我国高水平运动员竞技体育精神核心内容分析

高水平运动员作为现代社会民族精神、时代精神等文化现象重要的体现者和传播者,当然应具有更高的精神文化要求,具有自己的文化品格.竞技体育精神是运动队和运动员在竞技体育实践活动中发展起来的竞技文化现象,主要包含奥林匹克精神、竞技精神、民族精神、职业精神和团队精神.心念力、竞争力和战斗力是竞技体育精神的核心内容,是竞技体育发展的本质要求.     

Urine specific gravity as an indicator of dehydration in Olympic combat sport athletes; considerations for research and practice

Urine specific gravity (U_SG) is the most commonly reported biochemical marker used in research and applied settings to detect fluid deficits in athletes, including those participating in combat sports. Despite the popularity of its use, there has been a growing debate regarding the diagnostic accuracy and the applicability of U_SG in characterizing whole-body fluid status and fluctuations. Moreover, recent investigations report universally high prevalence of hypohydration (～90%) via U_SG assessment in combat sport athletes, often in spite of stable body-mass. Given the widespread use in both research and practice, and its use in a regulatory sense as a ‘hydration test’ in combat sports as a means to detect dehydration at the time of weigh-in; understanding the limitations and applicability of U_SG assessment is of paramount importance. Inconsistencies in findings of U_SG readings, possibly as a consequence of diverse methodological research approaches and/or overlooked confounding factors, preclude a conclusive position stand within current combat sports research and practice. Thus the primary aim of this paper is to critically review the literature regarding U_SG assessment of hydration status in combat sports research and practice. When taken on balance, the existing literature suggests: the use of laboratory derived benchmarks in applied settings, inconsistent sampling methodologies, the incomplete picture of how various confounding factors affect end-point readings, and the still poorly understood potential of renal adaptation to dehydration in combat athletes; make the utility of hydration assessment via U_SG measurement quite problematic, particularly when diet and training is not controlled.     

Nutrition for power sports: middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing/kayaking, and swimming

Contemporary training for power sports involves diverse routines that place a wide array of physiological demands on the athlete. This requires a multi-faceted nutritional strategy to support both general training needs--tailored to specific training phases--as well as the acute demands of competition. Elite power sport athletes have high training intensities and volumes for most of the training season, so energy intake must be sufficient to support recovery and adaptation. Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen reduces high-intensity performance, so daily carbohydrate intake must be emphasized throughout training and competition phases. There is strong evidence to suggest that the timing, type, and amount of protein intake influence post-exercise recovery and adaptation. Most power sports feature demanding competition schedules, which require aggressive nutritional recovery strategies to optimize muscle glycogen resynthesis. Various power sports have different optimum body compositions and body weight requirements, but increasing the power-to-weight ratio during the championship season can lead to significant performance benefits for most athletes. Both intra- and extracellular buffering agents may enhance performance, but more research is needed to examine the potential long-term impact of buffering agents on training adaptation. Interactions between training, desired physiological adaptations, competition, and nutrition require an individual approach and should be continuously adjusted and adapted.     

辽宁省跆拳道队运动员运动损伤的调查研究

随着竞技体育的快速发展,跆拳道已经列入奥运会的正式比赛项目。跆拳道是一项激烈的对抗运动,是一项以脚为主要进攻而得分的运动项目,在训练及比赛中产生损伤是在所难免的。为了最大程度的减少或避免运动损伤的发生,确保运动员科学、系统的训练及比赛,文章运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法、数理统计等研究方法,对辽宁省跆拳道队运动员的运动损伤情况进行调查研究,分析损伤的原因,并提出相应的恢复及治疗措施,为提高训练水平预防运动损伤提供参考依据。     

营养与运动表现：国际奥委会2012年运动营养指南解读

运动员的日常饮食会影响其运动表现,而在训练和比赛中过程中不同的食物选择也会影响其训练和比赛的状态。良好的饮食习惯可以在强化训练的同时减少疾病和损伤的发生风险,还会提高肌肉及其他组织的训练适应性。通过国际奥林匹克委员会2012年运动营养指南的解读,对运动营养指南各个部分的生理学原理、研究依据、示例、具体建议进行阐释,使其更容易为教练员、运动员及科研人员所理解、掌握。虽然没有所谓的"全能饮食",但还是有很多可以让运动员吃得更好的方法应用于特定的比赛和专项中。     

论竞技武术套路运动员艺术表现力的培养与提高

武术虽然没有以正式的比赛项目进入2008年北京奥运会，但通过北京2008武术比赛使得竞技武术的竞赛规则更加完善，更加贴近于奥运会。在这种情况下，竞技武术套路运动员要想取得更好的成绩，就要不断加强运动员的综合素质，其中运动员的艺术表现力是非常重要的一个方面。文章采用文献资料法、调查访问法和现场观察法等研究方法，从运动训练、舞蹈形态学、音乐基础等多种学科的角度出发，分析影响竞技武术套路运动员艺术表现力提高的主要因素，并进一步探讨培养与提高的方法和手段，为武术套路运动员艺术表现力的培养提供可行依据。     

简述心理定势在竞技体育运动中的作用

心理定势在当今的竞技体育运动中有着举足轻重的作用。本文列举和分析了我国优秀运动员在 2 7届悉尼奥运会比赛中的成功事例 ,提出了运动员在日常训练及比赛时期应具有的心理定势。     

对我国体育运动学校田径项目办学效益的研究

采用文献调研、问卷调查和数理统计等方法进行了研究 ,结果提示 :我国体校教练员仅注重于把向上一级输送和成为国内优秀运动员作为后备人才培养的目标 ,没有把后备人才培养与奥运争光战略结合起来 ;以世界大赛前 8名作为成材标准 ,我国田径项目后备人才的成材率仅为 3.4 4‰ ;路径分析表明 ,我国田径后备人才培养的竞技效益主要只体现于国内比赛 ,而不是奥运会和世界锦标赛     

中国优秀乒乓球运动员年龄结构特征分析--以历届奥运会夺金运动员为例

通过文献资料法和数理统计法,以1988—2016年中国乒乓球奥运会夺金运动员的年龄结构为出发点,对我国38名奥运会夺金运动员的年龄结构、训练年限及参赛年龄进行深度分析,旨在探索影响我国奥运会夺金乒乓球运动员年龄结构的因素,为我国乒乓球运动的发展提供参考。研究表明:乒乓球奥运会夺金运动员的年龄结构呈递增关系,男子运动员增长的幅度大于女子运动员;激烈的内部竞争机制促使奥运参赛年龄结构的成熟化;竞赛规则的改变对夺金运动员的年龄结构增长具有显著影响;科学化训练和体育价值的体现与奥运参赛夺金运动员年龄结构呈正相关。     

我国体育体制转型的四个关键问题

在北京紧锣密鼓筹办奥运会和体育部门全力以赴准备参加2008年奥运会的时候，未雨绸缪地思考中国体育体制面临的转型问题很有必要。研究表明，奥运会赛场的竞争是非充分、不完全、未对等的竞争。高度重视运动员成绩的成本核算与报酬问题、保护职业体育市场中民间投资者的热情、给予高校高水平运动队（员）足够的发展空间有助于务实中国竞技体育的基础。各级政府保障对群众体育的经费投入，运动项目管理中心和协会腾出精力关照群众体育，职业体育俱乐部建立和健全运行机制是构建中国体育大厦的重要荦措。取消全运会闭幕式上的金牌、总分公布与排名仪式、大力强化单项锦标赛的地位、扶持高校探索竞技体育发展模式、完善职业体育俱乐部的管理体制等是国家体育管理部门实现中国体育体制转型的关键环节。     

湖北省连续六届奥运会夺得金牌的要素分析与思考

随着世界各国体育竞技能力的普遍增强，奥运会金牌争夺日益激烈，各个项目金牌的含金量也有着明显区别，湖北省连续六届奥运会都夺得金牌，这对于一个中部省份，一个经济欠发达的地区，能够拥有这一荣誉，它既是坚持奥运战略的精神财富，也成为认识和探索竞技体育制胜规律的重要实践依据。通过对湖北省24年来体育管理与训练、体育资源等方面的分析，得出能连续六届奥运会夺得金牌的内外因素，旨在为2008北京奥运会湖北体育夺金、争光进位提供参考。     

武术散手运动员常见损伤与处理

散手运动是两人按照一定的规则,运用武术中的踢打摔和相应的防守等技法进行徒手对抗的现代竞技体育项目,它是中国武术的重要组成部分.文章通过分析散手运动的拳打、脚踢、抱摔等运动特点,对散手运动员损伤的预防与处理方法作一初步探索,以期引起教练员、医务人员的高度重视.     

竞技运动恢复中的社会性恢复

从传统的生物恢复到心理恢复,再到现代的生物、心理、社会三方面的系统恢复,是传统的"体能型"竞技向现代的"智能型"竞技转变的必然结果.社会性恢复通过"无形"的手段可以取得"有形"的价值,使运动恢复更具人性化,使人在竞技中真正得到升华.同时,可以把运动员、集体和国家利益联系起来,使运动恢复更具人性化.在促进竞技运动成绩提高的同时,也使竞技与教育相结合,使运动员在认识人的本质的基础上,再去探索社会人的本性与竞技的关系,从而对进一步延长"运动生命"、提高运动员自身的人文精神和科学精神都有很深远的意义.     

第20 届冬奥会中国代表队赛况的剖析与反思

都灵冬奥会中国代表队雪上项目取得重大突破，而在冰上项目，特别是短道速滑项目上却出现了滑坡。采用文献资料法、录像观察法、逻辑分析法和数理统计法等研究方法，通过对第20届都灵冬奥会中国队与世界强队的实力对比研究，客观分析了影响中国代表队冬奥会成绩的因素，在此基础上，就中国冰雪项目的训练、备战、队伍建设以及可持续发展等问题提出了发展策略。     

冰雪体育集体项目运动员“亮剑”精神的培育

竞技体育比赛已经进入了一个全新的多维竞技时代,它不仅要求运动员具备精湛的技战术水平和上佳的心理状态,更需要运动员具备坚韧的意志力和战斗力,特别是对于冰球、冰壶等集体项目的运动员来说,过硬的战斗意志力以及善于团结协作的合作精神,成为每一个运动队面对强大对手时克敌制胜的不可或缺的法宝之一。对“亮剑”精神在竞技体育中的具体体现进行分析,总结出强化运动员思想教育,树立正确的人生观、世界观,加强文化知识学习,提高运动员文化智力水平,将“亮剑”精神渗透在日常训练和比赛之中,注重教练员的言传身教,感染、激发运动员比赛士气以及营造良好氛围,创建和谐、健康运动队环境等培养运动员“亮剑”精神的途径和手段,以保证运动员竞技水平在竞赛中得以充分甚至超常的发挥,对夺取比赛的胜利意义重大。     

色彩对运动能力的影响及其在体育运动中的应用

心理学研究表明:在人的感觉器官中,视觉的信息量最大,而色彩是引起产生直接反应的一种视觉刺激。在体育比赛或训练中,色彩直接影响人的心理、生理状态和情绪变化,继而影响运动员的运动效果和运动成绩。随着2008年北京奥运会的临近,我们应科学准确地利用色彩在体育运动中的积极作用,发挥运动员的运动潜能,提高运动成绩。     

Nutrition for winter sports

Winter sports are played in cold conditions on ice or snow and often at moderate to high altitude. The most important nutritional challenges for winter sport athletes exposed to environmental extremes include increased energy expenditure, accelerated muscle and liver glycogen utilization, exacerbated fluid loss, and increased iron turnover. Winter sports, however, vary greatly regarding their nutritional requirements due to variable physiological and physique characteristics, energy and substrate demands, and environmental training and competition conditions. What most winter sport athletes have in common is a relatively lean physique and high-intensity training periods, thus they require greater energy and nutrient intakes, along with adequate food and fluid before, during, and after training. Event fuelling is most challenging for cross-country skiers competing in long events, ski jumpers aiming to reduce their body weight, and those winter sport athletes incurring repeated qualification rounds and heats. These athletes need to ensure carbohydrate availability throughout competition. Finally, winter sport athletes may benefit from dietary and sport supplements; however, attention should be paid to safety and efficacy if supplementation is considered.     

Nutrition for throwers, jumpers, and combined events athletes

Throwers, jumpers, and combined events athletes require speed, strength, power, and a wide variety of technical skills to be successful in their events. Only a handful of studies have assessed the nutritional needs of such athletes. Because of this, recommendations for nutritional requirements to support and enhance training and competition performances for these athletes are made using research findings from sports and exercise protocols similar to their training and competitive events. The goals of the preparation cycle of nutrition periodization for these athletes include attaining desirable body weight, a high ratio of lean body mass to body height, and improving muscular power. Nutritional recommendations for training and competition periods include: (1) meeting energy needs; (2) timing consumption of adequate fluid and electrolyte intakes before, during, and after exercise to promote adequate hydration; (3) timing consumption of carbohydrate intake to provide adequate fuel for energy demands and to spare protein for muscle repair, growth, and maintenance; (4) timing consumption of adequate protein intake to meet protein synthesis and turnover needs; and (5) consuming effective nutritional and dietary supplements. Translating these nutrient and dietary recommendations into guidelines these athletes can apply during training and competition is important for enhancing performance.     

论承办2008年奥运会对我国大众体育产业的促进作用

奥运会是世界上规模和影响最大的体育赛事,从筹备、申办奥运到承办2008年奥运会势必会给我国的大众体育产业带来发展的契机。通过:1.我国对体育产业投入的增加;2.筹备、申办与承办奥运,带动了我国大众体育的繁荣;3.相关财政金融政策的出台等三方面论述了我国由筹备、申办2000奥运到承办2008年奥运会对本国大众体育产业发展的促进作用。     

竞技健美操发展趋势研究及对策分析

综合运用文献资料法、对比分析法、录像分析法,对竞技健美操比赛和竞技规则进行研究。分析世界竞技健美操的现状和发展趋势,以及我国健美操运动项目存在的问题及不足,并提出相应的解决办法和措施。我国竞技健美操总体水平较低,缺乏高水平的教练员和运动员队伍,应加强综合素质的训练,提高难度动作质量和动作设计水平以及个性化风格的创造。