Chronic participation in externally paced,but not self-paced sports is associated with the modulation of domain-general cognition

Abstract

The present study investigated the role of chronic sport participation in the modulation of vigilance and inhibitory control. We also aimed to disentangle the relative contribution of different types of sport expertise and sport-related fitness to the exercise-cognition relationship. Three groups of young adults differing in their chronic sport expertise (externally-paced sports, n?=?22, self-paced sports, n?=?22, non-athletes, n?=?22) took part in the study. Participants completed a cardiovascular fitness test, a hand-eye coordination test and two different types of vigilance tasks: (1) Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and (2) Oddball Task, which were designed to gain insight into the cognitive processes involved in sustaining attention over time and allocating selective attention by exerting inhibitory control, respectively. No differences were found in PVT performance between the two athlete groups and between self-paced sports athletes and non-athletes, whereas athletes from externally-paced sports outperformed non-athletes. Crucially, athletes from externally-paced sports also differed from those of self-paced sports and non-athletes in the Oddball task, showing less omission and commission errors. The sport expertise effect was independent of participant’s cardiovascular fitness while hand-eye coordination modulated vigilance and inhibitory control performance. Our findings add novel empirical evidence to the role of expertise in cognitively demanding sports as an important factor in the relationship between exercise and cognition.     

运动训练时间信息的分类与调控

以时间学理论为基础, 将运动训练时间学作为一个系统进行研究, 对运动训练时间信息的概念、特性进行了分析, 并根据运动训练实际进行了细致的分类。同时探讨了运动训练时间系统调控的原理、调控的主要内容及相关的概念、具体分类及规律, 并对调控的具体方法、方式进行了较为系统地研究。     

The role of a vertical reference point in changing gait regulation in cricket run-ups

The need to identify information sources which facilitate a functional coupling of perception and action in representative practice contexts is an important challenge for sport scientists and coaches. The current study investigated the role of visual information in regulating athlete gait behaviours during a locomotor pointing task in cricket. Integration of experiential knowledge of elite coaches and theoretical understanding from previous empirical research led us to investigate whether the presence of an umpire would act as a vertical informational constraint that could constrain the emergent coordination tendencies of cricket bowlers’ run-up patterns. To test this idea, umpire presence was manipulated during run-ups of 10 elite medium-fast bowlers. As hypothesised, removal of the umpire from the performance environment did not result in an inability to regulate gait to intercept a target, however, the absence of this informational constraint resulted in the emergence of different movement patterns in participant run-ups. Significantly lower standard deviation values of heel-to-crease distances were observed in the umpire condition at multiple steps, compared to performance in the no-umpire condition. Manipulation of this informational constraint altered gait regulation of participants, offering a mechanism to understand how perception–action couplings can be varied during performance in locomotor pointing tasks in sport.     

20 years later: deliberate practice and the development of expertise in sport

Twenty-one years ago, Ericsson, Krampe and Tesch-Romer published their seminal work expounding the notion of deliberate practice in explaining the development of expertise. This concept has since become extremely influential in the fields of sport psychology and motor learning. This review evaluates current understanding of deliberate practice in sport skill acquisition with an emphasis on the role of deliberate practice in distinguishing expert athletes from non-experts. In particular, we re-examine the original tenets of Ericsson et al.'s framework to (a) evaluate the sport-related research supporting their claims and (b) identify remaining research questions in this area. The review highlights the overall importance of deliberate practice in the development of expert sport performers; however, our understanding is far from complete. Several directions for future research are highlighted, including the need for more rigorous research designs and statistical models that can evaluate changes in developmental and contextual factors across development. Finally, we advocate for a more thorough understanding of the implications of a ‘deliberate practice approach’ for coaching science.     

Towards a Critical Dialogue between the History of Sport,Management History,and Sport Management/Organization Studies in Research and Teaching

This article discusses possibilities for a critical dialogue between the history of sport, management history, and sport management/organization studies. Many historians of sport will find themselves employed in sport management programmes, and these programmes allow the potential to interpret historical perspectives on sport, as well as historical research methods in sport management. This offers possibilities in terms of research as well. However, if historians are to engage in a research and teaching dialogue with sport management, they must also remain critical of some of the discipline’s (and practice’s) central tenets.     

运动协调的定量方法以及在专项技术分析领域的研究进展

人体的运动协调问题一直受到多个研究领域的关注。Bernstein运动协调观与运动协调的动态系统理论被广泛应用于解释运动协调的形成、发展、特征中,成为研究运动协调的主要理论基础。依据这些理论基础,针对不同类型研究的需要,设计了多种运动协调的定量方法来客观展现人体的协调运动,这些方法都具有各自的优缺点。目前,在专项技术分析领域中,对专项技术中肢体协调层面的研究较多,在多种专项技术中都发现了一些高效的运动协调方式。尽管这些运动协调方式各有不同,但是展现出一些共性的特征。此外,在优秀运动员的技术中,具有较大的肢体协调变异性,这些变异性是肌肉-骨骼复杂系统灵活性的体现,有利于运动任务的实现。在关节动力学、肌肉活动等层面中运动协调的研究相对较少。专项技术中运动协调的研究趋势有:1)由于运动技术种类繁多,各自特征不同,对运动协调的研究将会涉及到更多的运动项目中;2)应用动态系统理论,进一步探索优秀运动员技术中运动协调变异性对专项技术的作用;3)应用动态系统理论,拓展对专项技术中运动协调控制变量的研究;4)拓展在优秀运动员专项技术中关节动力学、肌肉活动等更深层面中运动协调特征的研究。     

Influence of football size on kicking performance in youth Australian rules footballers

In Australian rules football structured increases in ball size during development end with the transition to the Size 5 (adult) ball at the Under-15 age group. This study assessed changes in kick technique and performance in experienced junior performers when using Size 4 and 5 Australian rules footballs. Participants (n = 22, 13.77 ± 0.61 years) performed drop punt kicks in 2 representative tasks; a Decision-Making Test (DMT) (n = 14) and Set-Shot Test (SST) (n = 14 + 8). Results indicate participants sustained their level of kick performance (accuracy and quality of ball spin) in both tests when using a Size 5 football. Sustained kick performance in the DMT primarily resulted from adaptations to time-point technical measures at ball release. No significant differences were detected for technical measures between ball sizes in the SST. A dynamic kicking task (DMT) in combination with ball size manipulation may have placed greater demand on skill execution in comparison to a self-paced kicking task (SST). Results provide initial support for the utility of challenging representative dynamic and self-paced tasks, such as the DMT and SST used here for Australian football, for skill testing and practice in sport     

社会转型期珠三角绿道体育研究现状与趋势

分析珠三角绿道规划建设、绿道体育研究活动以及绿道体育文献成果现状,发现绿道体育理论研究已经滞后于绿道体育实践,研究主体不足,研究方法单一。社会转型期,绿道体育研究趋势为：研究思路应囊括宏观、中观、微观多维度;研究方法应结合多学科中外文献,定性分析结合定量分析,理论研究配合实证研究;研究趋向领域为绿道体育实践与文化内涵、绿道体育产品开发与供给主体多元化、绿道体育公共服务、绿道体育旅游、绿道体育组织管理与规制、绿道体育管理绩效评估等。     

Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: Future research directions

Abstract

Perceptual-cognitive skills training provides a potentially valuable method for training athletes on key skills, such as anticipation and decision-making. It can be used when athletes are unable to physically train or are unable to experience repeated key situations from their sport. In this article, we review research on perceptual-cognitive skills training and describe future research areas focusing on a number of key theories and principles. The main aim of any training intervention should be the efficacy of retention and transfer of learning from training to field situations, which should be the key consideration when designing the representative tasks used in perceptual-cognitive skills training. We review the principles that seek to create practice tasks that replicate those found in the field, so as to increase the amount of transfer that occurs. These principles are perception–action coupling, the contextual interference effect and contextual information, which suggest there should be a high level of similarity between training and real-life performance when designing perceptual-cognitive skills training. In the final section, we discuss the transfer of retained skill acquisition from perceptual-cognitive skills training to field performance, which we suggest to be the key area for future research in this area.     

Distribution of practice in motor skill acquisition: different effects for discrete and continuous tasks

Research on the benefits of distributed practice for the acquisition and retention of motor skills has a long history. The majority of this research has involved skill acquisition of continuous tasks. However, there is some evidence to suggest that distribution of practice effects are quite different for discrete tasks than for continuous tasks. In the present study, we used a single task, formed discrete and continuous versions of the task, and examined how acquisition and retention were affected by the length of inter-trial interval. The basic task was a movement timing task that involved either one timing estimate per trial (the "discrete" version) or twenty successive estimates per trial (the "continuous" version). Separate groups of subjects learned one version of the task under either distributed (25 s inter-trial intervals) or massed (0.5 s inter-trial intervals) practice conditions. Both massed and distributed retention trials were performed on the same version of the task according to a double transfer design. The results confirmed the apparent disparity: Acquisition and retention were facilitated by distributed practice on the continuous task, but by massed practice on the discrete task. These results were discussed in terms of the role of the inter-trial interval in discrete and continuous tasks.     

延安时期体育文化创新的实践及启示

采用文献资料法,探讨延安时期体育文化的创新与实践.认为:延安时期体育文化在器物、组织与方式、观念等层面进行前所未有的创新实践.其对当前体育发展的启示为:坚持体育为人民服务的基本宗旨;注重传统体育的民族化与创新;持续发扬延安体育精神.     

民间体育、民俗体育、民族体育和民族传统体育概念辨正

采用文献资料和逻辑推理等研究方法,按照逻辑学的概念定义方法,将体育定义为:体育是以改造人类自身生物属性为效用的身体活动,并对体育属概念下的同类事物进行了判定,并对民间体育、民俗体育、民族体育、民族传统体育的概念进行定义和划分,确定他们之间的基本隶属关系,即体育按阶层划分可分为民间体育和官方体育。民间体育包括民族体育;民族体育包括民族传统体育、消失的民族民俗体育和民族内的近代体育;民族传统体育包括现存的民族民俗体育及其以外的传统体育;已消亡的民俗体育不属于民族传统体育。研究体育及其相关概念,明确它们的内涵和外延,为我国民族体育传承与发展奠定理论基础。     

Distribution of Practice in Motor Skill Acquisition: Different Effects for Discrete and Continuous Tasks

Abstract

Research on the benefits of distributed practice for the acquisition and retention of motor skills has a long history. The majority of this research has involved skill acquisition of continuous tasks. However, there is some evidence to suggest that distribution of practice effects are quite different for discrete tasks than for continuous tasks. In the present study, we used a single task, formed discrete and continuous versions of the task, and examined how acquisition and retention were affected by the length of inter-trial interval. The basic task was a movement timing task that involved either one timing estimate per trial (the “discrete” version) or twenty successive estimates per trial (the “continuous” version). Separate groups of subjects learned one version of the task under either distributed (25 s inter-trial intervals) or massed (0.5 s inter-trial intervals) practice conditions. Both massed and distributed retention trials were performed on the same version of the task according to a double transfer design. The results confirmed the apparent disparity: Acquisition and retention were facilitated by distributed practice on the continuous task, but by massed practice on the discrete task. These results were discussed in terms of the role of the inter-trial interval in discrete and continuous tasks.     

俄罗斯体育管理体制改革发展研究

运用文献资料和专家访谈法,对俄罗斯体育管理体制改革发展研究表明:俄罗斯体育管理体制的改革与发展,是遵循市场经济的基本规律,在俄政府宏观调控下,充分调动与发挥各社会体育管理组织的积极性和作用,并赋予更大的权利和义务。俄罗斯新型体育管理体制具有政府与社会体育组织共同管理的多元化体制的特征;俄罗斯新型体育管理体制的构建,为我们提供了可借鉴的改革实践方面的参考:即在政府的宏观调控下,积极发展社会体育组织,并最大限度地发挥社会体育组织的积极性和赋予更大的权力,实现体育社会化的改革目标,积极推进体育管理体制的改革,是实现中国体育事业可持续发展的必要途径。     

我国体育社会科学研究的回顾与展望

1979年以来我国体育社会科学迅速发展。研究队伍初具规模,体育学列为国家一级学科,研究成果日益受到重视。体育社会科学的应用性研究将进一步受重视,国家体委将加强对体育社会科学研究的组织、课题管理和人才培养,注重建立科研成果转化机制等。     

论运动心理咨询师的角色内涵

专业化的运动心理咨询师在有效的运动心理咨询过程中起着决定性作用。从心理咨询本身的内涵及运动心理咨 询的特点出发,深入探讨运动心理咨询中咨询者的角色定位,进而对运动心理咨询师应具备的专业能力与个人素质进行 全面的分析与认识十分有价值。此外还应该对运动心理咨询实践中应该注意的问题给予高度重视。这时运动心理咨询者 的个人成长及运动心理咨询实践具有重大的启发意义。     

Differenzielles Lehren und Lernen: eine Kritik

In this article, the differential learning approach introduced in 1999 by Wolfgang Sch?llhorn is critically examined. After positioning this concept in relation to the historical motor-action controversy between information processing and dynamical system theory, we put forward the arguments that consequences claimed for sport practice are not theoretically substantiated, that the tentative demarcation from cognitivism fundamentally fails, that the data presented stands on shaky ground and that, from a practice-related perspective, the approach manifests a severe lack of practicability. In consideration of disastrous consequences for sport practice as well as sport science, we suggest for future publications on differential learning to refrain from deficient and theoretically as well as empirically unsubstantiated recommendations for sport practice.     

The coordination of labour in sports teams

Understanding how the actions of members of sports teams are organised and coordinated is a key challenge for sport psychology and, until recently, extant theory within sport psychology has allowed few insights into this topic. This article considers how the labour in sports teams is organised, why the organisational structure of sports teams introduces an acute need for team coordination, and why coordination in teams is difficult to achieve. It also considers the team-level social-cognitive states and processes required to achieve coordination. Implications of the conceptual framework outlined here are presented for current theory and future research on team functioning within sport psychology as well as for applied practitioners working with sports teams.     

培养大学生体育意识的探讨与实践

体育意识是人们对体育客观现实的反应,培养学生终身体育化,关键是强化学生的体育意识,使其树立正确的体育观。章对如何提高大学生的体育意识进行了研究和实践,并取得了一定的效果,为进一步深化体育教学改革提供有益的参考。     

Bilateral inter-arm coordination in freestyle swimming: effect of skill level and swimming speed

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of level of skill and swimming speed on inter-limb coordination of freestyle swimming movements. Five elite (2 males, 3 females; age 18.9+/-1.0 years, height 1.71+/-0.04 m, body mass 62.1+/-7.0 kg) and seven novice (age 22.0+/-2.0 years, height 1.77+/-0.04 m, body mass 74.8+/-9.0 kg) swimmers swam a sprint and a self-paced 25 m freestyle trial. The swimming trials were recorded by four digital cameras operating at 50 Hz. The digitized frames underwent a three-dimensional direct linear transformation to yield the three-dimensional endpoint kinematic trajectories. The spatio-temporal relationship between the upper limbs was quantified by means of the peak amplitude and time lag of the cross-correlation function between the right and left arm's endpoint trajectories. A strong anti-phase coupling between the two arms, as confirmed by peak amplitudes greater than 0.8, was noted for both groups and swimming speeds. Significantly higher (P<0.05) peak amplitudes were observed for the sprint compared with self-paced swimming. No significant differences in the strength of inter-limb coupling were noted between the elite and novice swimmers (P>0.05). Time lags were very close to 0 ms and did not differ between groups or swimming speeds. We conclude that in freestyle swimming, the intrinsic anti-phase (180 degrees phase difference) inter-limb relationship is strongly preserved despite the physically powerful environmental influence of the water and this "preferred" pattern is not affected by level of skill. In contrast, increasing movement speed results in stronger inter-limb coupling that is closer to the anti-phase inter-limb relationship.