Golf science research at the beginning of the twenty-first century

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, there are 30,000 golf courses and 55 million people who play golf worldwide. In the USA alone, the value of golf club memberships sold in the 1990s was US dollar 3.2 billion. Underpinning this significant human activity is a wide variety of people researching and applying science to sustain and develop the game. The 11 golf science disciplines recognized by the World Scientific Congress of Golf have reported 311 papers at four world congresses since 1990. Additionally, scientific papers have been published in discipline-specific peer-reviewed journals, research has been sponsored by the two governing bodies of golf, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews and the United States Golf Association, and confidential research is undertaken by commercial companies, especially equipment manufacturers. This paper reviews much of this human endeavour and points the way forward for future research into golf.     

试析高尔夫文化的历史演变与社会发展特征

高尔夫化是现代社会发展进程中一种特殊的化现象。通过对高尔夫化的历史演变和社会发展特征的分析，为进一步发展和完善我国高尔夫运动的理论研究，探讨高尔夫产业市场发展的基本规律，奠定理论研究基础。     

河南省高校校园高尔夫的发展现状与对策研究

高尔夫运动起源于十五世纪的苏格兰,十九世纪传入中国。同西方国家相比,我国的高尔夫运动起步相对较晚,高校作为高学历、高素质的聚集地,未来社会发展的中坚力量,把高尔夫运动引进高校校园不仅丰富了体育课程的建设,也是高尔夫运动发展的重要举措。本文在对河南省高校校园高尔夫调查研究基础上,深入分析高校校园高尔夫的发展现状及问题,为高尔夫运动在河南乃至全国的高校校园的发展和普及提供参考意见。     

我国高尔夫运动的异化特征及原因分析

高尔夫运动是一项风靡全球的体育休闲活动,有着独特的文化内涵和娱乐休闲价值。经过二十多年的发展,我国的高尔夫运动不断得到发展和壮大,但是一系列有关高尔夫贵族化、工具化、资源扩张和礼仪缺失等的异化现象也层出不穷,这就导致人们对我国高尔夫运动异化的困惑,文章运用文献资料研究法,归纳了我国高尔夫运动的异化特征,分析了我国高尔夫运动的异化原因,以期为我国高尔夫运动的开展提供理论依据。     

国际金融危机对中美高尔夫运动的影响

通过对中国高尔夫运动的发展变化与美国国家高尔夫基金会公布数据的比较发现:国际金融危机导致美国高尔夫运动整体下滑,而中国高尔夫球场和高尔夫球员数量反而高速增长,高尔夫球场经营出现了两极分化趋势.高尔夫运动发展阶段、球场开发模式以及高尔夫产业政策的不同是中关高尔夫运动受金融危机影响差异的主要原因.     

Sports science for golf: A survey of high-skilled golfers’ “perceptions” and “practices”

ABSTRACT

Despite a growing body of evidence on the positive impact of sports science for golf, there is still a paucity of research investigating the “perceptions” and “practices” of high-skilled golfers. Professional Golfers’ Association Assistant Professionals (future-qualified coaches; n = 430) were surveyed on their “perceptions” and “practices” of “sports science”, “warm-ups”, “cool-downs” and “strength and conditioning” for golf. Participants perceived the discipline of sports science as beneficial to golfers but lacked implementation in coaching settings. Warm-up protocols were also perceived to be beneficial to all aspects of golf performance; however, the duration of tournament-based (37.84 ± 20.05 min), warm-ups was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than practice rounds (26.26 ± 18.63 min) and range sessions (13.00 ± 13.38 min). Education continues to be required to raise the understanding of warm-ups for golf. There were mixed perceptions regarding the benefits of a cool-down, with 62.1% of the high-skilled golfers omitting a cool-down following tournament play and practice. Strength and conditioning was perceived as beneficial, with 78.51% engaging in some form of training throughout the year. Results confirm, however, that certain misconceptions around surveyed sports science practices still exist and it is imperative that education disseminates research findings and validated applied practices to coaches and golfers alike.     

对我国中等城市高尔夫练习场运营状态的SWOT分析——以南京市为例

通过文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法对中国中等城市高尔夫练习场的特点、效能等做出分析,选取以南京市为例并分层次抽取具有代表性的3家高尔夫练习场的运营状态进行SWOT分析,结果显示:高尔夫练习场具有占有资源小、承载能力强、经济效益可观、发展潜力大等优势,除此之外南京市的高尔夫练习场在基础人力资源上也较为充足,但由于受到高尔夫运动的高消费定位、国家相关发展政策、税收等的影响使其在发展上受阻,据此提出宣传高尔夫文化;积极争取高尔夫练习场相关政策、税收的支持;实施"校企联合"加速培养高尔夫核心技术人才;推动高尔夫大众化进程等相关建议,以期对我国中等城市高尔夫练习场的持续健康发展提供理论参考。     

我国高尔夫大众化发展的必然性分析

高尔夫运动符合时代发展的需要,无论在个人需求、市场供给和政府职能等各个方面都存在着推动高尔夫运动大众化的动力。随着我国经济的快速发展和高尔夫人口的不断增加,高尔夫运动必然将向着大众化方向发展。     

广东部分高尔夫俱乐部现状与发展对策

就高尔夫俱乐部的现状，分别对广州芳村至尊高尔夫乡村俱乐部、增城荔湖高尔夫俱乐部、顺德均安碧桂园高尔夫俱乐部、肇庆高尔夫度假村等8个高尔夫俱乐部进行调查，内容包括经营性质、投资规模、投入资金、场地面积、从业人数、经营项目与消费价格等，以及经营者对经营前景和目前企业处于何发展阶段的判断、俱乐部在经营过程中为提高竞争力所采用的对策等。结果显示居民消费意识跟不上、高成本消费、高税率、专业人才短缺、宣传力度不够、相关机械制造能力低、市场运作欠规范等是制约广东高尔夫俱乐部发展的因素。提出要加快国内高尔夫产业相关机械的研发等建议。     

中国高尔夫大众化发展策略研究

我国高尔夫运动起步较晚,但高尔夫运动发展迅猛,目前中国的高尔夫球场已经达到400多家,高尔夫运动符合时代发展的需要,高尔夫运动大众化发展成为必然趋势。事实上,无论在个人需求、市场供给和政府职能等各个方面都存在着推动高尔夫运动大众化的动力,在高尔夫运动大众化发展过程中,各方都将采取积极的措施。     

高尔夫球起源考辨

在介绍几种流行说法的基础上,对高尔夫球起源问题进行探究.认为,苏格兰起源说和荷兰起源说均缺乏有力的资料证据,中国的捶丸文献丰富、记载明确,规则也与高尔夫球十分类似,可以认为与高尔夫球运动有着密切的血缘关系.同时认为,高尔夫球起源与现代高尔夫球运动的产生需要区别对待,必须尊重现代高尔夫球运动产生于苏格兰这一事实;捶丸西传资料和研究的欠缺是其成为高尔夫球统一起源的最大障碍,也是今后此研究的重点领域;各种与高尔夫球类似的游戏都脱胎于生产劳动.     

The Political Transformation of Golf in Modern South Korea

Abstract

Since golf was introduced to South Korea in the early 1900s, it has been strongly influenced by the politics that reflects socio-political contexts. Therefore, it is important to explore the political influences of golf on the context of its socio-political transformation. In this study, we explored how social and political backgrounds under each of the political administrations have affected the development of golf in South Korea. For this purpose, we utilized the socio-historical approach through document analysis to summarize the golf-related policy stances of nine presidential administrations from the Syngman Rhee government (1948–1960) to Park Geun-hye government (2013–2017). As a result, the Syngman Rhee administration pursued the construction of golf courses to bolster national security. The military regimes of Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan constructed golf courses as a means of cementing support among military circles to establish political legitimacy, and also as a means of diplomacy. The Roh Tae-woo administration initiated a construction boom in golf courses to promote sports for all. The Kim Young-sam administration announced a ‘no golf’ stance, while Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun-both of whom had roots in the opposition-strove to encourage golf as a means of embracing their conservative counterparts while also diluting their progressive and contrarian image. Lee Myung-bak included golf among the core strategic tourist industries, while his successor, Park Geun-hye, first prohibited public officers from playing golf before pivoting to a supportive stance later on in her administration.     

中外高尔夫球俱乐部发展条件比较及中国高尔夫球俱乐部发展预测

单纯从中美高尔夫球俱乐部的发展与国民经济发展和人均GDP关系的比较，中国的高尔夫球俱乐部发展的数量与美国有很大差距，其中主要原因包括人口数量不同、人均占有土地资源不同、国民收入不同以及政府相关的产业政策和高尔夫球运动在我国发展时间较短等；但在对日本、韩国、台湾等国家和地区高尔夫球运动的研究分析认为，高尔夫球运动与亚洲文化，特别是中国文化具有很强的共融性。综合这些因素，可初步预测中国的高尔夫球俱乐部至2015年的发展情况。     

The effect of alterations in foot centre of pressure on lower body kinematics during the five-iron golf swing

ABSTRACT

The research aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention aimed at altering pressure towards the medial aspect of the foot relating to stability mechanisms associated with the golf swing. We hypothesised that by altering the position of the foot pressure, the lower body stabilisation would improve which in turn would enhance weight distribution and underpinning lower body joint kinematics. Eight professional golf association (PGA) golf coaches performed five golf swings, recorded using a nine-camera motion analysis system synchronised with two force platforms. Following verbal intervention, they performed further five swings. One participant returned following a one-year intervention programme and performed five additional golf swings to provide a longitudinal case study analysis. Golf performance was unchanged evidenced by the velocity and angle of the club at ball impact (BI), although the one-year intervention significantly changed the percentage of weight experienced at each foot in the final 9% of downswing, which provided an even weight distribution at BI. This is a highly relevant finding as it indicates that the foot centre of pressure was central to the base of support and in-line with the centre of mass (CoM), indicating significantly increased stability when the CoM is near maximal acceleration.     

On the Swing Mechanics of a Matched Set of Golf Clubs

Abstract

Some golf equipment manufacturers produce matched sets of golf clubs using an empirical method based on first moments of mass as well as shaft stiffness, whereas others claim to match sets on the basis of moment of inertia and dynamic considerations of shaft stiffness. This paper considers the significance of the mass distribution feature of club matching with regard to the parameters relating to physical exertion by the golfer. It is shown that dynamic considerations require a mass variation through the set almost identical to the variation prescribed by static swing weighting, and that conventionally static balanced golf clubs differ in mass by less than five percent from that suggested using a dynamic balance. It is also shown that the maximum driving force is relatively the same for a specific golfer using a variety of golf clubs but that the driving forces of the professionals were higher than those recorded for the amateurs.     

Bone mineral density and body composition in elite female golf and netball players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare bone density and body composition measurements in women participating in elite-level netball and golf, two sports with contrasting loading characteristics. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 14 state-level netball players (20.8±3.4 years), 11 single-digit handicap golf players (22.4±2.1 years) and a control group (n=18) not training for sport (22.6±3.6 years). Trunk extensor endurance and grip strength were also measured using the Sorensen test and hand-grip dynamometry respectively. Netball players had significantly higher total body, lumbar spine and hip BMD than the golf players (P<0.001) and control subjects (P<0.001). The golf players had higher BMD than the control subjects only in the lumbar spine (P<0.05). The netball players were significantly taller than the golf players and control group (P<0.01) and had a higher body mass than the control group (P<0.001). After adjustment for body height and mass, the BMD values in the netball players remained significantly higher than the control subjects at all sites (P<0.01), while the golf players had significantly higher lumbar spine BMD than the controls (P<0.05). Elite-level netball participation is associated with increased total body, hip and lumbar spine BMD, while this response was only evident in the lumbar spine in elite golf players. The contrasting loading characteristics of these sports may be reflected in the site-specific differences in BMD when compared to non-athletic control subjects.     

中国古代捶丸与早期高尔夫球比较

通过对中国古代捶丸和早期高尔夫的考察,从名称、起源、文献记载、场地、器材与服装、竞赛组织与方式、规则、礼仪以及发展演变等方面,对二者进行了比较分析。认为从两种运动形式的相似性来看,捶丸和早期高尔夫这两类产生于不同地域的户外运动,应有着某种密切的关系。由历史发展进程而言,捶丸极盛之时的元代正值大规模东西文化交流时期,随着文化交流捶丸西传是不可避免的,因而现在风靡全球的高尔夫运动,其早期的发展、演化过程,与中国古代捶丸的影响当有着密切的关系。     

高尔夫运动传承的人类文化教育价值研究

高尔夫运动文化是现代物质文明与精神文明高度发展的产物,也是现代文化的一种高级形式,高尔夫不仅带给人类以运动锻炼,也能带来深厚的文化及教育价值。文章从高尔夫运动的起源、运动特点着手,以高尔夫文化的发展与教育相辅相成,分析高尔夫运动传承给现代人类文化及教育的价值。从而得出：文化促进了高尔夫运动的发展,高尔夫运动又带给当代社会新的文化价值;高尔夫运动要发展,依赖于教育与文化,文化教育的发展促使高尔夫人才的辈出,人才又反作用于教育,最终更加促进了高尔夫运动的发展,传承给人类文化教育价值源远流长、生生不息。     

深圳市儿童高尔夫启蒙教育现状调查研究

运用文献资料、问卷调查、访谈等方法研究深圳市儿童高尔夫启蒙教育的现状,并提出相应对策,以期促进深圳市儿童高尔夫运动快速发展,并为其它城市开展儿童高尔夫启蒙教育提供参考。