球类集体项目运动员对教练员信任的测量

信任是球类集体项目运动队中人员合作的基础,对于球队运动训练过程的顺利进行以及最终比赛成绩的获得都有着非常重要的作用。研究目的：编制符合球类集体项目特征、且符合心理测量学要求的运动员对教练员信任量表。方法：经过理论探讨、访谈等方法形成理论构想和条目池,分别以214名和407名大学高水平篮球运动员为被试,主要运用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析等数理统计方法对量表进行信效度检验。结果：最终量表包括能力、仁爱心、公正一致性3个维度共计10个条目,具有较好的信效度。结论：量表的信效度符合心理测量学的要求,可作为球类集体项目运动员对教练员信任状况测量的有效、可靠的工具。     

篮球运动员对教练员的信任与训练比赛满意度的关系

目的:探讨篮球运动员对教练员的信任与训练比赛满意度之间的关系及作用机理.研究方法:量表测试法.运用运动员对教练员信任量表、运动员训练比赛满意度量表,以136名我国大学高水平篮球运动员为样本,数据主要通过相关分析、验证性因子分析、多元线性回归分析等统计方法进行处理.研究结论:篮球运动员对教练员的能力信任、仁爱心信任对运动员训练比赛满意度具有显著的正向预测作用;运动员对教练员的公正一致性信任对训练比赛满意度不具有正向预测作用.     

篮球运动员对球队的信任与训练比赛满意度、团队凝聚力的关系

研究目的:探讨篮球运动员对球队的信任与运动员训练比赛满意度和团队凝聚力之间的相互关系及作用机理.研究方法:量表测试法,将采集到的136名我国大学高水平篮球队运动员的数据运用验证性因子分析、多元线性回归、典型相关等统计方法进行处理.研究结论:篮球运动员对球队的信任能够显著正向预测运动员的训练比赛满意度;篮球运动员对球队的能力信任能够显著正向预测球队任务吸引凝聚力、球队社交吸引凝聚力、球队任务一致性凝聚力、球队社交一致性凝聚力;篮球运动员对球队的公正一致性信任能够显著正向预测球队社交吸引凝聚力、球队社交一致性凝聚力;篮球运动员对球队的信任与球队凝聚力之间具有相互作用的关系,但凝聚力对信任的影响作用更大;团队凝聚力在篮球运动员对球队的信任与运动员训练比赛满意度之间不具有中介作用.     

“三大球”项目教练员服务型领导行为的结构及测量

研究目的构建我国“三大球”项目运动队教练员服务型领导行为的结构,并对测量量表的信效度进行检验,形成我国教练员服务型领导行为的测量工具。研究样本以WCBA球队、大学高水平足球队和排球队、进入全国分赛区的CUBA联赛、CUBS联赛球队的运动员与教练员为样本来源。研究方法访谈调查法、量表法。数据主要通过探索性因子分析、验证性性因子分析、Cronbach系数等统计方法进行处理。研究结果教练员服务型领导行为量表包括愿景、服务、授权3个维度共计12个条目,总体量表的Cronbachα系数为0.867。量表的信效度符合心理测量学的要求,可作为我国“三大球”项目运动队教练员服务型领导行为测量的有效可靠工具。     

球类集体项目运动员对球队组织信任量表的建构

研究目的:确定我国球类集体项目运动员对球队组织信任的结构维度,编制相应的测量量表。研究方法:理论探讨、深度访谈、问卷调查、数理统计。研究结果:对214名篮球运动员的有效问卷进行探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析表明,运动员对球队组织信任量表包括能力信任和公正一致性信任2个维度,再用407名运动员的有效问卷进行了跨样本效度检验,进一步证明了2维结构模型具有合理性。研究结论:本研究编制的信任量表具有较好的信度和效度,可在今后以信任为基础的相关实证研究中使用。     

球类集体项目运动员对教练员信任的影响因素：团队水平的实证研究

信任是球类集体项目运动队中人员沟通和合作的基础,是球队管理的基石,对于球队运动训练过程的顺利进行以及最终比赛成绩的获得有着非常重要的作用.研究目的:探讨运动员对教练员的信任与其团队层面前因变量的关系.方法:理论探讨、访谈法、量表测试法、探索性因子分析、多元线性同归分析.结论:团队层面影响因素包括球队目标明确性、组织保障性、沟通有效性、教练员行为4个方面.预测运动员对教练员能力信任的最重要因素为球队成员之间沟通的有效性;预测仁爱心信任的最重要因素为教练员的民主行为;预测公正一致性信任的最重要因素为教练员的民主行为.其次为球队成员之间沟通的有效性;预测运动员对教练员整体性信任的最重要因素为教练员的民主行为,其次为球队成员之间沟通的有效性.     

球类集体项目教练员家长式领导行为与团队信任的关系

研究目的：探讨球类集体项目教练员家长式领导行为三维度与运动员对教练员信任三维度的关系。研究样本：WCBA球队、进入全国分赛区的CUBA球队、CUBS联赛球队的222名运动员。研究方法：主要包括量表测试法,数理统计法的验证性因子分析、多元线性回归分析等。研究结论：球类集体项目教练员家长式领导行为的仁慈领导、德行领导对教练员能力信任均有显著的正向预测作用;教练员家长式领导行为的威权领导对教练员的能力信任具有显著的反向预测作用。仁慈领导对教练员仁爱心信任具有显著的正向预测作用。仁慈领导和德行领导对教练员公正一致性信任均具有显著的正向预测作用。     

篮球运动员的互依性与合作绩效的关系:团队信任的中介作用

基于团队水平,通过理论和实证研究探讨篮球项目的团队信任在运动员团队互依性和球队合作绩效的关系间是否存在中介作用以及作用的机理.运用[运动员作业互依性量表]、[运动员合作行为量表]以及[运动员对队友信任量表],以631名篮球运动员为样本,将采集到的相关数据主要运用偏相关分析、线性回归分析以及验证性因子分析等统计方法进行处理.研究表明,篮球运动员对队友的能力信任在运动员团队互依性和团队合作绩效间具有完全中介作用;篮球运动员对队友的公正一致性信任在运动员团队互依性和团队合作绩效间具有部分中介作用;篮球运动员对队友的整体性信任在运动员团队互依性和团队合作绩效间具有完全中介作用.     

篮球运动员对队友信任的测量及与相关变量的关系

信任是球类集体项目运动队中人员合作的基础,是运动队管理的基石,对于运动队运动训练过程的顺利进行以及最终比赛成绩的获得都有着非常重要的作用.沿着信任的前因变量-信任-信任结果变量的逻辑顺序,研究篮球项目运动员对队友信任测量量表、信任前因对信任的预测作用以及信任与运动队绩效的关系.通过专家访谈、问卷调查,将所获数据主要运用探索性因子分析、结构方程模型、多元线性回归、典型相关等统计方法进行处理.结果表明,篮球项目运动员对队友信任量表的信效度符合心理测量学的要求,可用于此项目运动员对队友信任状况的测量.运动队目标明确性、成员之间沟通有效性对运动员信任队友程度的形成具有不同程度的预测作用.运动员对队友的信任与运动队绩效之间具有相互影响的关系,其中运动队成员合作行为以及全队平均每场得失分比和全队平均助攻次数对运动员信任队友程度的影响要大于信任对对方的影响.     

教练效能对运动员自我效能和比赛成绩的影响

本研究的主要目的在于探讨篮球教练效能、运动员自我效能和球队比赛成绩的关系。参加2009年全国少年篮球比赛的134名男运动员和128名女运动员及23个球队的主教练接受了运动员自我效能问卷和教练员效能感问卷的测试。比赛成绩采用全国青少年篮球教学训练大纲中的方法评分,即队数减名次乘以3．5。回归分析结果表明,教练员效能可以显著预测运动员自我效能和球队比赛成绩,其中动机激励效能是最佳预测指标。     

The use of performance indicators in performance analysis

The aims of this paper are to examine the application of performance indicators in different sports and, using the different structural definitions of games, to make general recommendations about the use and application of these indicators. Formal games are classified into three categories: net and wall games, invasion games, and striking and fielding games. The different types of sports are also sub-categorized by the rules of scoring and ending the respective matches. These classes are analysed further, to enable definition of useful performance indicators and to examine similarities and differences in the analysis of the different categories of game. The indices of performance are sub-categorized into general match indicators, tactical indicators, technical indicators and biomechanical indicators. Different research examples and the accuracy of their presentation are discussed. We conclude that, to enable a full and objective interpretation of the data from the analysis of a performance, comparisons of data are vital. In addition, any analysis of the distribution of actions across the playing surface should also be presented normalized, or non-dimensionalized, to the total distribution of actions across the area. Other normalizations of performance indicators should also be used more widely in conjunction with the accepted forms of data analysis. Finally, we recommend that biomechanists should pay more attention to games to enrich the analysis of performance in these sports.     

Motivation counteracts fatigue-induced performance decrements in soccer passing performance

Recent theories suggest that negative effects of fatigue on performance are determined by perception of effort and motivation rather than being directly caused by reaching physiological limits. In the current experiment, the influence of motivation on fatigue-induced decrements in soccer performance was experimentally investigated. Sixty amateur soccer players performed a validated soccer-passing test before and after a fatigue protocol. Results showed that players’ motivation and performance decreased after the fatigue protocol for players in the control group. In contrast, players in the motivation group (i.e., with motivation experimentally induced after the fatigue protocol) were able to uphold their motivation and increase their performance. These results indicate that motivation plays a crucial role in performance under fatigue, as fatigue-induced decrements in soccer passing performance can be counteracted by high levels of motivation. Future research may explore the limits of this counteracting effect and extend findings to other relevant performance aspects.     

High performance sport programs and emplaced performance capital in elite athletes from developing nations

For elite athletes from developing countries, providing access to high performance services is often a low priority, when other issues such as basic social, health, and community needs take precedence. Little is known about how these athletes develop the skills necessary to compete at international events. Prior to the Commonwealth Games in Australia, a series of training camps were trialed, designed to expose athletes from a small group of developing countries in the Oceania region to the high-performance training environment. Drawing on data from focus groups conducted with athletes and coaches, the authors explore the struggles that occur as athletes negotiate the affects produced through the material and sensory world of their everyday lives. The authors propose the notion of emplaced performance capital to examine the complex interplay between field, capital and habitus and the place-events of training and performing. Implicit within these negotiations is how power is exercised in conflicts over resources to produce inequalities and marginalization. While the research is conducted in developing countries, the authors argue that athletes from developed countries are also situated in material and sensory environments producing affects that potentially impact performance.     

Modelling mood states in athletic performance

The ability to recognize patterns of play is fundamental to performance in team sports. While typically assumed to be domain-specific, pattern recognition skills may transfer from one sport to another if similarities exist in the perceptual features and their relations and/or the strategies used to encode and retrieve relevant information. A transfer paradigm was employed to compare skilled and less skilled soccer, field hockey and volleyball players' pattern recognition skills. Participants viewed structured and unstructured action sequences from each sport, half of which were randomly represented with clips not previously seen. The task was to identify previously viewed action sequences quickly and accurately. Transfer of pattern recognition skill was dependent on the participant's skill, sport practised, nature of the task and degree of structure. The skilled soccer and hockey players were quicker than the skilled volleyball players at recognizing structured soccer and hockey action sequences. Performance differences were not observed on the structured volleyball trials between the skilled soccer, field hockey and volleyball players. The skilled field hockey and soccer players were able to transfer perceptual information or strategies between their respective sports. The less skilled participants' results were less clear. Implications for domain-specific expertise, transfer and diversity across domains are discussed.     

Expertise and expert performance in sport

We review contemporary research focusing on expertise and expert performance in sport. The deliberate practice theoretical framework is presented, and the level of investment in purposeful practice needed to reach the elite level in sport is illustrated. We highlight some of the adaptations that occur as a result of extended engagement in practice and training, with particular reference to perceptual-cognitive skills, such as anticipation and decision-making. These psychological adaptations are explained through reference to long-term working memory theory. Finally, the expert performance approach is presented as a guiding framework for studying expertise in sport, and some suggestions for future research are proposed. The study of expertise and expert performance in sport offers a unique source of data that help promote understanding of the factors that constrain human achievement and the extent to which these may be overcome by systematic engagement in practice and training.     

Relationships between performance test and match-related physical performance parameters

Background

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between performance test parameters and match-related physical performance in professional soccer players.

Methods

To determine physical capacity, 28 male soccer players underwent several performance tests at the start of the seasons 2013/2014, 2014/2015, and 2015/2016. The following parameters were assessed: maximum running velocity (v_max), fixed (v_4mmol/l) and individual anaerobic threshold (v_IAS) during an incremental treadmill test; 30-m sprint time in a linear sprint test (LS_30m); in a repeated-sprint test, the 30-m sprint time (RST_30m) and performance decrement (RST_decr); and countermovement jump height (CMJ). Match physical performance was quantified during the first ten official matches of each season using a computerized, camera-based tracking system. The following measures of match physical performance were considered: top running speed (TS), mean running speed (v_Ø), total distance covered (TD), number of sprints (SP), number of high-intensity running (HIR), and aerial duels won (AD+). Pearson correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Moderate to very large correlations were found between the majority of performance test parameters and match performance variables, with a variability of correlations across the three seasons. Large relationships across all three seasons were only observed between v_max and TD, v_max and v_Ø, LS_30m and TS as well as RST_30m and TS.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the relationship between several performance test parameters and match-related physical performance in professional soccer players, thereby supporting the test parameters’ criterion validity. v_max, LS_30m, and RST_30m seem to be the most consistent parameters.

     

Relation between multidimensional performance characteristics and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players

To determine the relationship between multidimensional performance characteristics and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players, elite youth players (n = 38, mean age 13.2 years, s = 1.26) were compared with sub-elite youth players (n = 88, mean age 14.2 years, s = 1.26) on anthropometric, physiological, technical, tactical and psychological characteristics. Multivariate analyses with performance level and gender as factors, and age as the covariate, showed that the elite youth players scored better than the sub-elite youth players on technical (dribble performance in a peak and repeated shuttle run), tactical (general tactics; tactics for possession and non-possession of the ball) and psychological variables (motivation) (P <?0.05). The most discriminating variables were tactics for possession of the ball, motivation and performance in a slalom dribble. Age discriminated between the two groups, indicating that the elite youth players were younger than the sub-elite players. In the guidance of young talented players to the top as well as in the detection of talented players, more attention has to be paid to tactical qualities, motivation and specific technical skills.     

Relation between multidimensional performance characteristics and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players

To determine the relationship between multidimensional performance characteristics and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players, elite youth players (n = 38, mean age 13.2 years, s = 1.26) were compared with sub-elite youth players (n = 88, mean age 14.2 years, s = 1.26) on anthropometric, physiological, technical, tactical and psychological characteristics. Multivariate analyses with performance level and gender as factors, and age as the covariate, showed that the elite youth players scored better than the sub-elite youth players on technical (dribble performance in a peak and repeated shuttle run), tactical (general tactics; tactics for possession and non-possession of the ball) and psychological variables (motivation) (P < 0.05). The most discriminating variables were tactics for possession of the ball, motivation and performance in a slalom dribble. Age discriminated between the two groups, indicating that the elite youth players were younger than the sub-elite players. In the guidance of young talented players to the top as well as in the detection of talented players, more attention has to be paid to tactical qualities, motivation and specific technical skills.