅度小、摆动速度慢;缓冲阶段摆动腿一味强调加快摆腿,而忽略了以髋带腿加速前摆;蹬伸阶段,起跳腿侧向前送髋速度慢、幅度小、蹬地不够充分、不能与送髋、蹬地和伸膝的运动方向保持一致,协助身体重心的交换由下到向上向前转移,且摆动腿侧送髋角度小;也有运动员过度的追求髋部前移而忽视垂直向上用力,导致离板瞬间身体重心投影点与身体重心支撑点距离增大。     

辽宁省优秀少年女子跳远运动员起跳缓冲和蹬伸阶段运动学分析

通过对2010年8月在沈阳举行的辽宁省第11届运动会女子跳远决赛前七名运动员起跳技术录像的解析,将运动员起跳缓冲和蹬伸阶段的时间、重心速度及个别关节的角度变化进行深入分析,得出制约辽宁省优秀少年女子跳远运动员成绩提高的关键因素是力量素质的薄弱。由于力量薄弱造成起跳腿着地瞬间膝角偏小、最大缓冲时膝角偏小、蹬伸时间加长等一系列的连锁反应;技术上,缓冲时间和蹬伸时间的合理分配,摆动腿的有效摆动都对起跳产生一定的影响。就如何提高素质、改进技术给出建议,为少年跳远运动员的训练提供有益的参考,并为2013年全运会辽宁女子跳远项目后备运动员提供训练依据。     

我国优秀女子三级跳远运动员二、三跳起跳技术运动学特征

对8 名国内优秀女子三级跳远运动员二、三跳起跳技术影片解析结果表明,第二跳起跳时所获得的垂直速度小,腾起角小,这与起跳蹬伸时机晚和蹬伸不充分有关,同时与摆动腿大小腿折叠不紧、摆动速度慢和摆动幅度小有关。第三跳起跳过程中水平速度损失较多,但也获得了较大的垂直速度,这与起跳时着地角小和起跳角大及着地过程中脚扒地速度慢有关,同时与摆动腿摆动速度慢和摆动幅度小有关。8 名运动员第二跳距离百分比偏小。     

跳远起跳阶段摆动腿摆动的运动学特征及对起跳效果的影响

采用 JVC高速摄像系统对参加第 4届城市运动会 (1999,西安 )男子跳远比赛前 10名运动员起跳过程摆动腿动作运动学特征及对起跳效果的影响进行分析。研究表明 ,摆动腿摆动技术在跳远起跳过程中对增加身体重心垂直速度起着重要作用 ;我国男子跳远运动员在起跳过程中摆动腿摆动速度在蹬离地面至最大缓冲阶段角速度不断增加 ,蹬伸阶段角速度为零 ,其特征与运动生物力学有关原理相符 ;与国外优秀男子跳远运动员相比 ,我国男子跳远运动员起跳瞬间摆动腿摆动时机晚、速度慢、摆动幅度较小 ,从而影响了起跳效果 ,这是影响跳远成绩提高的原因之一。     

跳远起跳阶段摆动腿摆动的运动学特征及对起跳效果的影响

采用IVC高速射像系统对参加第七届全国城市运动会男子跳远比赛前10名运动员起跳过程摆动腿动作运动学特征及对起跳效果的影响进行分析。研究表明,摆动腿摆动技术在跳远起跳过程中对增加身体重心垂直速度起着重要作用;我国男子跳远运动员在起跳过程中摆动腿摆动速度在蹬离地面至最大缓冲阶段角速度不断增加,蹬伸阶段角速度为零,其特征与运动生物力学有关原理相符：与国外优秀男子跳远运动员相比,我国男子跳远运动员起跳瞬间摆动腿摆动时机晚、速度慢、摆动幅度较小,从而影响了起跳效果,这是影响跳远成绩提高的原因之一。     

对我国优秀男子背越式跳高运动员起跳技术的三维运动学分析

采用爱捷运动录像快速反馈系统EIMG90,对背越式跳高起跳技术进行细致的分析,结果表明在摆动腿蹬离地面至起跳腿着地支撑阶段，我国运动员两腿着地点近，身体重心向下垂直速度小，这有利于保持起跳前的速度，起跳脚着地瞬间至最大缓冲阶段，摆动腿摆动角速度与起跳腿蹬离地面瞬间的重心向上垂直速度相关，与世界优秀运动员比，我国运动员在着地支撑瞬间身体内倾不够。     

我国优秀男子跳远和三级跳远运动员助跑最后一步运动学参数的比较

跳远和三级跳远均属于典型的速度力量型远度项目。采用文献资料、专家访谈、测试法和数理统计等研究方法,通过对我国优秀男子跳远和三级跳远运动员的助跑最后一步的某些运动学参数进行对比研究,结果表明:(1)助跑最后一步摆动腿支撑阶段的身体重心高度变化值,跳远组比三级跳远组大且具有显著性差异。(2)助跑最后一步的最大缓冲瞬间,跳远组的摆动腿大腿角速度比三级跳远组大,且具有显著性差异。(3)助跑最后一步支撑阶段摆动腿缓冲扇角和蹬伸扇角,三级跳远组均大于跳远组。     

我国跳高项目16～17岁优秀运动员的技术特征分析

以参加2001年全国少年田径锦标赛(16～17岁组)和全国体育运动学校锦标赛(16～17岁)跳高比赛的男女运动员共44人为研究对象,采用问卷调查法、三维摄像和解析方法、数理统计法及评价理论,分析了我国跳高项目后备人才的技术水平现状和存在问题。结果认为:少年运动员与世界优秀运动员在跳高成绩的三个高度构成上基本一致;少年运动员起跳时起跳腿蹬伸不充分、离地瞬间躯干过早倒向横杆,以及少年女子运动员在起跳腿蹬伸阶段的摆动不够积极等是影响少年运动员起跳离地瞬间的身体重心高度值(H1)的主要原因;影响女子少年运动员不能获得较大的腾起高度的原因包括起跳过程中的起跳腿膝关节缓冲幅度和缓冲时间、起跳腿蹬伸时的摆动腿摆动幅度以及身体重心水平速度与横杆之间的夹角等。     

五甲基茚满的合成研究

以α-甲基苯乙烯和叔戊醇为原料,在催化剂磷酸的作用下合成产物1,1,2,3,3-五甲基茚满。考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、反应物料比对反应收率的影响。结果表明：以10.5g磷酸为催化剂,叔戊醇与α-甲基苯乙烯的摩尔比为1.3：1,反应温度50℃,产物收率达到32%。     

新疆维、哈、蒙、柯、锡、塔、回7民族成年人身体素质指标分析

通过抽样调查对新疆10500名维、哈、蒙、柯、锡、塔、回7民族(简称“新疆7民族”)成年男、女身体素质8项指标的测试，进行研究分析，揭示新疆7民族成年人身体素质的变化规律、发展趋势和性别间所存在的差异及原因。     

几种生化指标( C K、 B U N、 H B、 L A、尿蛋白和隐血、尿 P H、胆红素和尿胆原、尿肌酐) 在运动实践中的应用

在当前国际竞技水平不断提高的形势下, 千分之一秒的胜负都需要运动员付出极大的生理代价, 这就更加要求以科学合理的手段最大限度地挖掘人类的运动能力, 有目的地进行科学训练。下面就一些比较常用的生化指标的特性及其在运动实践中的应用作一综述。如对训练的适应, 机能状态的评定, 实际应用方法等, 使运动训练更具科学性。本理论对教练员和运动员有一定的参考意义。     

新疆维、哈、蒙、柯、锡、塔、回7民族成年人健康现状研究

通过问卷调查法对10500名新疆维、哈、蒙、柯、锡、塔、回7民族(简称“新疆7民族”)成年男、女身心健康状况进行调查分析，结果显示：有近1／3的人群因各种疾病而住院，病因尤以呼吸系统、消化系统疾病为最多。究其原因：参与体育活动项目比较单一，而且民族传统项目非常少，锻炼时间总体偏短。客观上与新疆7民族成人工作忙、家务重、无时间参加体育活动等因素有关，主观上反映出对体育锻炼与健康重视程度不够有密切关系。     

Age,Physical Activity,Physical Fitness,Body Composition,and Incidence of Orthopedic Problems

Abstract

The incidence of orthopedic problems was examined in 5, 582 men and women who attended the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas between 1974 and 1982. The effects of age, physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index (EMI) on the occurrence of these problems were examined using a proportional hazards approach. The expected risk of orthopedic problems per person-year was 0.045 for men and 0.046 for women. For men, physical fitness, BMI, and physical activity were associated with orthopedic problems, while for women, physical activity was the main predictor. Age was not a factor for either gender. The effect of change in physical fitness, physical activity, and BMI was examined in a subset of 2, 325 persons with more than one visit to the clinic. For women, physical activity and a decrease in BMI were associated with orthopedic problems, while for men none of those factors were significant. Again, age was not a factor in either group. The absence of any age effect on the occurrence of problems suggests that with regard to orthopedic problems, moderate amounts of physical activity in generally healthy persons may be recommended without special consideration as to age.     

运动与元素钙、铁、锌、镁、铜的研究

钙、铁、锌、镁、铜元素在机体代谢和运动能力提高中起着非常重要的作用。建议在运动训练中要定期的监测和评定运动员体内这些元素含量,并适当补充。     

Age, physical activity, physical fitness, body composition, and incidence of orthopedic problems

The incidence of orthopedic problems was examined in 5,582 men and women who attended the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas between 1974 and 1982. The effects of age, physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index (BMI) on the occurrence of these problems were examined using a proportional hazards approach. The expected risk of orthopedic problems per person-year was 0.045 for men and 0.046 for women. For men, physical fitness, BMI, and physical activity were associated with orthopedic problems, while for women, physical activity was the main predictor. Age was not a factor for either gender. The effect of change in physical fitness, physical activity, and BMI was examined in a subset of 2,325 persons with more than one visit to the clinic. For women, physical activity and a decrease in BMI were associated with orthopedic problems, while for men none of those factors were significant. Again, age was not a factor in either group. The absence of any age effect on the occurrence of problems suggests that with regard to orthopedic problems, moderate amounts of physical activity in generally healthy persons may be recommended without special consideration as to age.     

Stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness: gender, type of sport, and skill differences

The aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness as a function of gender, type of sport, and skill. The sample consisted of 749 undergraduate athletes (455 males, 294 females) aged 18-38 years (mean= 19.8 years). Skill was classified as international/national, county, university, and club standard. Participants completed a stressor and coping concept map (Novak & Gowin, 1984). The results revealed gender, type of sport, and skill differences in relation to stressor frequencies, coping strategy deployment, and coping effectiveness. In contrast to previous research, females used a variety of problem-focused (e.g. planning, communication, technique-orientated coping) strategies more frequently than males. Team sport athletes reported a variety of sport-specific stressors relating to the demands of playing in a team environment. The group of national/international athletes reported using more planning, blocking, and visualization, and also reported that their coping was more effective than that of less-skilled athletes.     

Stressors,coping, and coping effectiveness: Gender,type of sport,and skill differences

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness as a function of gender, type of sport, and skill. The sample consisted of 749 undergraduate athletes (455 males, 294 females) aged 18 – 38 years (mean = 19.8 years). Skill was classified as international/national, county, university, and club standard. Participants completed a stressor and coping concept map (Novak & Gowin, 1984 Novak, J. D. and Gowin, D. B. 1984. Learning how to learn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). The results revealed gender, type of sport, and skill differences in relation to stressor frequencies, coping strategy deployment, and coping effectiveness. In contrast to previous research, females used a variety of problem-focused (e.g. planning, communication, technique-orientated coping) strategies more frequently than males. Team sport athletes reported a variety of sport-specific stressors relating to the demands of playing in a team environment. The group of national/international athletes reported using more planning, blocking, and visualization, and also reported that their coping was more effective than that of less-skilled athletes.