浅析武术概念的确定

武术概念是认识、研究和发展武术的起点。目前对武术概念的认识存在着许多分歧。该文对武术的产生、发展与现状进行了分析，论证了武术的本质特征，从而确立了武术的概念。     

武术的现代流变

通过文献资料法、逻辑分析法对武术的概念进行研究,认为不同的历史背景使人们对武术的认识有所不同,概念的表述也不同.透过对武术概念发展变化的分析,可以看到当时的历史背景影响着武术的发展,也清晰地呈现出武术在现代流变的轨迹.奥运后的武术也会随着这种流变向着竞技、健身、技击、娱乐等的不同需求发展,武术的概念也势必发生相应的变化以承载更多的内涵.     

浅析竞技武术套路新规则下的少儿武术训练理念

竞技武术套路新规则的出台,其目的是为了更好地量化评分标准,进一步推动武术套路运动的发展和国际化传播进程.但是其对少儿武术训练理念产生了很大的冲击,逐步形成了当今少儿武术训练的显著误区.文章针对武术套路竞赛新规则的实施情况,对当今训练形势进行了剖析,并对少儿武术训练理念提出了一些新的认识,以期唤起从事少儿武术训练工作的教练员和运动员对此问题的重视.     

武术概念：文化、历史与现代化

武术是一个历史的范畴,在不同时期具有不同的内涵与外延。 在古代文献中,虽然也有关于武术概念的只言片语,但从逻辑学的角度来看,还不是规范意义上的武术概念界定.武术概念的演变是武术现代化进程的产物。纵观近代以来武术的发展,可发现在不同时期人们对武术概念有不同的表述,这一方面反映了武术随着时间的推移在不停地发展变化,另一方面也反映了人们对武术的认识也在不断地深化,同时反映了武术发展的时代印记。     

武术国际化发展探讨

运用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,对现阶段中国武术国际化发展存在的问题进行分析研究,认为武术在国外的发展中还存在对武术概念、内容的认识不清,武术套路动作复杂繁多,武术传播者的自身素质,功夫影视的误导等不利于武术国际化发展的因素.提出武术国际化可持续发展的新思路.     

武术概念的嬗变

概念是反映事物本质的思维形式,是判断、推理和论证的基础。武术概念对武术理论与实践的重要性,不言而喻。然而,武术是一个动态的概念,它伴随着社会经济、文化的发展而不断扩充内涵与发展自身的内容。因此,人们对武术的认识与概念界定同样是一个渐进的过程。     

对现在武术的认识和传统武术发展的再思考

武术是中华传统文化的一部分,就其概念来说,武术大大有别于舞蹈、表演和竞技体操。现在武术的弊端在于承载了过多的文化负荷,比赛规则和体制制约着武术的发展。另外,当今市场经营理念、武侠小说及影视作品也对武术造成了不良影响。武术的出路在于回到其纯净的自身,在此之上发展自己的特色。     

对武术整体技术特征的研究和探索

对武术基本理论的研究是学术研究中不可或缺的,加深对概念及基本规律的认识,将有利于武术的国内发展和国际化传播的实践.武术从形式到内容多姿多彩,笔者总体上对武术在多方位地表现和再现技击、强调内外和谐、追求刚柔变化、技巧与功力互补等几方面的技术特征进行了梳理和分析.     

对武术概念的再认识

结合武术发展历史、现状，从人文精神、武德方面研究武术的概念，认为对武术概念的认识是发展的，武术概念就是以技击作为主要内容，以套路和格斗为运动形式，注重内外兼修、武德兼备，培养全面发展人的中国传统体育项目。     

对武术概念及层次分类的研究

主要采用逻辑与层次分析法,对武术总概念的定义进行了修订,把武术的内涵扩大到了体育与艺术项目的范畴.另外,把传统武术、现代武术、虚拟武术作为武术的分概念,每个分概念还列出了相应的次概念和子概念.传统武术是武术的原生态基因,现代武术是传统武术继承和发展的产物,虚拟武术是武术的艺术表现形式.通过对武术各个分支不同行为轨迹和衡量坐标的审理,充分表明武术是一个和谐的大家庭,能够使人类的健身活动、竞技体育、文化生活等实实在在地享受到武术的更多魅力.     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。