耐力训练对大鼠肝脏、股四头肌中谷胱甘肽含量的影响

谷胱甘肽对清除机体内自由基有重要作用。本文通过检测大鼠肝脏、股四头肌中谷胱甘肽──还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＳＧ）的含量及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的含量，观察运动、训练后大鼠肝脏、股四头肌中谷胱甘肽含量的变化，研究耐力训练对谷肌甘肽在消除运动时内源性自由基的影响。实验结果显示大鼠经１１周跑台训练后，安静状态时肝脏中ＭＤＡ含量下降、ＧＳＨ含量增加，而股四头肌中ＭＤＡ、ＧＳＨ含量均不变；９０分钟定量负荷运动后，训练组大鼠表现了良好的运动适应，肝脏、股四头肌中具有较高的ＧＳＨ含量，ＧＳＨ／ＧＳＳＧ比值也较高，ＭＤＡ含量也较对照组增加少，且恢复较快。另外发现耐力训练引起大鼠肝脏、股四头肌中ＭＤＡ、谷胱甘肽含量的变化不完全一致。     

耐力训练后下丘脑－垂体调节功能对运动机能的影响

研究不同强度的耐力训练对下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴－性腺轴与运动有关的几个主要激素的影响，结果表明：不同强度的耐力训练对其合成，释放的作用是不同的。跑台上３５米／分的耐力训练，与其它强度相比，能增加下丘脑－垂体中β－内啡肽（β－ＥＰ）的储备，提高机体的应激能力。降低运动时的应激水平，和乳酸水平，增加有氧供能，从而说明，适宜的耐力训练可提高运动能力，其中β－ＥＰ对性腺轴和肾上腺轴的直接或间接的调控起了重要作用。     

急性运动对肾素－血管紧张素系统的影响及其与运动后蛋白尿的关系

为了探讨急性运动对血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）的影响以及它们在运动后蛋白尿生成机制中的作用。本文观察了大鼠大强度间歇负重游泳运动后ＰＲＡ、ＡⅡ浓度的变化及尿总蛋白（ＴＰ）、白蛋白（ＡＬｂ）β２微球蛋白（β＿２－ｍＧ）排泄率变化。结果发现：①急性运动可导致ＰＲＡ、ＡⅡ明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５；Ｐ＜０．０１），运动后尿ＴＰ、ＡＬｂ、β＿２－ｍＧ排泄率也有明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）。②ＰＲＡ－ＡⅡ与尿ＡＬｂ之间存在明显的相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示肾素－血管紧张素系统参与了运动后蛋白尿的生成过程。     

体针、艾灸刺激后血清T、HGH、FSH、LH和PRL的变化

体针、艾灸刺激后血清Ｔ、ＨＧＨ、ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ和ＰＲＬ的变化王禾，韦迪，杨海平，郑锡明，谢业琪，王国祥，薛连琦性激素对促进人体的生长发育起着重要作用。近几年，各国学者都重视运动员在训练前后性激素水平变化的研究。其中，以外源性激素类药物作用来提高运动成绩...     

以改革为动力同心同德再接再励开创我院教学工作的新局面(摘要)

以改革为动力同心同德再接再励开创我院教学工作的新局面（摘要）李宗浩ＬｉＺｏｎｇｈａｏＣＲＥＡＴＩＮＧＡＮＥＷＳＩＴＵＡＴＩＯＮＩＮＴＥＡＣＨＩＮＧＷＩＴＨＣＯＮＣＥＲＴＥＤＡＮＤＰＥＲＳＩＳ－ＴＥＮＴＥＦＦＯＲＴＳＡＮＤＩＭＰＥＴＵＳＯＦＲＥＦＯＲＭ...     

女运动员月经周期中性激素变化与运动成绩的研究

通过对３６ 名不同项目女运动员,在月经周期中血清雌二醇（Ｅ２） 、促卵泡激素（ＦＳＨ） 、促黄体生成素（ＬＨ） 、孕激素（Ｐ） 的测定,观察女运动员月经周期不同时相性激素变化与不同项目运动成绩的关系。受试者必须在卵泡期和黄体期分别按规定项目测试两次全速力竭运动成绩。赛艇队员测试５００ｍ 及２０００ｍ 成绩,田径队员测定１００ｍ 、２００ｍ 成绩,游泳队员测试每人专项成绩后统一评分。结果显示除赛艇运动员２０００ｍ 测试成绩无显著性差异外,其它各项成绩黄体期均优于卵泡期（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,且黄体期Ｐ的浓度也较高（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。     

试论乒乓球运动员的心理选材

试论乒乓球运动员的心理选材ＤＩＳＣＵＳＳＩＯＮＯＮＰＳＹＣＨＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＳＥＬＥＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＡＢＬＥ－ＴＥＮＮＩＳＰＬＡＹＥＲＳ王莉李全化ＷａｎｇＬｉＬｉＱｕａｎｈｕａ１心理选材要求（１）兴趣：兴趣顾名思义就是兴致和趣味。从心理角度讲，兴趣...     

如何提高竞走运动员的步幅

如何提高竞走运动员的步幅ＨＯＷＴＯＩＭＰＲＯＶＥＳＰＥＥＤ－ＷＡＬＫＩＮＧＰＬＡＹＥＲＳ′ＳＴＲＩＤＥ孙兴岱ＳｕｎＸｉｎｇｄａｉ１加大髋关节前后移动距离合理的竞走技术，要求骨盆围绕垂直轴向前移动的幅度越大越好。这个动作完成得好，可使身体重心波动轨迹...     

剧烈运动对人体血浆脂质过氧化物和抗氧化酶活性的影响

测定１５名运动员在功率自行车上进行逐级递增负荷至力竭运动前、后的血浆过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＲＢＣ－ＳＯＤ）、血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）、维生素Ｅ，发现运动后５分钟ＬＰＯ、ＲＢＣ－ＯＤ含量显著增高，提示剧烈运动不仅引起机体自由基产生增加，脂质过氧化作用加强，而且也动员了机体抗氧化防御系统功能。但以更能体现机体抗氧化防御功能的ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ和ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ／ＬＰＯ为指标进行观察，发现运动后机体的抗氧化防御系统功能实际上是下降的。     

有氧运动升高脂质清除障碍的ApoE~(-/-)小鼠血脂

目的：探讨ＡｐｏＥ在有氧运动调节脂质代谢机制中的作用。方法：应用基因调皮除的ＡｐｏＥ－／－鼠建立运动模型。结 果：对比游泳 １２周（２ｈ ｘ ６ｄ）前后结果。ＡｐｏＥ－／－鼠 ＴＣ（１８． ５±２． ２７ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｖｓ ２７． ９±４．６３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０． ０１）和 ＴＧ （１．０９±０．２６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｖｓ　１． ５２±０．３７ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）显著升高，睾丸总胆固醇水平下降。与 Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ对照鼠游 泳前后的变化趋势相反（ＴＣ：１．７６±０．３１ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｖｓ１．３２±０．３２ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０５；ＴＧ：０．８６±０．１４ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｖｓ ０．４５±０．０４３ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：ＡｐｏＥ－／－鼠运动后血脂升高。反映了运动促进组织脂质动员入血和 ＡｐｏＥ缺 失引起脂质清除障碍的机制；也说明运动调节血脂的关键机制包括ＡｐｏＥ参与的受体依赖脂质清除途径；同时提示 脂质清除障碍时，依靠有氧训练改善血脂状况的效果可能不佳。     

Acute impact of submaximal resistance exercise on immunological and hormonal parameters in young men

In this study, we examined the acute effects of submaximal resistance exercise on immunological and hormonal parameters in 7 resistance-trained and 10 non-resistance-trained males. The participants, who were aged 29.5 +/- 7.1 years (mean +/- s), performed submaximal resistance exercise at 75% of their one-repetition maximum. Blood samples were taken before, during, immediately after, and 30, 60 and 120 min after exercise and analysed for leukocyte subpopulations and stress hormones. Total leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes increased during exercise, reaching their maximum 2 h after exercise. Lymphocytes increased during exercise, T-helper cells returned to resting values after exercise, and natural killer cells and T-suppressor cells decreased below resting values. The CD4/CD8 ratio decreased during exercise but increased during recovery. The resistance-trained participants tended to have lower T-helper cell counts before, during and immediately after exercise and a lower CD4/CD8 ratio during recovery than the non-resistance-trained participants. Plasma cortisol correlated positively with leukocytes during exercise (r = 0.572, P < 0.05), but negatively with T-helper cells 30 and 60 min after exercise (r = -0.573, P < 0.05; r = -0.642, P < 0.01, respectively). Our results indicate that resistance exercise leads to acute changes in leukocyte counts, despite moderate hormonal changes, independent of training status. Regular resistance exercise might lead to decreased T-helper cell counts and a lower CD4/CD8 ratio, which could increase susceptibility to infections.     

Influence of aerobic versus anaerobic exercise on the relationship between reproductive hormones in men

This study examined the effects of equal anaerobic and aerobic total work outputs on the relationship between reproductive hormones in men. Nine subjects performed three randomized trials on separate days: (1) 1 h period of rest (control), (2) 1 h continuous aerobic exercise (65% VO₂ max), and (3) 1 h intermittent anaerobic exercise (which included 2 min exercise periods at 110% FO₂ max). The total work output of the aerobic and anaerobic trials were equated. For the 8 h after each experimental trial, blood samples were collected hourly and analysed for testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and cortisol. Diet, physical activity and circadian influences were all controlled. Compared with the control, the aerobic and anaerobic trials significantly (P < 0.05) elevated testosterone, prolactin and cortisol; however, these changes were transient and returned to control levels within 1–2 h of recovery. Neither exercise produced significant (P > 0.05) changes from control for LH and FSH. The area under the hormonal response curves (AUC) was calculated for the 8‐h recovery period. The testosterone and LH AUC results did not differ (P > 0.05) among the trials (the FSH AUC was not calculated). The prolactin AUC for the aerobic and anaerobic trials were greater (P < 0.01) than the control trial. The cortisol AUC for the anaerobic trial was greater than both the control and aerobic trials (P < 0.05), but the aerobic and control trials did not differ from one another. Correlation analysis among the AUC results within each trial showed testosterone and LH to be significantly related during the control (r = 0.723, P < 0.05) and aerobic (r = 0.801, P < 0.01) trials, but not so during the anaerobic trial (r = 0.430, P > 0.05). No other significant correlations were found. The present findings suggest the relationship between testosterone and LH is affected by anaerobic exercise but not aerobic exercise. However, the effect of anaerobic exercise upon the testosterone‐LH relationship did not seem related to the concurrently induced prolactin or cortisol changes. Anaerobic exercise may produce some degree of temporary alteration within the testosterone‐LH component of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis; however, the mechanism for this phenomenon remains unclear.     

Recommendations to maintain immune health in athletes

Numerous studies over the last 35 years report an increase in upper respiratory infection (URI) symptoms in athletes during periods of heavy training and competition. Challenges athletes face such as heavy exercise and life stress influence immune function via activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system and the resulting immunoregulatory hormones. Both innate and acquired immunity are often reported to decrease transiently in the hours after heavy exertion, typically 15–70%: prolonged heavy training sessions in particular have been shown to decrease immune function; potentially providing an ‘open window’ for opportunistic infections. Whether the observed changes in immunity with acute strenuous exercise or periods of heavy training account for the increased susceptibility to URI symptoms remains contentious. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that URI symptoms hinder athletic training and competition; underpinning the need to identify the prominent risk factors and appropriate countermeasures. Recent studies have identified prominent risk factors, including: intensified training in the winter; long-haul travel; low energy availability; high levels of psychological stress and anxiety; and depression. Given the shared pathways and effector limbs for the body’s response to physical and psychological challenges, it is logical that psychological strain influences immunity and illness incidence in athletes under heavy training; indeed, stress and anxiety have recently been shown to modify the immune response to exercise. This mini-review provides new insights and evidence-based recommendations for coping with the various challenges that athletes encounter on immune health, including: heavy exercise; life stress; sleep disruption; environmental extremes and nutritional deficits.     

间歇运动对高血压患者生存质量及血浆CRAMP的影响

目的比较大强度间歇运动和中等强度持续运动对高血压患者生存质量及血浆CRAMP的影响规律。方法26名原发性高血压患者经适应性训练后随机分为两组,分别进行中等强度的持续有氧练习(CE组)和较大强度的间歇有氧练习(IE组)16周,试验开始和结束时分别进行生存质量的评价和外周血CRAMP的测定。结果运动干预后两组患者SF-36量表各维度评分中,躯体疼痛和社会功能与干预前比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);而躯体功能、躯体角色、总体健康状况、活力、情感角色和心理健康6项指标与运动干预前比较都存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗后SF-36量表各维度评分,其4项指标:总体健康状况、活力、情感角色和心理健康,IE组均高于CE组(P<0.05);IE组CRAMP在运动后出现了明显下降(P<0.05),但CE组CRAMP在运动后下降不明显(P>0.05)。结论高强度间歇运动与中等强度持续均能提高高血压患者的生存质量,但间歇运动的效果更好,且可以降低高血压患者外周血衰老信号分子CRAMP水平;间歇运动是高血压患者运动干预的重要方式。     

长期运动训练对外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤和凋亡的影响及机制研究

训练组(男子足球运动员,n=16)和对照组(男子大学生,n=16)在功率自行车上完成一次递增负荷力竭运动。运动前、运动后以及运动后24 h采集静脉血,测定外周血淋巴细胞计数、淋巴细胞凋亡率、羟自由基、8-羟基脱氧鸟嘌呤(8-OHdG)和8-氧鸟嘌呤DNA糖基化酶(OGG1)。结果发现,运动后即刻,训练组和对照组外周血淋巴细胞计数(P<0.01;P<0.05)、淋巴细胞凋亡率(P<0.05;P<0.01)、羟自由基(P<0.01;P<0.01)、8-OHdG(P<0.01;P<0.01)和OGG1(P<0.01;P<0.01)均高于运动前水平,而训练组OGG1升高幅度高于对照组(P<0.01),其他各指标升高幅度则均明显低于对照组(均为P<0.01)。运动后24h,对照组外周血淋巴细胞计数低于运动前(P<0.01),淋巴细胞凋亡率高于运动前(P<0.01),而训练组则恢复至运动前;两组8-OHdG(P<0.05;P<0.01)均高于运动前,但升高幅度明显低于对照组(P<0.01);OGG1在对照组恢复至运动前,而训练组仍高于运动前水平(P<0.05)。因此,长期运动训练通过降低氧化应激水平、提高DNA修复能力、减轻DNA氧化损伤,抑制运动性淋巴细胞凋亡。     

运动对大鼠骨骼肌形态和代谢机能的影响

以大鼠为实验对象, 观察研究运动训练对大鼠骨骼肌形态及代谢机能的影响。16只健康、成年SD大鼠随机分为2组, 安静组 (n=8), 运动组 (n=8)。运动方案为跑台训练, 持续 8 周。研究发现, 运动组骨骼肌形态无异常变化, 肌纤维横截面积稍减小, 变化不显著。运动训练后, 骨骼肌及血清 IGF-I水平明显升高。此外,运动组琥珀酸脱氢酶活性有所下降, 而腓肠肌ATP酶活性明显升高。结论　 (1) 运动训练有效调解了体内的蛋白质代谢平衡。(2) 运动训练可以改变骨骼肌及血清IGF-I水平, 并对其蛋白质代谢产生一定的作用。(3) 运动训练在一定程度上改变了骨骼肌代谢酶活性, 从而影响其代谢功能, 以满足不同类型运动的需要。     

Effects of 8-week endurance and resistance training programmes on cardiovascular stress responses,life stress and coping

ABSTRACT

This study tested the effect of 8-week endurance and resistance training programmes on cardiovascular stress responses, life stress, and coping. Fifty-two untrained but healthy female students were randomised to an 8-week endurance training, an 8-week resistance training, or a wait list control group. Before and after the training intervention, we assessed the groups’ cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max test), self-reported life stress, coping strategies and cardiovascular reactivity to and recovery from a standardised laboratory stressor. Both endurance and resistance training programmes caused physiological adaptation in terms of increased VO2max after the intervention. For stress and coping parameters, participants in the training groups improved cardiovascular recovery from stress and reported having less stress in their everyday life after the intervention than participants in the control group, while the two training groups did not differ from each other. We did not find any significant differences in heart rate reactivity and coping strategies between the study groups. These results partly support that exercise training has stress-reducing benefits regardless of the type of exercise. Both endurance and resistance exercise activities may be effectively used to improve stress regulation competence while having less impact on changing specific coping strategies.     

Acute exercise-induced irisin release in healthy adults: Associations with training status and exercise mode

There is a growing interest in exploring irisin response to acute exercise; however, the associations of acute exercise-induced irisin release with training status and exercise mode are not fully understood. This study was primarily designed to evaluate these associations. Sixteen healthy adults (8 trained versus 8 untrained) underwent a bout of cycling at 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) for 50?min, with blood drawn pre-, 10-, and 180-min post-exercise. Another 17 healthy adults performed 2 bouts of graded exercise (cycling and running) until exhaustion on separate days using a randomized cross-over design, with blood taken pre-, 0-, 10-, and 60-min post-exercise. Circulating irisin, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and myoglobin (Mb) were measured, and their respective areas under the curves (AUCs) were calculated. Irisin increased 10-min after 50?min of cycling at 80% of VO_2max, while its changes from baseline to post-exercise and the amount of exercise-induced irisin release (presented as AUC) were comparable between trained and untrained adults (all P?>?.05). Irisin remained elevated 10-min post-exhausting running but decreased towards baseline 10-min post-exhausting cycling. Exhausting running induced an increase in irisin release for the whole course of exercise and recovery periods, but cycling did not. Acute exercise-induced irisin changes seemed not related to changes of CK, aspartate AST, and Mb in general. In conclusion, acute exercise-induced irisin release is not associated with training status but might be affected by training mode. Future studies are required to investigate which exercise mode might be most efficient in altering irisin.     

摔跤运动员冬训大负荷训练期间若干生化及免疫指标的监测研究

研究8名备战十运会的优秀男子古典式摔跤运动员进入冬训大负荷训练期4周后，运动训练对其部分血液生化及免疫指标的影响，以监控运动训练。结果显示，大负荷训练4周后，运动员BU、C、CK和CK-MB值均显著升高（P〈0．05），而Hb、T／C、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值及NK（CD16^＋和CD56^＋）细胞数均显著下降（P〈0．05），变化幅度可以反映运动员运动性疲劳的程度、对训练的适应及恢复情况；对生化指标结合免疫学指标进行综合分析，能够更准确地评定运动员的机能状态，监控运动训练。