文化负载词的英译及语料库的应用探析

不同的语言各有特点和形式,在词汇、语法惯用法、表达方式等方面有相同之处,也有相异之处,翻译过程是一个复杂的信息匹配、信息转换过程,语料库的应用对翻译信息的存储和再利用起了推动作用,利用语料库将译作中的文化负载词信息加以归类和管理,可使译者在翻译的效率和质量方面获益,本文重点阐述文化负载词英译过程中的释译和音译,并阐述语料库对文化负载词翻译信息存储的重要性。     

基于汉英平行语料库的《红高粱家族》中汉语文化负载词的翻译研究

本文采用语料库分析方法,对双语文本进行对齐、标注并建库,使用语料库检索软件检索出各类文化负载词,并对其翻译策略进行分析和统计。数据显示,葛浩文对《红高粱家族》中文化负载词的翻译主要采取归化的翻译策略,这一结论既符合中国文学英译的主流模式也符合译者的翻译思想。通过对各类文化负载词的观察,发现译者对于难以寻找对等词的物质文化负载词和容易产生文化冲突的社会文化负载词和宗教文化负载词更倾向于使用归化策略,而为了保留原著的语言特征和异国情调,在语言文化负载词的翻译中大量采用了异化的策略。     

多维解读汉英平行语料库中汉语文化负载词的翻译

当今的语言在研究和交流中所扮演的角色已与过去有了深刻的不同,形形色色的文化差异的存在,点缀了作品和生活,也成为了研究翻译时不容忽视的因素。从多维角度解读汉英平行语料库中汉语文化负载词的翻译,从语言和文化心理层面剖析原作及译作,对于语言和翻译研究具有不可替代的意义。     

从文化负载词看《牡丹亭》的文化传译

文化负载词承载着一个民族独特的文化信息,其恰当翻译是衡量译作是否成功的重要标志。本文对《牡丹亭》两英译本中文化负载词的翻译进行了对比和分析,阐明了文化负载词的翻译译者应在译语读者所能接受的情况下最大限度保留汉民族文化色彩,在传播汉民族传统文化的同时实现其概念意义与文化信息传达的最佳效果。     

多元文化视阙下的汉语文化负载词翻译探微

在翻译研究或翻译实践中,汉语文化负载词是最具动态、最能生动直接地体现华夏民族灿烂文化的语言单位。汉语句短,意合铺排,流散疏放,神聚于形外,往往是由意义定夺句中各词功能,因而汉语文化负载词中常凝结着深厚的文化气息甚至是历史文化线索,处理起来要颇费功夫。而文化亦是包罗万象,多姿多彩,也是错综复杂的,只有在复杂的多元文化视阙下透视汉语文化负载词的翻译,才能使原作更“传神”,才能使读者和作者进行较对等的交流。     

从关联理论看口译中汉语文化负载词的变通翻译

文化负载词是指某种文化中特有的,包含某种审美信息的词语或词组。汉语文化负载词是指包含中国文化中特有的审美信息的词语或词组。多年来,文学翻译中汉语文化负载词的翻译引起了翻译界诸多的思考与讨论。但对于翻译的另一大领域-口译-中出现的汉语文化负载词的翻译关注不多。本文旨在从关联理论的角度探讨口译中汉语文化负载词的变通翻译。     

比较《老残游记》中文化负载词的翻译策略

翻译不仅是两种语言之间的转换,也是两种文化之间的交流。翻译与文化密切相关。在所有语言要素中,与文化联系最为密切的是词汇,而文化负载词是其中重要的组成部分。这篇文章立足于文化翻译的角度,对两部英译本中的典型示例进行比较评估及详尽分析。对于中国古典文学作品的翻译,译者应在文化翻译观的指导下,采取多样的翻译策略力求最大程度地再现源语文化的特色,以便实现不同文化间的等值翻译,这便要求译者在准确传达原文意思的前提下翻译文化因素时尽可能多地使用异化策略。必要时,适当地采用“中国英语”而非“中式英语”对具有深刻文化内涵的作品进行翻译。     

多元文化视阙下的汉语文化负载词翻译探微

在翻译研究或翻译实践中,汉语文化负载词是最具动态、最能生动直接地体现华夏民族灿烂文化的语言单位。汉语句短,意合铺排,流散疏放,神聚于形外,往往是由意义定夺句中各词功能,因而汉语文化负载词中常凝结着深厚的文化气息甚至是历史文化线索,处理起来要颇费功夫。而文化亦是包罗万象,多姿多彩,也是错综复杂的,只有在复杂的多元文化视阙下透视汉语文化负载词的翻译,才能使原作更"传神",才能使读者和作者进行较对等的交流。     

从“目的论”看《阿Q正传》杨宪益英译本中文化负载词的处理

目的论认为:所有翻译所要遵循的首要法则就是目的法则,即翻译目的决定翻译策略与方法。以目的论为基础,对《阿Q正传》杨宪益英译本中文化负载词的翻译进行分析,指出译者在翻译过程中所选用方法的目的性,并指出目的论给译作的评析带来的启示。     

比较《老残游记》中文化负载词的翻译策略

翻译不仅是两种语言之间的转换,也是两种文化之间的交流。翻译与文化密切相关。在所有语言要素中,与文化联系最为密切的是词汇,而文化负载词是其中重要的组成部分。这篇文章立足于文化翻译的角度,对两部英译本中的典型示例进行比较评估及详尽分析。对于中国古典文学作品的翻译,译者应在文化翻译观的指导下,采取多样的翻译策略力求最大程度地再现源语文化的特色,以便实现不同文化间的等值翻译,这便要求译者在准确传达原文意思的前提下翻译文化因素时尽可能多地使用异化策略。必要时,适当地采用"中国英语"而非"中式英语"对具有深刻文化内涵的作品进行翻译。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.