Field measurement of gas permeability of compacted loess used as an earthen final cover for a municipal solid waste landfill

The use of loess as an earthen final cover material is promising in northwest China which has an arid and semi-arid climate. A full-scale testing facility with an area 30 m long by 20 m wide was constructed at the Xi’an landfill of municipal solid wastes to investigate the performance of an inclined capillary barrier cover. The cover consisted of a compacted loess layer underlain by a gravel layer. The testing facility was well instrumented for a gas permeation test and recording of the soil conditions in terms of volumetric water content, pore gas pressure, and soil temperature. Tests were performed to measure the gas permeability of the compacted loess before and after the planting of vegetation on the cover. The field measurements demonstrate that the capillary break at the fine/coarse soil interface allows the upper compacted loess layer to retain more water, and conversely reduces its gas permeability, which is favorable for reducing landfill gas emissions. When the degree of saturation of the compacted loess was greater than 85%, the gas permeability decreased significantly with a further increment in volumetric water content. The growth of vegetation roots tended to fill the large pores in the upper loosely-compacted loess, resulting in a decrease in gas permeability of one order of magnitude. The influence of soil clods in the compacted loess on gas permeability can be one to two orders of magnitude due to an increase in pore size and a decrease in tortuosity.     

Coupled Numerical Analysis of the Stability Behaviour of Unsaturated Soil Slopes Under Rainfall Conditions

Thebasicstressvariablesintheconstitutivemodelde velopedbyAlonsoetal[5] aresoilnetstressandsoilmatricsuctions ,whicharedefinedby　　　σ″ =σ -ua (1)　　　s=ua-uw (2 )whereσisthetotalstress,uwistheporewaterpressureanduaistheporeairpressure .　　Thenetmeanstresspanddeviatoricstressqarede finedas　　　p =σ1+2σ33-ua (3)　　　q =σ1-σ3(4 )　　Asgenerallyregarded ,thesoilsuctioniscomposedoftwoparts ,matricsuctionandosmosissuction .TheosmosissuctionisneglectedoriginallyinAlonsoetal′smodelandhe…     

盐渍土水分下渗能力及水盐动态运移试验

为探究盐渍化土壤水分下渗规律、水分下渗能力及水盐动态运移过程,设计了土壤剖面分层定水头供水及土壤剖面变水头供水下渗实验。测定不同层位土壤水分下渗率、含水率、孔隙水溶液电导率及土壤体电导率等参数,进行入渗条件下水盐动态运移规律分析。试验结果表明:盐渍化土水分下渗规律可由积水入渗Kostiakov模型进行刻画;浅层0~40 cm土壤相对于深层40~60 cm土壤具有较强的拦截和贮存入渗水分能力;盐渍化土壤盐分变动带位于浅层0~40 cm,且20~40 cm深度的土壤盐分波动幅度较大,深层40~60 cm土壤孔隙水溶液盐分向下运移的通量与土壤体盐分对其的补充量达到动态平衡,水分下渗过程中深层土壤孔隙水盐分含量相对平稳。实验结果为盐渍土的防治提供参考。     

梅州市龙丰垃圾填埋场封场后适种性研究

通过对梅州市龙丰垃圾填埋场的地理环境、运营模式、土壤性质和营养土层的研究,发现该填埋场具有中等的植被生长条件,废气影响小,覆盖土层达1m以上,无渗滤液的危害.有必要施加以N、P、K为主的复合肥或有机肥,以增加土壤的肥力,有利于植物的快速生长.研究结果表明,龙丰垃圾填埋场可进行植被修复,并可为相关研究提供科学依据.     

ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF LANDFILLING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔｄｅｃａｄｅｓ,Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｕｒｂａｎｐｏｐｕｌａ ｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｒａｐｉｄｌｙａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｅａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔ ｅｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ .Ａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ ,ｔｈｅｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄｏｆｔｈｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｓｏｌｉｄｗａｓｔｅ (ＭＳＷ )ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄａｎｄｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｐｅｒｐｅｒｓｏｎｐｅｒｄａｙｈａｓｂｅｅｎｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｙｅａｒｂｙｙｅａ…     

垃圾填埋气体传输过程的渗流模型及解析解

基于多孔介质渗流力学理论建立了垃圾填埋气体传输过程的动力学模型,采用Laplace变换对气体传输渗流场控制方程进行近似解析求解,得到了填埋气体非线性渗流的压力分布规律.由不同时间填埋气体压力随水平距离分布计算结果看出:随时间的增长,压力曲线变缓,压力增大.     

Engineering aspects of landfilling municipal solid waste

Sanitary landfilling is the most important method of municipal solid waste disposal in China. Landfill sites are always set up in mountain valley, on plain or beside seashore. A complete landfill consists of base system, cover system, and leachate collection and gas extraction system. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art landfilling technology in China and collection discusses research projects for engineers. Project(59878050) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)     

Laboratory and numerical study on an enhanced evaporation process in a loess soil column subjected to heating

The water vapor diffusion can be enhanced by the heating from municipal solid waste, and significantly impact the evaporation process in the earthen final cover. The parameters associated with the water vapor diffusion are usually measured by using the instantaneous profile method. This method is very time-consuming because the drying process lasts a long time. In this study, a bottom heating method is proposed to accelerate the drying process in a loess soil column. A constant temperature of 70 °C is applied at the bottom of the soil column. The thermo-hydraulic response of the loess is monitored along the soil column. A numerical model is developed to simulate the coupled thermo-hydraulic process. The numerical model is used to back analyze the tortuosity τ of the loess for vapor diffusion and the parameter a of an empirical evaporation function. We found that the bottom heating accelerated the drying process of the soil column by almost 22 d compared with the conditions without heating under the same evaporation boundary. Before Day 15, the proportions of the enhanced vapor flux in the total water loss were higher than 50%, dominating the evaporation process. The experimental and numerical study demonstrated that the proposed heating method is able to obtain the parameters of vapor diffusion more efficiently than the conventional method.     

Investigation of migration of pollutant at the base of Suzhou Qizishan landfill without a liner system

We investigated migration of pollutant at the base of the Suzhou landfill after it had been operated for 13 years. The investigation was carried out by performing chemical analyses on the soil samples taken from the silty clay deposit. Concentrations of chloride, chemical oxygen demand （COD） and the heavy metals in the soil samples were determined using the standard methods. The experimental data showed that the maximum migration depth of chloride was more than 10 m, while the maximum migration depth of COD varied between 1 and 3.5 m. It is believed that the difference is attributed to the variation in diffusion rate and leachate-soil interaction. The chloride profiles also indicated that adveetion may be the dominant contaminant transport mechanism at this site. The total contents ofCu, Pb and Cr are very close to the background levels and the concentration values of these metals mainly are lower than the threshold values specified by the Chinese soil quality standard and the European one. The water-extractable concentrations of COD in the surface of the silty clay generally exceed the limit value specified by the Chinese standard. The concentrations of copper and chromium in pore water are 1-2 orders of magnitude less than the total concentrations of these heavy metals within the soils, implying that heavy metals are mainly adsorbed by the soil particles. Finally, remediation methods were suggested for this landfill site.     

垃圾填埋场无害化管理初探

实施垃圾填埋场无害化管理就其技术特点而言,需要具备相关数据的及时性反馈特征。文中以实际填埋场库区管理为例,深入剖析包括生活垃圾填埋、填埋气体管理等主要环节,在此基础上对渗滤液处理站管理方式方法进行深入探讨。对每一环节严格按要求操作以调节运行机制,可以系统化实现垃圾填埋无害化管理。     

Geotechnical behavior of the MSW in Tianziling landfill

INTRODUCTIONTheTianzilingwastelandfillbuiltin 1991toproperlydisposeofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)hasadesignedservicelifeof13years.Itwasfilledstagebystageatthebeginningoftheelevationof 50 .5m .Bynow ,thelandfillhasreachedthelevelof 10 2 .5m ,whichex ceedst…     

A simple model for the hysteretic elastic shear modulus of unsaturated soils

Considering the great importance of the elastic shear modulus G₀ of unsaturated soils to the serviceability of many geo-structures in geo-energy and geo-environmental engineering, some semi-empirical models have been reported for the G₀ of unsaturated soils. Existing models require at least three parameters and the calibration of the model parameters requires extensive time-consuming unsaturated soil tests. In this study, a simple semi-empirical model is proposed for the hysteretic G₀ of unsaturated soils, requiring only two parameters. The constitutive variables of the mean Bishop’s stress and a bonding variable are adopted for considering the average stress between soil particles and the additional normal forces between soil particles provided by water menisci. The derived equation is applied to simulate the G₀ of unsaturated silts and sands. Comparisons between the measured and calculated results demonstrate that the proposed equation is able to describe the influences of various factors on G₀, including mean net stress, suction, wetting-drying, and void ratio.     

Geotechnical behavior of the MSW in Tianziling landfill

The valley shaped Tianziling landfill of Hangzhou in China built in 1991 to dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW) was designed for a service life of 13 years. The problem of waste landfill slope stability and expansion must be considered from the geotechnical engineering point of view, for which purpose, it is necessary to understand the geotechnical properties of the MSW in the landfill, some of whose-physical properties were measured by common geotechnical tests, such as those on unit weight, water content, organic matter content, specific gravity, coefficient of permeability, compressibility, etc. The mechanical properties were studied by direct shear test, triaxial compression test, and static and dynamic penetration tests. Some strength parameters for engineering analysis were obtained. Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59508012)     

Water and heat transport in hilly red soil of southern China: Ⅱ. Modeling and simulation

Simulation models of heat and water transport have not been rigorously tested for the red soils of southern China.Based on the theory of nonisothermal water-heat coupled transfer, a simulation model, programmed in Visual Basic 6.0, was developed to predict the coupled transfer of water and heat in hilly red soil. A series of soil column experiments for soil water and heat transfer, including soil columns with closed and evaporating top ends, were used to test the simulation model. Results showed that in the closed columns, the temporal and spatial distribution of moisture and heat could be very well predicted by the model,while in the evaporating columns, the simulated soil water contents were somewhat different from the observed ones. In the heat flow equation by Taylor and Lary (1964), the effect of soil water evaporation on the heat flow is not involved, which may be the main reason for the differences between simulated and observed results. The predicted temperatures were not in agreement with the observed one with thermal conductivities calculated by de Vries and Wierenga equations, so that it is suggested that Kh, soil heat conductivity, be multiplied by 8.0 for the first 6.5 h and by 1.2 later on. Sensitivity analysis of soil water and heat coefficients showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, and the water diffusivity, D(θ), had great effects on soil water transport; the variation of soil porosity led to the difference of soil thermal properties, and accordingly changed temperature redistribution,which would affect water redistribution.     

Water and heat transport in hilly red soil of southern China： II. Modeling and simulation

INTRODUCTION It is recognized that the transfer of soil moistureand heat occur simultaneously and are interrelated.Since the 1950s, many models have been developed,based on two nonisothermal water-heat coupledmodels by Philip and de Vries (1957) and Taylor andLary (1964), respectively. In China, some researcheson modeling coupled transfer of soil moisture andheat have also been conducted on the arid soils innorthern China (Kang et al., 1993; Guo and Li, 1997;Hu et al., 1992; …     

微咸水矿化度对土壤水盐运移的影响研究

日益短缺的淡水资源严重影响着工农业生产,开发、利用微咸水进行农田灌溉具有重要意义。本文通过微咸水室内一维垂直入渗试验,研究了钠吸附比（SAR）相同条件下,矿化度单一指标对土壤水盐运移特征的影响。结果表明土壤导水和持水能力随入渗水矿化度的增加而增大．矿化度大于3g／L时,增加幅度减小;土壤含盐量随入渗水矿化度的增加明显增大,矿化度大于3g／L时,土壤基本处于积盐状态;不同矿化度水入渗后5～40cm土层土壤浸提液SAR均小于入渗水钠吸附比8,但大于土壤浸提液初始钠吸附比。因此在此种土壤理化条件下,入渗水SAR为8h,矿化度为3g／L是土壤安全灌溉的上限。     

Mitigation of soil liquefaction using microbially induced desaturation

Soil liquefaction can cause disastrous consequences to buildings and human lives. Regular countermeasures against soil liquefaction are often overly expensive for normal buildings and structures. This could be the major reason that liquefaction induced damage is still widely encountered in large- and mid-size earthquakes in recent years. In this paper, a new method for the mitigation of soil liquefaction using the microbially induced soil desaturation is proposed and tested. The desaturation effect in soil is achieved by the generation of nitrogen gas produced from the microbial denitrification process. Some major issues related to this method are experimentally investigated. These include soil desaturation procedures, shapes and distribution of gas bubbles in soil, mechanical responses and liquefaction resistance of desaturated soils, and stability of gas in soils. The desaturation treatment of soils is made simply by introducing denitrifying bacteria and a desaturation solution into soil pores by mixing, flushing, or injection. The degree of saturation can be reduced as the microbial reaction proceeds. Experimental results show that the final degree of saturation is related to the initial nitrate concentration added to the soil: the higher the concentration of nitrate in the desaturation solution, the lower the degree of saturation that can be achieved. The existence of gas bubbles in soil is evidenced by computer tomography (CT) technology. The CT images reveal that gas is in the form of small pockets which has a size a little larger than the mean size of sand grains. It is shown in the shaking table tests that microbially induced desaturation can effectively improve the liquefaction resistance of soil by showing a much lower pore pressure generation, much smaller volumetric strain, and much smaller settlement of the structure in desaturated soil, as compared with those in saturated soil. Triaxial consolidated undrained tests reveal that the desaturation treatment of soil can improve the undrained shear strength of loose sand. The stability of gas is tested under hydrostatic and water flow conditions. The gas phase is stable under the hydrostatic condition, but unstable under water flow conditions. So measures ought to be taken to prevent steady flow in practice.     

大气甲烷源和汇的研究

甲烷是重要的温室气体之一，其单分子增温潜势约是CO2的62倍，目前大气CH4的浓度约为1．7ppm。甲烷的主要自然源包括反刍动物和一些昆虫的肠发酵及淹水土壤的有机物的厌氧分解。人类源包括煤燃烧、天然气泄漏、热带植物燃烧及垃圾填埋场．包括垃圾填埋场在内，土壤的CH4排放量约占全球CH4产生量的45％。     

Slope stability hazard management systems

Weather-related geo-hazards are a major concern for both natural slopes and man-made slopes and embankments. Government agencies and private companies are increasingly required to ensure that there is adequate protection of sloping sur- faces in order that interaction with the climate does not produce instability. Superior theoretical formulations and computer tools are now available to address engineering design issues related to the near ground surface soil-atmospheric interactions. An ex- ample is given in this paper that illustrates the consequences of not paying adequate attention to the hazards of slope stability prior to the construction of a highway in South America. On the other hand, examples are given from Hong Kong and Mainland China where significant benefits are derived from putting in place a hazard slope stability management system. Some results from a hazard management slope stability study related to the railway system in Canada are also reported. The study took advantage of recent research on unsaturated soil behaviour and applied this information to real-time modelling of climatic conditions. The quantification of the water balance at the ground surface, and subsequent infiltration, is used as the primary tool for hazard level assessment. The suggested hazard model can be applied at either specific high risk locations or in a more general, broad-based manner over large areas. A more thorough understanding of unsaturated soil behaviour as it applies to near ground surface soils, along with the numerical computational power of the computer has made it possible for new approaches to be used in slope hazard management engineering.     

正交各向异性土石坝非饱和稳定渗流分析

基于固定网格有限元法和土体基质吸力与饱和度之间的相互关系,推导了基质吸力的渗流控制方程,对渗透系数各向同性与各向异性的均质土石坝进行了稳定渗流场的数值模拟,研究水—土特性模型参数对渗流的影响,分析了基质吸力、流速矢量、孔隙压力、渗流量、渗流速度的变化规律.结果表明,坝体内的渗流量和渗透速度与土体渗透系数各向异性关系密切,Van Genuchten模型中α对吸湿曲线的影响较大.提出了在实践工程中考虑土体的非饱和及各向异性更合理,且慎重确定土体吸湿曲线的各参数.