肥胖基因与运动

本文就肥胖基因的结构、体内情况及运动对肥胖基因表达的影响做一综述,为运动减肥及预防肥胖引起的疾病提供参考依据,同时增加体育工作者对肥胖基因知识的了解并在以后的工作中加以运用。     

肥胖的产生机制及研究进展

肥胖是一种危害人类健康的慢性疾病。肥胖的产生受多种因素的影响,其主要调节机制包括基因、生理和行为因素。近几年,肥胖基因及其产物瘦素、解耦联蛋白、!3-肾上腺素受体等分子在生物学方面的研究取得很大进展。胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、脂肪组织及脂肪细胞的特征也引起学者们的广泛重视。本文对于肥胖机制研究中有代表性和一定影响的几种学说进行了综述。     

肥胖与遗传

综述讨论了肥胖形成的遗传学基础。内容包括：肥胖表现型的特点、肥胖与遗传的关系,遗传与环境对肥胖影响的实验模型以及肥胖形成的单基因作用     

儿童单纯性肥胖与纤维蛋白原基因遗传多态性的关联研究

以TaqI限制性内切酶测定Fg基因的多态性与儿童单纯性肥胖进行关联研究，发现基因型的分布在单纯性肥胖组和正常体重组有显著差异(基因型分布P=0．029；等位基因频率p=0．005)。携带突变等住基因的儿童易于肥胖。从而推测Fg基因可能是儿童单纯性肥胖的基因标记。研究结果提示：通过测定基因基础不仅可以预测单纯性肥胖的倾向。而且可以为建立预防和干预肥胖的模型提供理论依据。     

儿童单纯性肥胖的遗传学和运动性治疗研究进展

对儿童单纯性肥胖的遗传学和运动性治疗的研究进展进行了综述,着重论述了与儿童单纯性肥胖相关的基因和基因标记、有关运动治疗儿童单纯性肥胖的争议,从而讨论了根据基因型预测儿童单纯性肥胖的研究倾向以及根据基因型对外界因子（饮食和运动）的敏感性制定控制和治疗肥胖的方案,同时对其今后研究趋势作了展望。     

高胰岛素血症与肥胖

肥胖是一种危害人类健康的慢性疾病.肥胖的产生受多种因素的影响,其主要调节机制包括基因、生理和行为因素.其中胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症与肥胖关系密切.     

肥胖、瘦素与运动的研究综述

主要综述了ob基因及肥胖基因表达产物—leptin的结构、影响人类Leptin浓度的因素和Leptin功能及其作用机制，着重探讨运动对Leptin水平的影响和运动与瘦素水平，并对未来研究前景提出展望。     

大学生肥胖检出率以及肥胖对大学生体质的影响

使用皮脂测量法，计算出天津市大学生的肥胖检出率，肥胖标准定为男生大于２０％，女生大于３０％。结果发现男生的肥胖检出率为９％；女生肥胖检出率为１３％。进一步研究肥胖学生的体质状态，表明肥胖对大学生体质从形态、健康体质指标和运动能力上都有不良的影响，与正常体脂大学生的体质状态对比后，我们认为，降低体重，特别是减少体脂含量是肥胖大学生获得健康体质的首选途径     

运动干预下TRB3基因生物学功能的研究进展

运用文献资料法,总结了TRB3来源、结构、家族、分布状况及其生物学功能,结果表明:TRB3在多条信号转导通路作用下的生物学功能较为复杂,且在不同的生理状态下,如在肥胖、糖尿病心肌病与高血压心脏病等病理状态下,参与的TRB3基因表达量与调控作用同正常生理状态下其发挥的作用又有所不同.据此,着重总结肥胖状态下,运动干预下TRB3基因表达与生物学功能,并总结眼下热点问题如糖尿病心肌病、高血压心脏病与TRB3基因相关研究进展.     

青少年肥胖对健康的危害及防治

随着人们生活水平的日益提高,生活中的一些问题也逐渐显现出来,其中肥胖问题是在人们的生活中较为突出,尤其是青少年中的肥胖,也成了困扰广大家长的心病。研究肥胖的原因以及如何预防已经被广泛的重视。     

Correlation network analysis shows divergent effects of a long-term,high-fat diet and exercise on early stage osteoarthritis phenotypes in mice

Background:Obesity increases knee osteoarthritis(OA) risk through metabolic,inflammatory,and biomechanical factors,but how these systemic and local mediators interact to drive OA pathology is not well understood.We tested the effect of voluntary running exercise after chronic diet-induced obesity on knee OA-related cartilage and bone pathology in mice.We then used a correlation-based network analysis to identify systemic and local factors associated with early-stage knee OA phenotypes among the different diet and exercise groups.Methods:Male C57 BL/6 J mice were fed a defined control(10% kcal fat) or high fat(HF)(60% kcal fat) diet from 6 to 37 weeks of age.At 25 weeks,one-half of the mice from each diet group were housed in cages with running wheels for the remainder of the study.Histology,micro computed tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate changes in joint tissue structure and OA pathology.These local variables were then compared to systemic metabolic(body mass,body fat,and glucose tolerance),inflammatory(serum adipokines and inflammatory mediators),and functional(mechanical tactile sensitivity and grip strength) outcomes using a correlation-based network analysis.Diet and exercise effects were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance.Results:An HF diet increased the infrapatellar fat pad size and posterior joint osteophytes,and wheel running primarily altered the subchondral cortical and trabecular bone.Neither HF diet nor exercise altered average knee cartilage OA scores compared to control groups.However,the coefficient of variation was≥25% for many outcomes,and some mice in both diet groups developed moderate OA(>33% maximum score).This supported using correlation-based network analyses to identify systemic and local factors associated with early-stage knee OA phenotypes.In wheel-running cohorts,an HF diet reduced the network size compared to the control diet group despite similar running distances,suggesting that diet-induced obesity dampens the effects of exercise on systemic and local OA-related factors.Each of the 4 diet and activity groups showed mostly unique networks of local and systemic factors correlated with early-stage knee OA.Conclusion:Despite minimal group-level effects of chronic diet-induced obesity and voluntary wheel running on knee OA pathology under the current test durations,diet and exercise substantially altered the relationships among systemic and local variables associated with early-stage knee OA.These results suggest that distinct pre-OA phenotypes may exist prior to the development of disease.     

Gut microbiota and obesity:Impact of antibiotics and prebiotics and potential for musculoskeletal health

Obesity is a complex disease with multiple contributing factors.One of the most intensely studied factors during the past decade has been the gut microbiota,which is the community of all microbes in the intestinal tract.The gut microbiota,via energy extraction,inflammation,and other actions,is now recognized as an important player in the pathogenesis of obesity.Dysbiosis,or an imbalance in the microbial community,can initiate a cascade of metabolic disturbances in the host.Early life is a particularly important period for the development of the gut microbiota,and perturbations such as with antibiotic exposure can have long-lasting consequences for host health.In early life and throughout the life span,diet is one of the most important factors that shape the gut microbiota.Although diets high in fat and sugar have been shown to contribute to dysbiosis and disease,dietary fiber is recognized as an important fermentative fuel for the gut microbiota and results in the production of short-chain fatty acids that can act as signaling molecules in the host.One particular type of fiber,prebiotic fiber,contributes to changes in the gut microbiota,the most notable of which is an increase in the abundance of Bifidobacterium.This review highlights our current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in obesity development and the ways in which manipulating the microbiota through dietary means,specifically prebiotics,could contribute to improved health in the host,including musculo skeletal health.     

Effects of aerobic training on serum omentin-1 and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese men

Abstract

Omentin-1 is a newly discovered protein expressed and secreted from visceral adipose tissue that increases insulin sensitivity. We examined the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training on serum omentin-1 concentrations together with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese men. Eighteen overweight and obese participants (age 43.1 ± 4.7 years, BMI ≥25 kg · m^?2) were assigned to exercise training (n = 9) and control (n = 9) groups. A matched control group of normal weight participants (n = 8; age 42.2 ± 3.8 years, BMI <25 kg · m^?2) were also recruited for baseline comparison. The obese exercise group participated in 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training 5 days a week. Measures of serum omentin-1, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and body composition were obtained before and after the 12 weeks. At baseline, normal weight participants had significantly higher serum omentin-1 concentrations than overweight and obese participants, and there were inverse correlations between omentin-1 and each of waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). After the aerobic training, waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting glucose, insulin resistance, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure were all significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In contrast, serum omentin-1 concentration was significantly increased after the aerobic programme (P < 0.05), and correlated with changes in insulin resistance (r = ?0.67, P = 0.04), glucose (r = ?0.65, P = 0.05), waist circumference (r = ?0.70, P = 0.03), and aerobic fitness r = ?0.68, P = 0.04). Aerobic training resulted in an improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors in obese participants, and this improvement was accompanied by increased omentin-1 concentrations.     

福州市肥胖青少年减肥的调查研究

采用问卷法、访谈法、文献资料法、数理统计法等对福州市肥胖青少年的减肥行为及其相关因素进行了调查分析,主要结论:肥胖青少年对肥胖的认知极其有限和片面:综合运用多种方法进行减肥在肥胖青少年中具有普遍性;运动在控制体重和减肥中的重要作用得到了青少年的重视;肥胖青少年减肥效果较差;不良减肥行为的发生比例较高。建立加强肥胖与控制体重知识教育,宣传科学的减肥方式,预防和控制不良减肥行为的发生,旨在指导福州市肥胖青少年进行科学减肥,并为有关部门决策提供科学依据。     

Effects and prevalence of responders after a multicomponent intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity: Action for health study

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to verify the effect of a multicomponent intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), and to determine the prevalence of responders on CMRF among children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. This is a quasi-experimental study, developed with 35 children and adolescents with overweight/obesity (control group (CG) = 18; intervention group (IG) = 17), aged between 7 and 13 years. Participants in IG underwent a multicomponent intervention for 12 weeks. The following variables were evaluated: anthropometric measures, maturational stages and CMRF (body fatness, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, high-density and low-density lipoprotein) (HDL-C, LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and AST/ALT ratio. Mixed analysis of variance and the prevalence of responders were used for statistical analysis. There was a significant time x group interaction on body fatness (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.01), HDL-C (p < 0.001), LDL-C (p = 0.009) and TC (p < 0.001). The prevalence of responders for CMRF in IG and CG was respectively: body fatness (47%; 0%; p = 0.04), HOMA-IR (58.8%; 16.6%; p = 0.04); triglycerides (17.6%; 5.5%; p = 0.31); HDL-C (76.4%; 5.5%; p = 0.01), LDL-C (35.3%; 5%; p = 0.08), TC (64.7%; 5%; p = 0.01), AST (5.8%; 0%; p = 0.87), ALT (29.4%; 11.1%; p = 0.24) and AST/ALT ratio (24.4%; 22.2%; p = 0.67). Multicomponent intervention induced positive changes on CMRF along with a higher prevalence of positive adaptations in IG than the CG in some of the cardiometabolic outcomes assessed.     

Fit and phat: Black college women and their relationship with physical activity,obesity and campus recreation facilities

The purpose of this paper was to recognize factors that contribute to Black female college students adoption of physically active behaviors. In addition, this paper acknowledges the prevalence of obesity in the United States for Black women, and examines the relationship between body mass index, physical activity and use of campus recreation facilities and programs. The study is approached from an intersectionality lens, utilizing a quantitative and qualitative questionnaire to capture and analyze the perceptions and voice of Black female undergraduate students (n=49) attending a predominantly White institution in the southeast United States. Recognizing the intersectionality of race, gender and class, employing the theoretical frame of Black feminist thought was appropriate to capture the ‘multiple jeopardies’ in their daily experiences. The findings revealed 75.5% of the participants were in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for physical activity; however, 77.1% utilize the campus recreation facility fewer than two days per week. Moreover, the findings suggest the sociocultural environment as the most influential factor on Black female collegiate students’ relationship with physical activity, obesity awareness and campus recreation facility usage.     

减肥药的研究现状

介绍了减肥中运用的药物,包括西药、单味中药、复方中药及某些减肥保健品的主要成分,并对其药理、效果和副作用进行分析和探讨,认为根据中医理论配制的复方减肥中药有其独特的优势,可能代表着以后减肥药研制的方向。     

BMI、WHR与膝关节慢性创伤发病风险的关系研究

研究对象为哈尔滨市第六医院康复科402例膝关节慢性创伤患者（2005年～2010年）,数据采集内容包括：年龄、性别、膝关节慢性创伤、体质指数、腰臀比。根据性别不同对数据进行数理统计分析,通过体质指数（BMI）和腰臀比（WHR）标准对患者的肥胖程度进行分析。根据数据结果显示男子通过腰臀比定义为肥胖的往往高于女士。腰臀比在评价受试者肥胖的比例明显高于BMI测定结果（P〈0．05）,尤以男性突出。在膝关节慢性创伤患者中,腰臀比（WHR）与男性、女性膝关节骨关节慢性创伤的患病率存在显著性相关,男性患者达到了非常显著行相关,而体质指数（BMI）没有达到显著性相关。     

Using Social Cognitive Theory to Predict Physical Activity and Fitness in Underserved Middle School Children

Abstract

Few researchers have used social cognitive theory and environment-based constructs to predict physical activity (PA) and fitness in underserved middle-school children. Hence, we evaluated social cognitive variables and perceptions of the school environment to predict PA and fitness in middle school children (N = 506, ages 10-14 years). Using multiple regression analyses we accounted for 12% of the variance in PA and 13-21% of the variance in fitness. The best predictors of PA were barrier self-efficacy, classmate social support, and gender; whereas, only gender predicted fitness. The results affirmed the importance of barrier self-efficacy and gender differences. Our findings regarding classmate social support are some of the first to illuminate the importance of school-specific peers in promoting PA.