初中生移情、攻击态度与攻击行为的关系

该文以313名北京普通中学初中生为被试,采用问卷调查法,考察了初中生的移情(移情关注和观点采择)、攻击态度与攻击行为(主动性攻击和反应性攻击)的关系。主要结果表明:初中女生移情关注显著高于男生,攻击态度和主动性攻击显著低于男生。初二学生的观点采择显著低于初一,反应性攻击显著高于初一。观点采择和攻击态度对主动性攻击和反应性攻击均有显著的预测性。采用聚类分析,将初中生分成4种攻击亚类型:无卷入组、反应性攻击组、主动性攻击组和主动性/反应性攻击组。无卷入组和反应性攻击组的移情关注显著高于主动性攻击组和主动性/反应性攻击组;无卷入组的观点采择显著高于其他三组,攻击态度显著低于其他三组。     

教养方式对儿童攻击行为的影响研究综述

通过综合以往研究结果发现,不同的教养方式对儿童的身体攻击和关系攻击都存在着影响。父母不同性别的教养方式对不同性别儿童攻击性行为的影响也不同。另外,心理控制是儿童攻击的一个不可忽视的潜在因素,未来的研究应致力于设计较为行之有效的研究方法、对影响机制的研究及中间变量的研究。     

学前儿童提问能力与家庭教养方式的相关关系研究

儿童的提问能力可以在一定程度上表现出儿童思维发展水平、语言能力和认知水平,对儿童的身心发展具有重要的意义。对6名5岁学前儿童进行长期的常查并根据儿童提问的频率,以获取有效提问数为主体,分析不同教养方式的儿童在提问数量、类型、性别和质量之间的差异,得出儿童提问的频率与家庭教养方式之间存在不显著相关;不同教养方式中儿童提问类型特点表现各有特色;儿童的提问存在性别差异;教养方式的不同会导致儿童提问质量存在差异。     

学前儿童攻击性行为的原因及对策分析

学前儿童攻击性行为是幼儿园中比较常见的问题行为之一,也被称为侵犯性行为。根据学前儿童攻击行为的性质可以划分为无意性、表现性、工具性和敌意性这四种类型。学前儿童攻击行为产生的原因主要有来自个人的生理学因素和理解歪曲因素,家庭的教养方式,幼儿园教师的关注度程度和强化方式以及社会影响等。有效解决学前儿童的攻击性行为可以从教给儿童正确解决的问题的方式方法,提供给儿童适合的模仿榜样,强化儿童亲近社会的行为以及引导学前儿童正确观看动画片内容这些方面着手。     

早期养育方式与教养环境对留守儿童心理发展的影响研究——以苏中、苏北两地区为例

本研究针对留守儿童早期家庭养育方式和留守后的教养环境自编调查问卷对留守儿童的心理发展状况进行评估。结果发现,早期家庭养育方式不是全部而是部分因子与儿童留守后的心理发展有不同程度相关．儿童留守后的教养环境所有因子与他们留守期间的心理发展或多或少均有不同程度相关。儿童早期家庭养育方式与留守后的教养环境比较,两者对留守儿童的心理发展影响是有差异的,留守后的教养环境对儿童心理发展的影响似乎更广泛也更显著。     

四-六年级儿童在数学测验自阅卷情境中的说谎行为研究

为探讨四-六年级儿童说谎行为及其与家庭教养方式之间的关系,选取小学四-六年级共6个班儿童为被试,采用自编数学测验和家庭教养方式问卷为实验材料,在自阅卷情境中了解四-六年级儿童说谎行为的差异,并探讨其与家庭教养方式之间的关系。结果显示:四-六年级的儿童对考试说谎行为的认知和判断已经基本形成;在影响儿童考试说谎行为的三个因素上,自阅卷情境对四、五年级儿童的说谎行为并不存在显著影响,对六年级的儿童有显著影响。五年级或许是影响儿童说谎因素发展的一个关键期或转折点;家庭教养方式的不同因子对儿童说谎行为的影响有所不同。父亲教养方式中的惩罚严厉或是拒绝否认,以及母亲的家庭教养方式中的过分干涉和过分保护,或是不偏爱儿童,都更容易导致儿童说谎行为的发生。     

祖父母教养与孙子女情绪适应关系的实证研究

研究选取了1026名小学三年儿童及其祖辈进行调查,考察祖父母教养与儿童情绪适应的关系。结果表明,祖父母对儿童所实施的教养类型因祖父母的性别、年龄及其与儿童血缘关系的不同而不同,祖母更多的是对儿童采取指导型和溺爱型的教养方式;祖父更多的是对儿童采取忽视型和专制型的教养方式。母系祖父母更多的是对儿童采取溺爱型和忽视型教养方式,父系祖父母更多的是采用专制型的教养方式。祖父母教养中的养育因子可以显著负向预测儿童的孤独感;祖父母教养中的心理压力因子可以显著正向预测儿童的孤独和抑郁倾向。     

高自尊与低自尊儿童父母教养方式结构的比较研究

为了研究和比较父母教养方式与儿童自尊发展之间的关系,对河北省张家口市张北县两所小学的373名高年级儿童进行了自尊和父母教养方式的问卷调查。统计分析结果显示：1.儿童自尊发展和父母教养方式各因子之间存在着极其显著的正相关或者负相关;2.高自尊组和低自尊组的儿童在父母教养方式的多个因子上存在着显著的差异,表明父母教养方式对儿童自尊有较好的预测作用;3.运用因素分析法对两组儿童父母教养方式进行分析,发现其在更为抽象的层次上存在差异。     

父母教养方式组合对大学生攻击行为的影响

目的:探讨不同的父母教养方式组合对大学生攻击行为的影响.方法:采用攻击行为问卷、父母教养方式量表对416名大学生施测.结果:父亲教养方式与母亲教养方式存在密切关系;大学生的攻击行为与父母教养方式存在显著相关;不同的父母教养方式组合对攻击行为存在不同的影响.结论:不同父母教养方式组合模式和大学生的攻击行为具有重要的关系.     

早期养育方式与教养环境对留守儿童心理发展的影响研究——以苏中、苏北两地区为例

本研究针对留守儿童早期家庭养育方式和留守后的教养环境自编调查问卷对留守儿童的心理发展状况进行评估。结果发现,早期家庭养育方式不是全部而是部分因子与儿童留守后的心理发展有不同程度相关,儿童留守后的教养环境所有因子与他们留守期间的心理发展或多或少均有不同程度相关。儿童早期家庭养育方式与留守后的教养环境比较,两者对留守儿童的心理发展影响是有差异的,留守后的教养环境对儿童心理发展的影响似乎更广泛也更显著。     

Callous unemotional traits and the relationship between aggressive parenting practices and conduct problems in Singaporean families

Research into parenting influences on child conduct problems in Asian countries has been limited compared to that conducted in Western countries, especially with regard to interplay between parenting and callous unemotional (CU) traits (e.g., lack of guilt and empathy). This study examined associations between dimensions of aggressive parenting practices (psychological aggression, mild and severe physical aggression), dimensions of child aggression (proactive, reactive), and child CU traits, in Singapore. Participants were children and adolescents with clinic-referred externalizing problems (N = 282; 87.6% boys), aged 7–16 years. Mild and severe parental physical aggression was found to be uniquely associated with children’s proactive aggression, whereas parental psychological aggression was uniquely associated with both proactive and reactive aggression. Consistent with previous evidence regarding CU traits as moderators of the relationship between negative parenting and child conduct problems, physically aggressive parenting was found to be more strongly associated with children’s proactive aggression among children with low levels of CU traits, than those with high CU traits. These findings support the need for ongoing research into CU traits in Asian cultures, focused on heterogeneous risk pathways to antisocial behavior and individual differences in response to family-based interventions.     

Temperament, Harsh and Indulgent Parenting, and Chinese Children's Proactive and Reactive Aggression

This study examined the additive and interactive effects of temperament and harsh and indulgent parenting on Chinese children's proactive and reactive aggression. Participants were 401 children ( M age = 9.29 years, 203 girls) and their parents who were recruited from 2 elementary schools in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. The results showed that children's sensation seeking was associated with proactive aggression, whereas anger/frustration was associated with reactive aggression. Both subtypes of aggression were negatively related to children's effortful control but positively related to harsh parenting. Significant Temperament × Temperament and Parenting × Temperament interactions were also found. The findings point to similarities and differences between proactive and reactive aggression in relation to children's temperament and harsh and indulgent parenting in the Chinese context.     

Interactive Effects Between Maternal Parenting and Negative Emotionality on Social Functioning Among Very Young Chinese Children

Research Findings: This study examined how child negative emotionality interacted with mothers’ self-reported parenting in predicting different aspects of social functioning among very young Chinese children. A total of 109 Chinese nursery children in Hong Kong participated with their parents. Maternal supportive and aversive parenting practices were reported by mothers, and child negative emotionality and social functioning were reported by both mothers and fathers. The results revealed interaction effects between child negative emotionality and mothers’ self-reported parenting on children’s internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and social-emotional skill deficiency. Specifically, children with high negative emotionality were more susceptible to the negative effects of aversive parenting (i.e., showing more internalizing and externalizing problems when exposed to aversive parenting) than their peers with low negative emotionality. Negative emotionality also placed young children at risk for social-emotional skill deficiency, especially when they received less support from their mothers compared to their peers. Practice or Policy: Special attention should be paid to the social functioning of Chinese children with higher levels of negative emotionality, because these children are more vulnerable to poor-quality parenting at a very young age.     

Marriage and the Parenting Alliance: Longitudinal Prediction of Change in Parenting Perceptions and Behaviors

The study evaluates how marriage and the parenting alliance affect parenting experiences over time. Couples ( N = 79) with school-age children who have mental retardation completed self-report and observational measures of marriage, the parenting alliance, and parenting attitudes and behaviors at 2 periods, 18–24 months apart. Longitudinal structural equation modeling demonstrated significant effects of marital quality on changes over time in self-reports of perceived parenting competence for both the mothers and the fathers, and in observed negative mother-child interactions. Also, in all cases, the parenting alliance mediated the effects of marriage on parenting experiences. There was little evidence of reciprocal causation in which parenting variables predicted change in the quality of marriage and the parenting alliance. Interactions involving child age suggested that teenagers as opposed to younger children were more reactive to negative features of their parents' marital functioning and parenting alliance. Implications are discussed regarding stable but negative marital functioning and regarding possible differences in mothers' and fathers' parenting in the context of marital distress.     

Parenting predictors of relational aggression among Puerto Rican and European American school-age children

The relationship between parenting and physical aggression is well established. However, less consideration has been given to parenting and relational aggression. The present study investigated four aspects of maternal parenting – overreactivity, laxness, positive affect and negative affect – and their relationships to relational aggression, in a sample of ethnically and socioeconomically diverse families. In the overall sample, positive maternal affect predicted less relational aggression, and negative maternal affect predicted more relational aggression. Laxness was associated with relational aggression in girls. For European American participants, negative affect, overreactivity, and laxness predicted relational aggression, whereas these relationships did not hold for Puerto Rican families. When parenting predictors were considered together, negative affect emerged as the most consistent predictor of relational aggression. Results suggest the need for more research on predictors of relational aggression, and for continued consideration of gender and ethnicity.     

Birth and Adoptive Parent Antisocial Behavior and Parenting: A Study of Evocative Gene–Environment Correlation

Negative parenting is shaped by the genetically influenced characteristics of children (via evocative rGE) and by parental antisocial behavior; however, it is unclear how these factors jointly impact parenting. This study examined the effects of birth parent and adoptive parent antisocial behavior on negative parenting. Participants included 546 families within a prospective adoption study. Adoptive parent antisocial behavior emerged as a small but significant predictor of negative parenting at 18 months and of change in parenting from 18 to 27 months. Birth parent antisocial behavior predicted change in adoptive father's (but not mother's) parenting over time. These findings highlight the role of parent characteristics and suggest that evocative rGE effects on parenting may be small in magnitude in early childhood.     

Childhood abuse and later parenting outcomes in two American Indian tribes

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship of childhood physical and sexual abuse with reported parenting satisfaction and parenting role impairment later in life among American Indians (AIs). METHODS: AIs from Southwest and Northern Plains tribes who participated in a large-scale community-based study (n=3,084) were asked about traumatic events and family history; those with children were asked questions about their parenting experiences. Regression models estimated the relationships between childhood abuse and parenting satisfaction or parenting role impairment, and tested for mediation by depression or substance use disorders. RESULTS: Lifetime substance use disorder fully mediated the relationship between childhood physical abuse and both parenting satisfaction and parenting role impairment in the Northern Plains tribe. There was only partial mediation between childhood sexual abuse and parenting role impairment in the Southwest. In both tribes, lifetime depression did not meet the criteria for mediation of the relationship between childhood abuse and the two parenting outcomes. Instrumental and perceived social support significantly enhanced parenting satisfaction; negative social support reduced satisfaction and increased the likelihood of parenting role impairment. Exposure to parental violence while growing up had deleterious effects on parenting outcomes. Mothers and fathers did not differ significantly in the relation of childhood abuse experience and later parenting outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Strong effects of social support and mediation of substance abuse disorders in the Northern Plains offer direct ways in which childhood victims of abuse could be helped to avoid negative attributes of parenting that could put their own children at risk. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Mothers were not significantly different from fathers in the relation of abusive childhood experiences and later parenting outcomes, indicating both are candidates for interventions. Strong effects of social support offer avenues for interventions to parents. The prevalence of substance use disorders and their role as a mediator of two parenting outcomes in the Northern Plains should focus special attention on substance use treatment, especially among those who experienced childhood victimization. These factors offer direct ways in which childhood victims of abuse can be helped to avoid negative attributes of parenting that could put their own children at risk of violence.     

Functions of aggressive behavior and future functional impairment

The present study investigated relations between proactive and reactive functions of physical and relational aggression and functional impairment across early childhood. It was hypothesized that reactive functions of aggression would be associated with functional impairment. Hypotheses with regard to proactive functions of aggression were exploratory. Participants were 36 children (22 girls) from a longitudinal study. At Time 1 (M = 50.31 months old, SD = 10.97), observations of aggressive behavior were collected during preschool free-play. At Time 2 (M = 73.33 months old, SD = 10.88), parent-report of functional impairment was collected. Reactive physical aggression was a significant and unique predictor of future impairment when controlling for gender and all other types of aggression. Implications of these findings are discussed from a developmental perspective.     

The Impact of Economic Hardship on Black Families and Children: Psychological Distress, Parenting, and Socioemotional Development

Family processes affecting the socioemotional functioning of children living in poor families and families experiencing economic decline are reviewed. Black children are of primary interest in the article because they experience disproportionate shares of the burden of poverty and economic loss and are at substantially higher risk than white children of experiencing attendant socioemotional problems. It is argued that (a) poverty and economic loss diminish the capacity for supportive, consistent, and involved parenting and render parents more vulnerable to the debilitating effects of negative life events, (b) a major mediator of the link between economic hardship and parenting behavior is psychological distress deriving from an excess of negative life events, undesirable chronic conditions, and the absence and disruption of marital bonds, (c) economic hardship adversely affects children's socioemotional functioning in part through its impact on the parent's behavior toward the child, and (d) father-child relations under conditions of economic hardship depend on the quality of relations between the mother and father. The extent to which psychological distress is a source of race differences in parenting behavior is considered. Finally, attention is given to the mechanisms by which parents' social networks reduce emotional strain, lessen the tendency toward punitive, coercive, and inconsistent parenting behavior, and, in turn, foster positive socioemotional development in economically deprived children.     

Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence

The early childhood antecedents and behavior-problem correlates of monitoring and psychological control were examined in this prospective, longitudinal, multi-informant study. Parenting data were collected during home visit interviews with 440 mothers and their 13-year-old children. Behavior problems (anxiety/depression and delinquent behavior) were assessed via mother, teacher, and/or adolescent reports at ages 8 through 10 years and again at ages 13 through 14. Home-interview data collected at age 5 years were used to measure antecedent parenting (harsh/reactive, positive/proactive), family background (e.g., socioeconomic status), and mother-rated child behavior problems. Consistent with expectation, monitoring was anteceded by a proactive parenting style and by advantageous family-ecological characteristics, and psychological control was anteceded by harsh parenting and by mothers' earlier reports of child externalizing problems. Consistent with prior research, monitoring was associated with fewer delinquent behavior problems. Links between psychological control and adjustment were more complex: High levels of psychological control were associated with more delinquent problems for girls and for teens who were low in preadolescent delinquent problems, and with more anxiety/depression for girls and for teens who were high in preadolescent anxiety/depression.