柴达木盆地气温降水的长序列变化及与水资源关系

根据柴达木盆地8个气象观测站点1960年-2009年共50年的逐月平均气温及降水量资料,综合运用线性趋势分析及Mann-Kendall趋势检验等气象统计分析方法对柴达木盆地气温及降水的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明在过去的50年里,柴达木盆地经历了明显的升温过程,且增温幅度越来越大,特别是进入20世纪90年代,总的升温幅度在0.5℃/10a左右,远大于同期全球的升温幅度;柴达木盆地降水也略有上升,变化幅度6.2mm/10a左右。从空间分布上看,柴达木盆地气温增幅从东到西逐渐增高,而降水倾向率则逐渐减小。季节分布上,盆地内冬季的气温升温幅度最为明显,增温幅度达0.72℃/10a左右,降水倾向率则夏季最大,达3.4mm/10a。累积距平曲线及Mann-Kendall趋势突变检验综合分析表明,柴达木盆地气温在20世纪80年代有一个明显的增温过程,增温起点在1987年左右。气温、降水的变化也在一定程度上影响到水资源量的变化,相关分析表明,地表水资源量与降水呈显著相关关系,但与气温关系不明显。另外,上一年降水也对地表水资源量有一定的影响。     

近50年来雅鲁藏布江流域气温变化特征

利用1961～2010年西藏雅鲁藏布江流域6个气象站逐月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温等资料,采用气候趋势、气候倾向率、滑动平均和M-K法等现代气候诊断方法,分析近50年来雅鲁藏布江流域气温的年、季和年代际变化。结果表明:雅江流域近50年来平均气温、最高气温、最低气温均呈现显著的升温趋势,增温幅度分别为0.35℃/10a、0.31℃/10a和0.45℃/10a。最低气温的增温幅度大于平均气温和最高气温。各气温呈明显的逐年代上升趋势,20世纪90年代以来增温速度极大,尤其是21世纪初增温更加显著。     

西藏丁青县1961—2015年气温变化特征分析

文章采用丁青县1961~2015年气温资料,运用气候倾向率、M-K趋势检验和突变分析、Morlet小波变换等方法对丁青县气温年、季变化特征进行分析,结果表明:丁青县平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈显著的上升趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.246℃/10a、0.242℃/10a和0.275℃/10a,升温率小于青藏高原地区,高于全国平均升温率。无论是平均气温、最高气温还是最低气温,四季均表现为增温趋势,以冬季增温幅度最大。平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的升高均为突变现象,突变点分别在1995年、2002年和1994年左右。气温变化存在明显的周期,且无论较长周期还是较短周期的变化都处于偏暖期,且在未来一定时期内呈向较暖趋势发展的走向。     

香格里拉未来50a主要气候环境要素变化预估——基于小波分析和多元VAR回归预估模型

采用云南省香格里拉气象站55a(1958-2012)的逐年气温、降水量、绝对湿度、相对湿度和霜日数资料,引入多元最小二乘估计模型(多元OLS)、多元向量自回归模型(多元VAR)和结构方程模型,基于Morlet连续复小波(Cmor)变换的主周期数据,探索未来50a香格里拉气温等气候环境要素的定量预估模型、变化趋势及5个主要气候环境要素的相互关系。结果表明:未来50a内香格里拉的气温以0.44℃/10a的速率升高,50a后气温将升高2℃左右;降水以围绕平均值做周期振荡为主,并以14.7mm/10a的速率增多;绝对湿度以0.06 mg/L/10a的速率增大,并有明显的周期振荡;相对湿度以-0.96%/10a的速率减小,并有周期振荡;年霜日数以-2.8d/10a的速率减少,并有周期振荡。绝对湿度、相对湿度和霜日数的变化与气温和降水的变化显著相关,气温变化对湿度和霜日数的影响大于降水量的影响,气温的持续升高是除降水外其他气候要素变化的主要原因。     

青海湖流域气候变化特征及其影响

本文利用1961～2018年青海湖流域气象站逐日观测资料,分析了近58年来青海湖流域气候变化特征及对青海湖水位、面积的影响。结果表明:1961～2018年青海湖流域年平均气温呈显著升高趋势,平均每10年升高0.4℃;年平均降水量明显增加,平均每10年增加14.5mm;年平均风速降低。暴雨日数显著增多,中雨日数、降水强度及强降水量增加,而干旱日数微弱减少。受降水量增加、布哈河来水量增多的影响,自2005以来,青海湖水位连续14年回升,累计上升2.37m,湖面积总体增加。未来在温室气体中等排放情景下(RCP4.5情景),青海湖流域气温将呈上升趋势,降水增加,蒸发增大,受气候暖湿化影响,青海湖水位可能继续上升、湖面积有进一步扩张趋势。     

西藏高原冬虫夏草产区气候变化特征分析

了解西藏高原冬虫夏草产区气候变化对当地冬虫夏草资源可持续利用和生态环境保护十分重要。本文利用产区24个气象站1981—2015年的气温、降水、日照资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,对产区气温、降水和日照的变化时空特征进行了分析,并集合平均5种气候模式在RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种情景下对产区未来年平均气温和年降水量进行了模拟预估。结果表明:近35年产区年平均气温表现为明显的升高趋势,冬春季升温最为显著,其次为夏秋季;雨季平均气温升温率小于年平均气温升温率。年和雨季的平均最高气温、平均最低气温均呈显著升高趋势,绝大部分站点的年、雨季平均最低气温升温率和平均最高气温升温率均明显大于同期平均气温升温率。年降水量大部分站点为增加趋势,但地区差异性较大;年平均日照时数和雨季日照时数均表现为明显的减少趋势。预估表明产区21世纪未来不同时段气候均表现为气温升高,降水增多的暖湿化发展趋势。未来冬虫夏草适宜海拔下限直接抬升将导致适宜区范围缩小,气候变化将对冬虫夏草的产生和生长造成严重威胁。     

1960年至2007年汾河流域气温年际和季节性变化特征分析

运用线性倾向分析、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall法等数理分析方法,对山西省汾河流域19个气象站1960年-2007年的逐月气温资料进行了分析。研究表明:自1960年以来,汾河流域年平均气温、平均最高和最低气温均呈波动变化趋势,并有升高趋势,递增率分别为0.32℃/10a、0.13℃/10a和0.50℃/10a。同时,气温年较差呈减小趋势,近48年的气温年较差递减率为0.37℃/10a。此外,年平均气温、平均最高和最低气温发生趋暖突变的时间分别是1993年、1996年、1981年,且近15年是流域年平均气温发生上升的主要时段。气候趋暖还表现出在冬季气温的递增速率最大的特点。流域南北年均气温变化的区域差异并不是很明显,但就各区域的季节变化而言,春冬两季的年均气温变化则表现出明显的区域差异。     

香格里拉未来50a主要气候环境要素变化预估——基于小波分析和多元 VAR 回归预估模型

采用云南省香格里拉气象站55a（1958-2012）的逐年气温、降水量、绝对湿度、相对湿度和霜日数资料,引入多元最小二乘估计模型（多元OLS）、多元向量自回归模型（多元VAR）和结构方程模型,基于Morlet连续复小波（Cmor）变换的主周期数据,探索未来50a香格里拉气温等气候环境要素的定量预估模型、变化趋势及5个主要气候环境要素的相互关系。结果表明：未来50a内香格里拉的气温以0.44℃/10a的速率升高,50a后气温将升高2℃左右;降水以围绕平均值做周期振荡为主,并以14.7mm/10a的速率增多;绝对湿度以0.06 mg/L/10a的速率增大,并有明显的周期振荡;相对湿度以-0.96%/10a的速率减小,并有周期振荡;年霜日数以-2.8d/10a的速率减少,并有周期振荡。绝对湿度、相对湿度和霜日数的变化与气温和降水的变化显著相关,气温变化对湿度和霜日数的影响大于降水量的影响,气温的持续升高是除降水外其他气候要素变化的主要原因。     

气候变化与波动对龙羊峡流量的影响及未来趋势的预估

本文从气候变化与波动的角度出发,分析了位于黄河上游的龙羊峡水库流量变化与气候条件的响应关系,发现气温、降水及蒸发的波动变化对水库流量有很大影响,依此关系建立了流量预估模型;并根据气候模式输出数据经降尺度处理生成的未来气候情景,对未来不同排放情景下龙羊峡水库流量进行了预估。结果表明:未来两个时期(2010s、2020s)龙羊峡平均流量均较基准期(1988年-2008年)增加,但在不同气候变化情景下,流量变化有明显的差异,其中A2情景下平均流量分别增加6.3%(2010s)和6.1%(2020s),B2情景下增加20.0%(2010s)和10.7%(2020s),据此,未来气候变化对龙羊峡灌区的可能影响将利大于弊,但仍具有较大不确定性。     

统计降尺度法分析太湖流域未来气候变化情景

大气环流模型(GCMs)预测的气候变化情景,需通过降尺度处理得出区域尺度上未来气候变化的时空分布信息,才能满足气候变化对资源、环境和社会经济等影响进行评估的需要。本文简单介绍了目前降尺度模式的研究现状,重点分析了统计降尺度的优缺点及适用性,并应用太湖流域7个气象站点基准期(1961年～1990年)日最高气温和最低气温实测资料,对统计降尺度模型(SDSM)进行率定和验证,确定模型应用的预报因子变量,建立未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2080s)的气温变化情景。结果表明,SDSM模型对于太湖流域日最高气温和最低气温的模拟效果较好,可以很好地模拟太湖流域未来的气温变化。与基准期相比,A2、B2情景下,太湖流域未来3个时期的日最高和最低气温变化情景都表现出明显的上升趋势,且随时间推移增幅明显增大;流域未来3个时期气温的季节变化较为明显,其中冬季增温最显著,秋季次之,春季和夏季变化相对较小。分析成果可为太湖流域未来气候变化情景的构建提供科学依据,以期为决策支持部门提供参考。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.