底线公平：我国城市社区体育公共服务供给模式及实践路径

城市社区体育公共服务供给模式与经济社会发展水平及居住制度密切相关。改革开放以来,社会经济体制转型促使单位制的解体、社区制的形成,也使得我国城市社区体育公共服务供给决策从政治主导型转向利益驱动型,供给模式也从政府单一垄断供给向政府、市场、社会等主体多元参与。同时,城市社区体育公共服务供应与生产的垂直分离,也让政府从传统的垂直层级管理转向为全方位的监督、规制。在对社区体育公共服务供给实践中,文章提出要从社会分层的视角,坚持＂底线公平＂理念,关注弱势群体,主张以保障性社区体育公共服务需求为公平的底线;提出＂低端靠保障、中端寻支持、高端找市场＂的具体路径。     

我国城市社区体育发展现状调查与分析

运用文献资料法、社会调查、访谈等方法,对我国城市社区体育发展的运行机制以及社区体育发展中存在的主要问题进行调查与分析。阐述了我国城市社区体育发展的宏观社会背景、指导思想和理论基础;对我国部分城市街道办事处（镇）、晨晚练点、体育俱乐部的负责人进行了调查,摸清了我国城市社区体育管理体制的现状,以此的基础,对我国城市社区体育管理体制现状进行分析,指出了我国城市社区体育存在的不足以及革新的方向。     

我国城市社区体育的产生原因、现状及问题─—对我国城市社区体育的探讨之二

分析了我国城市社区体育迅速发展的主要原因是社会体育需求的变化、经济体制改革、体育社会化、社区建设发展和老龄人口增多等多种因素;描述了我国城市社区体育的人、财、物、活动和组织等要素的现状;指出目前的主要不足是：对社区体育认识不足、正式的与自发性的社区体育组织间缺乏联系、非经常性的与日常性的社区体育活动相脱节、发展不平衡以及体育资源紧缺。     

我国城市社区体育的现状及发展趋势

社区体育即基层社区内的群众体育。结果表明:现阶段我国城市社区体育尚处于初步发展阶段,发展也不平衡。具有组织结构基层化;组织管理居民自发自主与行政参与相结合;活动规模小型化;活动时间日常化;活动场所就近等10大特点。随着我国城市经济体制改革的深化和城市社会结构功能的分化,城市居民(除学生)的体育利益取向将逐步转向社区,以街道办事处(基层社区行政机构)为依托的城市社区体育将得到更大的发展。     

我国城市社区体育发展现状分析

社区体育是我国群众体育的重要组成部分,同时也是全民健身战略的重要内容。社区体育的发展需要各级政府的高度重视,需要规范的组织管理,为不断发展我国城市社区体育建设,需要广大的体育工作者以及社会力量的积极参与。     

城市社区体育发展模式分析

城市社区体育的发展模式是与城市社会结构变迁相适应的社区体育运行组织所构成的发展模式.目前,我国城市社区体育发展模式存在领导协调责权不清、组织管理放任无力、对社团审批监管缺位、场地管理目标偏差等问题.针对以上问题,研究提出完善社区体育协调系统、明确领导管理职能、市场化产业经营和政府积极作为相互结合等对策.     

社区治理视阈下城市社区公共体育服务多元供给主体的研究

政府、市场和公民社会组织在我国公共体育服务中都有其重要的主体责任和职能作用,但在实际的服务过程中却更多地表现为失灵现象,以社区治理视角研究和推进我国城市社区公共体育服务建设,将成为今后我国城市社区公共体育服务发展的一个主要方向。该文提出社区治理的调适与嵌合机制,并对其相应的调适与嵌合机理进行解读,为促进我国城市社区公共体育服务建设提供理论参考。     

湖南城市社区体育的现状与发展对策

依据湖南城市社区体育发展现状和特点、湖南经济与小康社会时期“全民健身计划”总目标,找出了影响湖南社区体育发展的因素:城市的经济发展水平、体育发展规划、体育社会化程度、社会环境和地方传统习惯、居民的文化水平、个人收入水平等。提出了湖南城市社区体育发展的对策:改善社区公共健身设施、培育社区组织、拓宽融资渠道、倡导科学健身、引导健康理念、加强社会体育指导员培训及加强组织管理等。     

我国城市社区体育的概念、构成要素及组织特征──对我国城市社区体育的探讨之一

城市社区体育的崛起,是改革开放以来我国群众体育发展中最为突出的现象之一。本文从概念分析的角度,探讨了社区和我国城市社区体育的概念,指出社区体育核心是社区居民为促进身、心、群的健康,打破行业、单位界限,就近就便,自愿参与活动。就结构要素来看,社区体育包括体育组织、人员、物质条件、活动时间、活动经费和社区体育活动等六个方面。就组织特征来看,社区体育具有网络性,将原来分散、分离的体育资源（人、财、物等）整合成结构一体化,功能全面的整体性的系统。社区体育还具有层次性,不同层次的区位,承担不同的功能任务,它们各司其职,又相互配合。     

政府职能转变背景下社区体育社会组织的社会责任探析

采用个案研究法、内容分析法、参与观察法等方法,以社区体育社会组织的典型代表"北京回龙观地区足球协会"为案例,探析体育社会组织承担社会责任的依据,及体育社会组织承担社会责任的内涵,为今后体育社会组织履行和实践社会责任提供实证研究的样本与路径。研究结果表明:1)承担社会责任应该是体育社会组织实践活动中的重要内容,积极承担社会责任、以更高的道德标准要求体育社会组织和个人更能符合社会的期望;2)体育社会组织社会责任的特殊性和必要性决定其社会责任内涵包括对政府的责任、对企业的责任、对媒体的责任、对组织内部成员的责任及对社区建设的责任等5个方面;3)体育社会组织履行社会责任是转变政府体育行政职能的内在需求,更是推进其自身健康、持续、快速发展的需要。建议:改革完善体育社会组织相关法规和管理机制;建立有效的体育社会组织内部自律机制;增强体育社会组织的资源获取能力;建立健全体育社会组织社会监督体系。     

福建省城市社区体育现状及发展

本文作者通过调查及文献研究的方法对福建省城市社区体育的现状及发展进行了探讨 ,认为 :1 目前我省城市社区体育组织的管理模式正在形成之中 ;2 应加强城市社区体育人材的培养 ;3 城市社区体育活动有多种类型 ;4 多渠道、多样化地筹措体育经费及兴建体育场地设施已得到人们的共识。论文还对我省城市社区体育的发展进行了论述。     

影响西安市居民体育消费需求的社会群体分类研究

本文在深入、广泛调查的基础上,认为影响西安市居民体育消费的主要社会群体有以下三类:紧密层群体、正式层群体和参照层群体,并对三个层次的社会群体进行了系统的研究和探讨,提出了相应的发展对策。研究结果对倡导西安市居民正确的体育消费观念,形成西安市居民健康、文明的体育消费心理都具有一定的现实意义。     

What about sport? A public health perspective on leisure-time physical activity

In an effort to determine how sport could be better positioned on the public health agenda, three community physical activity programs aimed at combating obesity were examined to determine the benefits residents seek through their participation. Using a case study approach and critical framework, assumptions and presumed knowledge of these public health programs were drawn out through site visits and interviews. A total of 42 interviews with community leaders, program organizers, and residents in each community were conducted. The results reveal that new approaches need to be considered for promoting greater levels of participation in U.S. community sport and other leisure-time physical activity programs. Instead of the commonly emphasized benefits of physical health or appearance, the results demonstrate that hedonic rewards and opportunities for social interaction are two overlooked, yet primary benefits sought by participants. This research suggests that concerted efforts to focus on the hedonic feelings and social aspects can potentially lead to increased sport participation and holistic health. Such an approach may help better address vital public health policy issues while demonstrating the distinctiveness and utility of sport.     

住宅小区：未来城市社区体育发展的主要空间

随着城市化的进展和城市居住环境的现代化改造,住宅小区将逐步成为我国居民日常生活的主要空间。本文以文献研究为主要方法,阐述了21世纪中国大众体育活动的空间定位,简要回顾了我国城市社区体育发展和社区体育研究的历程,指出住宅小区将成为未来城市社区体育发展的主要空间,并对进一步发展城市社区体育提出了几点思考。     

Sports coach as transformative leader: arresting school disengagement through community sport-based initiatives

Reducing social exclusion through interventions designed to sustain school engagement is a key aim of the education and social policy of any government. This paper is a response to the call for there to be more focused empirical sports coaching research through examining the transformative potential of community-based sports coaches to support schools in arresting school disengagement. By embracing an understanding that challenges the definitional core of sports coaching as simply improving the sporting performance of an individual or team, and, drawing theoretically on the work of Carlisle et al. and Shields, the role of ‘coach as transformative leader’ is articulated. Analysis of data collected by means of semi-structured interviews with a group of community-based sports coaches (n = 8) revealed three factors salient to our understanding of re-engaging young people with formal education through sport. These were the impact of the community sport programme; the relationship between schools and community sports groups; and the implementation of transformative leadership qualities by sport coaching practitioners. Importantly, this paper explicates the pivotal function that coaching practice which embraces transformative leadership principles can have on reorienting young people from disadvantaged backgrounds towards more optimistic futures and educational objectives.     

The role of sport in community capacity building: An examination of sport for development research and practice

Population health promotion and preventing disease remain important global policy goals. Because of the complex nature of health, and the recognition of the limits of individual-oriented health promotion strategies, recent decades have seen increased interest by public health researchers and practitioners in community-level approaches to health promotion. Increasingly, community-level approaches have been based upon the theoretical concept of community capacity. Community capacity is seen as a critical mechanism for supporting and promoting community-level health and through the sport for development (SFD) model, there is evidence of sport being an important practice for community development. However, little is known about the potential role of sport as a mechanism for building community capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the efficacy of sport to contribute to the process of community capacity building. Using seven established dimensions of community capacity, there is evidence that many SFD practices can effectively facilitate dimensions of community capacity when conducted in intentional, culturally relevant ways. Specifically, sport has demonstrated efficacy in building local skills, knowledge, and resources, increasing social cohesion, facilitating structures and mechanisms for community dialog, leadership development, and encouraging civic participation. More research is needed to understand sport's ability to promote capacity building through collective action, developing value systems that support democracy and inclusion, and encouraging critical reflection. To increase the usefulness of sport to support community health development, SFD principles should be included as part of sport management university curricula. Additionally, practitioners need grounding in community and human development research to support non-sport components of programs. Finally, participatory action research techniques should be used by researchers and practitioners. Sport-based development often generates high interest from residents, funders, and policy makers. By applying principles of community capacity building, sport may be uniquely positioned to enhance sustainable community health development initiatives.     

传统体制下的社会体育整合模式弱化与社区体育整合模式的兴起

作为计划体制时代政治、经济和社会体制的基石，单位制度对社会体育的发展产生了极为广泛和深刻的影响，建构了一种特殊的社会动员和整合机制。但随着改革的不断深化，传统体制下的社会体育整合模式不断弱化，而社区体育整合模式逐步兴起。     

上海市社区体育发展现状调查与分析

社区体育形式已成为我国体育事业发展的重要表现形式。社区健身场所是普通民众重要的体育活动场所,它给人们的日常锻炼提供了方便,为社会体育发展奠定了良好的基础。在政府的直接支持下,建设一流的社区体育是社区的实事工程、民心工程。社区体育因受到地理条件和社会经济发展程度影响,其发展模式、运行状况独具特色,有其重要的考察意义。文章主要通过对上海体育场所实地调研,叙述和分析了不同层次社区体育场所的现况,以期为我国社区体育建设以及公共政策制定提供一定的参考。     

Community-oriented practice: Examining corporate social responsibility and development activities in professional sport

Professional sport teams are increasingly engaging in activities that target community development agendas. Previous researchers have examined why teams engage in such activities and the value they derive from a corporate social responsibility (CSR) perspective; however, an understanding of the nature and focus of such activities is only beginning to emerge and further research attention is necessary. To address this gap, the authors draw on both CSR and sport-for-development (SFD) literature to examine community activities undertaken by professional sport teams. An exploratory case study methodology was employed, using a multi-case design to examine the activities of 70 professional sport teams across the commercially dominant league in each of three regions (Australia, the UK, and the US). A total of 1243 initiatives were recorded and analysed to build a profile of the nature and focus of the community activities undertaken. These were classified into 14 specific categories and analysis identified three core groups of activities: giving, activating and capacity building. Teams primarily targeted health and education agendas; however, differences were observed across regions. Teams in the US engaged more heavily in giving activities, whereas teams in the UK more commonly engaged in capacity-building activities. Variations were also observed with respect to target agenda, demonstrating differences within practices across regions. The authors propose community-oriented practices as a concept to describe the community-focused activities undertaken by professional sport teams at the intersection of CSR and SFD, and a working definition of this concept is offered.     

城市社区体育现状研究综述

文章采用文献研究的方法,对城市社区体育的相关文献进行综述。研究发现,对于城市社区体育基本理论的研究还不够深入,对于城市社区体育对策的研究缺乏原创性,有影响的研究成果较少,有关河南省区域性城市社区体育研究成果较少。研究认为应从宏观和微观两个方面对社区体育的发展进行规划。