青少年体育活动中的内部动机和目标定向研究

采用自我决定理论和目标定向理论，调查了1609名9-21岁青少年的运动能力知觉、体育课满意程度、动机自主性和目标定向。研究结果发现，在能力知觉、体育课满意程度、动机自主性和学习定向上存在性别、锻炼次数和时间、年龄的显著差异，但在成绩定向上差异不显著。同时发现，能力知觉、体育课满意程度、动机自主性和学习定向之间存在显著正相关，而体育课满意程度与成绩定向，动机自主性和成绩之间均存在显著负相关。为了提高学生参与体育活动的动机，应该减少体育活动中的竞争性，提高学生参与体育课的内部动机，促进学习定向。     

我国职业排球俱乐部教练员现状调查

目标定向是描述一个人在体育活动中采用何种动机模式的一种理论,该理论将个体的目标定向分为两种,即任务定向和自我定向。目标定向的不同主要依赖于个体对能力来源的认识不同,任务定向的个体主要认为运动能力是后天的,而自我定向的个体主要认为运动能力是先天的。不同目标定向的个体在参与体育活动的目的认识上有很大不同。本研究的目的是比较不同性别的大学生在体育活动目的认识上的差异,以及目标定向与体育活动目的的关系。1研究对象与研究方法1.1研究对象本研究以236名大学一、二年级学生为调查对象,其中男生为141人,女生为95人,平均年龄…     

体育课中的动机气氛对初中生的动机水平、 目标定向和能力知觉的影响

采用目标定向理论的观点，考察体育课中的两种动机气氛对初中生的动机水平、目标定向和成就的影响。以246名初中二年级学生为研究对象，采用两种教学方式进行体育教学。结果发现，动机气氛因素在初中生的动机水平、目标定向和能力知觉几个动机变量上均存在主效应，但性别因素主效应和两因素产的交互作用在这几种动机变量上均没有达到显著性。采用学习气氛的教学方式可以明显提高学生参与体育课的动机，促进其任务定向，减少其自我定向，并提高其能力知觉。而采取成绩气氛的教学方式则使学生的动机水平下降，并且增加其自我定向，降低其能力知觉。提出在体育课中应创设一种学习气氛，以便提高学生参与体育课的动机，实现健康体育的教学宗旨。     

初中女生的运动能力信念和调节方式:与愉快、努力和厌烦的关系(英文)

女生参予体育活动已经成为众所关注的问题。考察了运动能力信念、能力知觉和调节方式的关系，并且依据运动能力信念和调节方式的不同，按照愉快、努力和厌烦的水平，确定了三个不同的初中女生的动机模式。为在促进初中女生参加体育活动中考虑运动能力信念和自我决定理论提供了依据。     

体育活动与青少年道德发展关系

采用问卷调查的方法，研究462名中小学生体育活动次数、时间，能力知觉，动机水平，目标定向与体育道德的关系。发现体育道德存在明显的性别差异．同伴在中小学生的体育道德中影响最大，自我定向与体育道德有明显的负相关，内部动机与体育道德有明显的负相关。如何通过体育活动提高儿童道德水平成为一个主要问题。     

大学生目标定向与体育活动目的关系研究

目标定向是描述一个人在体育活动中采用何种动机模式的一种理论,该理论将个体的目标定向分为两种,即任务定向和自我定向.目标定向的不同主要依赖于个体对能力来源的认识不同,任务定向的个体主要认为运动能力是后天的,而自我定向的个体主要认为运动能力是先天的.不同目标定向的个体在参与体育活动的目的认识上有很大不同.本研究的目的是比较不同性别的大学生在体育活动目的认识上的差异,以及目标定向与体育活动目的的关系.     

大学生排球学习与目标定向的关联性

为了探究高校排球选项课学生在学习过程中其目标定向与体育课练习效益之间是否存在着关联;对江西、浙江两所在校的大一、大二共820名学生进行问卷调查测试.结果表明:两校部分大一、大二学生在体育运动中的任务定向值较高,自我定向值较低;现代大学生在参与体育运动中,男生中存在更多的是自我定向,而女生中存在更多的是任务定向,这表明现代大学生中男生比女生有更高的能力知觉.大学生在参与体育运动中,其练习效果与自身参与练习时的心境、流畅状态有着密切关联,练习时的心情、情绪良好,其练习效果则好.     

青少年运动员体育道德取向的预测：个体与情境

目的：探讨个体（目标定向、能力知觉）和情境（动机气氛、同伴关系）变量对青少年运动员体育道德取向的预测效应。方法：采用问卷调查法 对259名青少年运动员的目标定向、能力知觉、动机气氛、同伴关系和体育道德取向进行测量。结果：（1）任务定向与高水平体育道德相关,自我定向 与低水平体育道德相关,能力知觉与高水平体育道德相关,体育运动中运动员目标定向存在3种类型（即高任务/低自我、中任务/中自我和高任务/高 自我）,不同类别复合目标定向型的体育道德取向存在显著的差异,高任务复合适宜自我目标定向与高水平的体育道德相关;（2）掌握气氛与高水平 体育道德相关,成绩气氛与低水平体育道德相关,同伴接纳与低水平体育道德相关;（3）掌握气氛、成绩气氛和能力知觉对自我定向与体育道德之间 的关系具有显著的调节效应,高掌握气氛、低成绩气氛和高能力知觉可以更加有效减轻自我定向对体育道德取向的消极影响。结论：个体和情境变 量对青少年运动员的体育道德取向有显著独立和交互预测效应。     

体育学习中成就目标定向与多维学习动机的关系研究

目的:探究初中生体育学习成就目标定向与多维学习动机的关系.方法:采用<运动中的任务和目标定向量表>和<体育情境动机量表>对使用分层随机抽样方法选取的240名初中生进行测量.结果:(1)任务定向与高自我决定的体育学习动机显著相关,而自我定向与低自我决定的体育学习动机显著相关;(2)初中生体育学习中存在3类复合目标定向类型:高任务/高自我型、中任务,中自我型和高任务,低自我型;(3)3类复合目标定向型学生在多维体育学习动机方面有显著差异;高任务结合适宜自我目标定向与高自我决定体育学习动机水平显著相关.结论:初中生体育学习高任务目标定向单独或结合适宜自我目标定向与高自我决定学习动机显著相关.     

能力知觉与目标定向对大学生体育活动的影响

参考帕帕欧诺编制的“体育课学习和成绩定向问卷”;尼科尔斯和杜达编制的“体育运动中任务定向与自我定向问卷”,对大学生在体育课中能力知觉与目标定向情况进行调查。结果表明:自我目标定向得分高的学生更偏爱于考试成绩的好坏,他人评价及同学之间的比较;而任务目标定向得分高的学生更偏好有关学习、努力和改善的信息;能力知觉的高低对于参与体育运动的持久性没有显著作用:任务参与定向的情景有利于学生的体育技能学习。     

Causal relationships of sport and exercise involvement with goal orientations, perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in physical education: a longitudinal study

Little information exists about the causal relationships of sport and exercise participation with goal orientations, perceived athletic competence and intrinsic motivation in physical education. A longitudinal study was conducted involving 882 Greek students who completed questionnaires on three occasions: 3 - 5 weeks into the academic year, 3 - 6 weeks before the end of the academic year, and 7 months later. The data were analysed using structural equation models, controlling for age. Task orientation and intrinsic motivation in physical education at the beginning of the academic year predicted sport and exercise participation 7 and 14 months later. Perceived athletic competence both at the beginning and end of the academic year predicted sport and exercise participation 7 and 14 months later, while ego orientation did not predict sport and exercise involvement at either time. Previous sport and exercise participation had positive effects on task orientation and perceived athletic competence 3 - 6 weeks before the end of the academic year and predicted all cognitive-affective constructs 7 months later. These results imply that the cultivation of task orientation, intrinsic motivation in physical education and perceived athletic competence will help to promote sport and exercise participation in adolescence.     

Causal relationships of sport and exercise involvement with goal orientations,perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in physical education: A longitudinal study

Abstract

Little information exists about the causal relationships of sport and exercise participation with goal orientations, perceived athletic competence and intrinsic motivation in physical education. A longitudinal study was conducted involving 882 Greek students who completed questionnaires on three occasions: 3 – 5 weeks into the academic year, 3 – 6 weeks before the end of the academic year, and 7 months later. The data were analysed using structural equation models, controlling for age. Task orientation and intrinsic motivation in physical education at the beginning of the academic year predicted sport and exercise participation 7 and 14 months later. Perceived athletic competence both at the beginning and end of the academic year predicted sport and exercise participation 7 and 14 months later, while ego orientation did not predict sport and exercise involvement at either time. Previous sport and exercise participation had positive effects on task orientation and perceived athletic competence 3 – 6 weeks before the end of the academic year and predicted all cognitive-affective constructs 7 months later. These results imply that the cultivation of task orientation, intrinsic motivation in physical education and perceived athletic competence will help to promote sport and exercise participation in adolescence.     

Predicting motivational regulations in physical education: the interplay between dispositional goal orientations,motivational climate and perceived competence

In this study, we examined the main and interactive effects of students' goal orientations, perceived competence and perceptions of the motivational climate on the motivational styles advanced by self-determination theory. The participants were 328 British secondary school students aged 13.6 +/- 0.6 years (mean +/- s). Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed task orientation, perceived competence and perceptions of a mastery climate to be positive predictors of self-determined styles of motivation. Perceived competence in physical education was negatively associated with amotivation. Significant interaction effects for mastery climate x task orientation and for ego orientation x perceived competence emerged. The results indicate that: (1) for students endorsing a high task orientation, the perception that the class climate was high in mastery cues was associated with increased intrinsic motivation; and (2) for students high in ego orientation, the belief that one was competent increased, while perceptions of incompetence attenuated intrinsic motivation. Additionally, a three-way interaction between ego orientation, performance climate and perceived competence emerged. In light of achievement goal and self-determination frameworks, we propose that studying the potential interplay between both individual and situational goal perspectives and the moderating effect of perceived competence may further enhance our understanding of motivation in physical education.     

Predicting motivational regulations in physical education: the interplay between dispositional goal orientations,motivational climate and perceived competence

In this study, we examined the main and interactive effects of students' goal orientations, perceived competence and perceptions of the motivational climate on the motivational styles advanced by self-determination theory. The participants were 328 British secondary school students aged 13.6±0.6 years (mean±s). Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed task orientation, perceived competence and perceptions of a mastery climate to be positive predictors of self-determined styles of motivation. Perceived competence in physical education was negatively associated with amotivation. Significant interaction effects for mastery climate×task orientation and for ego orientation×perceived competence emerged. The results indicate that: (1) for students endorsing a high task orientation, the perception that the class climate was high in mastery cues was associated with increased intrinsic motivation; and (2) for students high in ego orientation, the belief that one was competent increased, while perceptions of incompetence attenuated intrinsic motivation. Additionally, a three-way interaction between ego orientation, performance climate and perceived competence emerged. In light of achievement goal and self-determination frameworks, we propose that studying the potential interplay between both individual and situational goal perspectives and the moderating effect of perceived competence may further enhance our understanding of motivation in physical education.     

Predictors of intrinsic motivation among adolescent students in physical education

This study examined the relationships among social factors, individual differences, intrinsic motivation, and effort and persistence in the physical education context using cognitive evaluation theory as a framework. Female (n = 201) and male (n = 206) high school students completed measures of motivational climate, teaching style, perceived competence, self-determination, goal orientations, and intrinsic motivation. Teachers rated the students on effort and persistence in the class activities. Hypothesized relationships among the variables were tested using structural equation modeling. Results revealed that perceived competence and goal orientations directly predicted intrinsic motivation and mediated the effects of motivational climate and teaching style on intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation directly predicted effort and persistence. Task goal orientation mediated the effects of learning climate on perceived competence and self-determination. The strongest predictors of intrinsic motivation and effort and persistence were task goal orientation perceived competence, and learning climate.     

Goal orientations,self-determination and pupils' discipline in physical education

In this study, we examined the patterns of goal orientations, perceived competence, reasons for behaving well and self-reported discipline in school physical education among 511 pupils from years 8 and 9 (mean age 14.2 years). Cluster analyses were conducted on two randomly split subsamples to identify homogeneous groups of pupils on these measures of achievement motivation and discipline. Three meaningful clusters emerged for the first subsample, which were then cross-validated for the second subsample. One group of pupils revealed low scores on task and ego orientations, perceived competence and feelings of self-determination about their behaviour in lessons. These perceptions were related to lower ratings of discipline in physical education than pupils who scored more highly on these variables. The highest discipline scores were reported by pupils with high task and ego orientations, perceived competence and feelings of autonomy. The results are useful for teachers and other physical activity leaders in enhancing motivation and disciplined behaviour in young people. Promoting more self-determined reasons for being disciplined, for example, could lead to more orderly classes.     

Goal orientations, self-determination and pupils' discipline in physical education

In this study, we examined the patterns of goal orientations, perceived competence, reasons for behaving well and self-reported discipline in school physical education among 511 pupils from years 8 and 9 (mean age 14.2 years). Cluster analyses were conducted on two randomly split subsamples to identify homogeneous groups of pupils on these measures of achievement motivation and discipline. Three meaningful clusters emerged for the first subsample, which were then cross-validated for the second subsample. One group of pupils revealed low scores on task and ego orientations, perceived competence and feelings of self-determination about their behaviour in lessons. These perceptions were related to lower ratings of discipline in physical education than pupils who scored more highly on these variables. The highest discipline scores were reported by pupils with high task and ego orientations, perceived competence and feelings of autonomy. The results are useful for teachers and other physical activity leaders in enhancing motivation and disciplined behaviour in young people. Promoting more self-determined reasons for being disciplined, for example, could lead to more orderly classes.     

Empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport

The aim of this study was to examine the empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport. Addressing theoretical and methodological limitations of previous research, the study tested the independent and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived competence on seven motivational variables with different degrees of self-determination. Regression analyses of data collected from 247 British university students showed that task orientation predicted motivational variables with high self-determination. In contrast, ego orientation predicted motivational variables with low self-determination. Perceived competence predicted both high self-determined and low self-determined motivational variables. A significant interaction emerged between task and ego orientations in predicting external regulation. The results suggest the adaptive role of task orientation in facilitating self-determined motivation in sport. However, the findings are not conclusive, as the variance explained in most analyses was relatively small. Suggestions are offered for a more comprehensive empirical testing of the links between the two theories.     

Empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport.

The aim of this study was to examine the empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport. Addressing theoretical and methodological limitations of previous research, the study tested the independent and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived competence on seven motivational variables with different degrees of self-determination. Regression analyses of data collected from 247 British university students showed that task orientation predicted motivational variables with high self-determination. In contrast, ego orientation predicted motivational variables with low self-determination. Perceived competence predicted both high self-determined and low self-determined motivational variables. A significant interaction emerged between task and ego orientations in predicting external regulation. The results suggest the adaptive role of task orientation in facilitating self-determined motivation in sport. However, the findings are not conclusive, as the variance explained in most analyses was relatively small. Suggestions are offered for a more comprehensive empirical testing of the links between the two theories.