SRM功率自行车模拟场地原地起动训练的研究

目的：通过对SRM功率自行车使用不同档住无氧测试结果的比较，并与场地原地起动训练结果对比，对自行车运动员原地起动能力的实验室测试、评定方法进行探讨。方法：8名优秀男子短距离自行车运动员使用SRM功率自行车9～13档进行15s起动测试和场地166m原地起动训练，对测试结果进行比较、分析。结果：用SRM功率自行车在选择不同档住进行测试时，Pmax除了在9～10、10～11、11～12之间没有显著性差异之外，其余各档住之间都有显著性差异。SRM功率自行车11档测出的TPmax、TCmax、Cmax结果与场地测试结果之间无显著性差异。结论：1）运动员最大功率和总功率输出水平是运动能力的基础，专项最大功率的出现取决于环境阻力和选取与环境阻力相匹配的最佳传动比，阻力或频率的改变都会使人体输出功率改变。2）使用SRM功率自行车进行测试时，应根据运动员的训练水平不同，选取合适的档住，在实验室模拟场地原地起动166m训练，11档是最合适的。     

优秀短距离自行车运动员无氧代谢能力特征研究

目的:比较不同性别和训练水平运动员无氧能力的差异,探讨短距离自行车运动员高能磷酸原供能、糖酵解供能和混合无氧供能能力的特征。方法:对16名优秀短距离自行车运动员进行10s(女)、15s(男)、30s和60s的无氧功测定,测定运动后即刻、运动后3min恢复心率和血乳酸。结果:1)磷酸原代谢能力表现出明显的性别差异,男运动员最大功率、相对最大功率、平均功率、相对平均功率、最大圈数都明显高于女运动员;2)30s和60s两种测试中,运动员爆发力表现出相同水平,但糖酵解代谢持续供能能力随运动时间的延长而明显下降;3)男子优秀运动员组15s无氧功最大功率、平均功率明显高于普通组。男、女最大圈数大于普通组,达到最大圈数时间小于或等于普通组;4)男子优秀组运动员30s、60s平均功率高于普通运动员组。女子优秀运动员组30s、60s平均功率、最大圈数明显高于普通运动员组,60s最大功率明显高于普通运动员组(P<0.05)。结论:1)优秀短距离自行车运动员具有较强的磷酸原代谢能力,男运动员明显强于女运动员;2)较强的糖酵解代谢能力是短距离自行车运动员无氧代谢能力的特征;3)评定磷酸原系统能力时,男、女运动员都使用10s无氧功测试为好;4)不同水平运动员的无氧代谢能力表现出明显差异,优秀运动员组强于普通运动员组。     

优秀中国式摔跤运动员无氧耐力特征的研究

目的：比较不同性别、不同训练水平的优秀中国式摔跤运动员的糖酵解代谢能力,探讨其无氧耐力的特征。方法：对27名优秀中国式摔跤运动员进行30s和60s的无氧功测试,记录相关功率指标及运动后的血乳酸。结果：（1）糖酵解代谢供能能力有明显性别差异,男子30s和60s的最大功率、相对最大功率、平均功率、相对平均功率和疲劳指数均明显高于女子,但男、女运动员的血乳酸无明显差异;（2）男子优秀组运动员30s和60s的最大功率和平均功率明显高于普通组,但优秀组和普通组间相对最大功率和相对平均功率无明显差异。女子优秀组30s和60s的最大功率显著高于普通组,但相对最大功率、平均功率、相对平均功率和疲劳指数无显著性差异;（3）与散打相比,中国式摔跤运动员表现出较强的无氧耐力,但与自行车、举重和体操项目相比其无氧耐力较差。结论：（1）优秀中国式摔跤运动员具有较强的无氧耐力,且男子明显高于女子;（2）不同水平男、女中国式摔跤运动员的无氧耐力具有明显差异,优秀组明显高于普通组;（3）结合血乳酸指标可以更客观地评价中国式摔跤运动员的无氧耐力;（4）30s和60s无氧功测试相结合可以更全面地反映中国式摔跤运动员的无氧耐力。     

两种大强度间歇训练对优秀公路自行车运动员有氧能力的影响

目的：比较两种大强度间歇训练手段对优秀自行车运动员有氧运动能力的影响。方法：将15名备战全国“十三运”的云南省自行车队男子运动员随机分为3组， S组训练方案采用SIT/耐力训练， H组训练方案采用HIIT/耐力训练， C组为对照组，进行传统耐力性训练；训练持续3周。训练前后进行递增负荷测试和有氧运动能力测试，测试指标包括最大摄氧量绝对值（VO2max）、最大摄氧量相对值（VO2max/kg）、每分通气量（VE）、最大心率（HRmax），并通过公式计算每搏输出量（SV），以及测试递增负荷后即刻血乳酸（BLA）、最大有氧功率（P）和40 km个人计时成绩进行了测试。结果：（1）3周训练后，S组运动员VE、HRmax、SV、VO2max、VO2max/kg、P和ITT40km均较训练前有显著性提高（P＜0.05）；H组运动员VE、VO2max/kg、ITT40km较训练前有显著性增加（P＜0.05），BLA有显著性的下降（P＜0.05）。（2）S组运动员ΔVE、ΔHRmax、ΔSV、ΔVO2max、ΔVO2max/kg、ΔBLA、ΔITT40km显著提升（P＜0.05），且优于其余两组；H组仅ΔITT40km存在明显提升（P＜0.05）。结论：间歇训练结合耐力训练对优秀公路自行车运动员的呼吸系统、有氧供能系统可产生积极的影响；而且，SIT结合耐力训练较HIIT结合耐力训练或传统耐力训练更能提高公路自行车运动员的有氧代谢能力和有氧运动能力，训练效果更佳。     

运动生理研究在壁球训练中的应用

本研究的目的是评价香港优秀壁球运动员的生理及运动专项素质。10名优秀壁球运动员参加了此研究。最大吸氧量（VO2max）测定用连续递增负荷跑台方法，运动专项场地测试在壁球场中进行。测试结果为：身高172．6±4．3cm，作重67．7±6．9kg；体脂7．4±3．4％，用力肺活量（FVC）5．13±0．26升；VO2max61．7±3．4ml·kg-1·min-1，无氧阈（AT）80．2±3．3％VO2max；非乳酸能15．5±1．8W·kg-1，乳酸功323．5±29．4J·kg-1。结果表明，香港壁球运动员具有相当高的心肺运动专项素质。这也是他们取得亚洲冠军的成功因素之一     

男子400m跑运动员气体代谢的适应性变化特征

通过对男子400m跑运动员及普通男子大学生在递增负荷运动过程中气体代谢变化的比较研究发现,运动过程中400m跑运动员VO2和VO2/HR始终大于普通大学生,VEO2小于普通大学生;运动开始阶段运动员VO2、VCO2及VO2/HR指标增加速度相对较快;中等强度运动时,实验组RQ、VCO2增长速度略高于VO2增长速度,但无显著性差异;而对照组VCO2及RQ增加速度明显高于VO2;大负荷运动时,运动员VO2、VCO2、RQ及VO2/HR绝对值及增加速度明显大于对照组。     

优秀中国式摔跤运动员无氧代谢能力特征的研究

目的:比较不同性别、不同训练水平优秀中国式摔跤运动员磷酸原、糖酵解和混合无氧供能能力的特征.方法:对27名优秀中国式摔跤运动员进行10 s、30 s和60 s无氧功测试,记录相关功率指标及运动后血乳酸.结果:磷酸原和糖酵解代谢供能能力有明显性别差异,男子10 s、30 s和60 s的最大功率、相对最大功率、平均功率、相对平均功率和疲劳指数均明显高于女子,但男、女运动员的血乳酸无明显差异;男子优秀组运动员10 s、30 s和60 s的最大功率和平均功率明显高于普通组,但优秀组和普通组间相对最大功率和相对平均功率无明显差异.女子优秀组10 s、30 s和60 s的最大功率显著高于普通组,但相对最大功率、平均功率、相对平均功率和疲劳指数无显著性差异;与散打相比,中国式摔跤运动员表现出较强的无氧代谢能力,但与自行车、举重和体操项目相比其无氧代谢能力较差.结论:优秀中国式摔跤运动员具有较强的无氧代谢能力,且男子明显高于女子;不同水平中国式摔跤运动员的无氧代谢能力具有明显差异,男、女优秀组分别明显高于普通组;结合中国跤运动员10 s、30 s和60 s无氧功相关指标,测定运动前、后的血乳酸变化,能更客观全面地反映优秀中国跤运动员的无氧代谢能力.     

场地短距离自行车大强度骑行中的疲劳定量分析

目的：对场地自行车不同传动比下大强度骑行过程中功率、频率变化进行测评,分析传统疲劳指数、频率指数和净疲劳指数在疲劳评价中的应用价值。方法：10名男子短距离自行车运动员分别使用50：12和50：13两种传动比进行两次200m俯冲骑行测试,使用SRM自行车专用功率记录仪采集骑行全程的功率和踏蹬频率,分别计算传统疲劳指数、频率指数和净疲劳指数。结果：运动员完成200m俯冲骑行到达终点前30s过程中,功率、频率前7s同时逐渐增加,8-11s功率增加但频率维持原来水平,功率在12-15s左右达到最大,此时频率约为130rpm左右,随后可见频率仍在增加,但功率逐步降低。场地自行车大坡俯冲骑行过程中,传统疲劳指数明显高于净疲劳指数,两者计算结果的差异来自与是否将频率变化包括在内。结论：净疲劳指数较传统疲劳指数更好地反映了场地自行车骑行中的功率-频率关系,并能描述不同速度下的疲劳程度。运动员可以通过适度增加传动比,降低频率来提高200m计时赛运动成绩。     

赛前加压训练结合冲刺间歇训练对公路自行车运动员运动能力的影响

目的：比较在赛前训练阶段采用加压训练结合SIT训练与单独SIT训练对公路自行车运动员运动能力的影响。方法：将12名云南省女子公路自行车运动员随机分为两组，在训练前后分别进行身体成分测试、递增负荷测试和Wingate无氧功测试。结果：（1）两组运动员训练前后体重、肌肉量无明显变化，加压组体脂率较训练前差异呈显著性（P＜0.05），对照组骨骼肌含量较训练前有显著差异（P＜0.05）；（2）训练后加压组最大摄氧量相对值、无氧阈心率 、最大心率与每搏输出量较训练前差异非常显著（P＜0.01），最大有氧输出功率较训练前差异呈显著性（P＜0.05），对照组各指标的变化趋势与加压组相似，但增长幅度较加压组小，无氧阈心率、最大心率较训练前差异呈显著性（P＜0.05），每搏输出量较训练前差异呈非常显著性（P＜0.01），两组运动员VE均较训练前有所下降；（3）训练后加压组峰值功率、相对峰值功率、平均功率、相对平均功率较训练前差异呈显著性（P＜0.05）；对照组峰值功率与相对峰值功率较训练前差异呈显著性（P＜0.05）；平均功率与相对平均功率较训练前稍有下降。结论：（1）赛前3周加压训练结合SIT训练和单纯SIT训练均可引起机体蛋白质分解代谢和降解加速，而导致骨骼肌含量下降；（2）赛前加压训练结合SIT训练和单纯SIT训练均可有效提高公路自行车运动员的有氧运动能力，且加压训练结合SIT训练较单纯SIT训练的增长幅度更明显，训练效果更佳；（3）赛前加压训练结合SIT训练可有效提升公路自行车运动员爆发力水平和无氧耐力水平。     

冬训对场地短距离自行车运动员若干生理指标影响的研究

目的:以备战十三运会浙江省场地自行车短距离组运动员为研究对象,通过监控冬训前后各项生理指标,探讨和评价冬训引起自行车运动员专项能力及形态指标的变化规律,探寻科学化训练的有效性.方法:在冬训前后,对自行车运动员的最大摄氧量、无氧功、体成分进行监测分析,运用统计学的相关系数方法进行定量分析.结果:(1)冬训前后自行车运动员最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量几乎没有变化;(2)女子运动员最大无氧功、30s平均无氧功和体成分指标未见显著性差异而30s平均无氧功呈现显著性差异,但有较为明显的变化.结论:(1)有氧代谢能力的优劣并不是影响场地自行车短距离运动员专项成绩的主要因素,但对无氧训练后乳酸的消除起到积极的作用;(2)无氧代谢供能是影响场地自行车短距离运动员运动成绩的重要因素,峰值功率和30s平均功率评价运动员冬训训练效果是科学的;(3)体脂百分比下降,而瘦体重增加,对提高运动员专项成绩起到积极的作用.     

A comparison of the cycling performance of cyclists and triathletes

The aim of this study was to compare the cycling performance of cyclists and triathletes. Each week for 3 weeks, and on different days, 25 highly trained male cyclists and 18 highly trained male triathletes performed: (1) an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer for the determination of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), peak power output and the first and second ventilatory thresholds, followed 15 min later by a sprint to volitional fatigue at 150% of peak power output; (2) a cycle to exhaustion test at the VO2peak power output; and (3) a 40-km cycle time-trial. There were no differences in VO2peak, peak power output, time to volitional fatigue at 150% of peak power output or time to exhaustion at VO2peak power output between the two groups. However, the cyclists had a significantly faster time to complete the 40-km time-trial (56:18 +/- 2:31 min:s; mean +/- s) than the triathletes (58:57 +/- 3:06 min:s; P < 0.01), which could be partially explained (r = 0.34-0.51; P < 0.05) by a significantly higher first (3.32 +/- 0.36 vs 3.08 +/- 0.36 l x min(-1)) and second ventilatory threshold (4.05 +/- 0.36 vs 3.81 +/- 0.29 l x min(-1); both P < 0.05) in the cyclists compared with the triathletes. In conclusion, cyclists may be able to perform better than triathletes in cycling time-trial events because they have higher first and second ventilatory thresholds.     

Seated versus standing position for maximization of performance during intense uphill cycling

It is not known whether the seated or standing position favours performance during intensive bouts of uphill cycling. The following hypotheses were therefore tested: (1) the standing position results in better performance at a high power output, while (2) the seated position is best at a moderate power output. We also assessed the seated-standing transition intensity, above which seated cycling should be superseded by standing cycling for maximization of performance. Ten male cyclists (mean age 27 years, s = 3; height 1.82 m, s = 0.07; body mass 75.2 kg, s = 7.0; VO2max 70.0 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), s = 5.2) performed seated and standing treadmill cycling to exhaustion at 10% grade and at four power outputs ranging from 86% to 165% of their power output at maximal oxygen uptake (Wmax). Power output at maximal oxygen uptake was obtained during determination of VO2max. There was no difference in time to exhaustion between the two cycling positions at 86% of Wmax (P = 0.29). All participants performed best at the highest power output (165% of Wmax) when standing (P = 0.002). An overall seated-standing transition intensity of 94% of Wmax was identified. Thus, in general, cyclists may choose either the standing or seated position for maximization of performance at a submaximal intensity of 86% of Wmax, while the standing position should be used at intensities above 94% of Wmax and approaching 165% of Wmax.     

Temporal aspects of the VO2 response at the power output associated with VO2peak in well trained cyclists--implications for interval training prescription

The power output achieved at peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the time this power can be maintained (i.e., Tmax) have been used in prescribing high-intensity interval training. In this context, the present study examined temporal aspects of the VO2 response to exercise at the cycling power that output well trained cyclists achieve their VO2peak (i.e., Pmax). Following a progressive exercise test to determine VO2peak, 43 well trained male cyclists (M age = 25 years, SD = 6; M mass = 75 kg, SD = 7; M VO2peak = 64.8 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), SD = 5.2) performed two Tmax tests 1 week apart. Values expressed for each participant are means and standard deviations of these two tests. Participants achieved a mean VO2peak during the Tmax test after 176 s (SD = 40; M = 74% of Tmax, SD = 12) and maintained it for 66 s (SD = 39; M = 26% of Tmax, SD = 12). Additionally, they obtained mean 95% of VO2peak after 147 s (SD = 31; M = 62% of Tmax, SD = 8) and maintained it for 95 s (SD = 38; M = 38% of Tmax, SD = 8). These results suggest that 60-70% of Tmax is an appropriate exercise duration for a population of well trained cyclists to attain VO2peak during exercise at Pmax. However, due to intraparticipant variability in the temporal aspects of the VO2 response to exercise at Pmax, future research is needed to examine whether individual high-intensity interval training programs for well trained endurance athletes might best be prescribed according to an athlete's individual VO2 response to exercise at Pmax.     

不同角速度下自行车运动员膝关节肌力特征的研究

方法：利用CONTREX等速肌力测试与训练系统,以180°／s、120°／s、60°／s3种角速度对苏州市自行车训练队26名运动员右腿膝关节进行等速向心屈伸测试。目的：分析自行车运动员不同角速度下等速向心收缩与膝关节肌肌力的关系及肌力特征。结果：1、屈伸肌峰力矩随速度的增加呈减小趋势。2、到达峰力矩的时间随测试速度的增加而缩短。且男女运动员在180°／s与120°／s组间均无显著差异。3、膝关节相对平均功率伸肌均大于屈肌,120°／ts时,屈伸肌的相对平均功率最大。4、屈伸肌比在64．8％～70．6％内,有随速度增加而增加的趋势。结论：以60°／s的角速度训练肌肉最大力量效果更明显;爆发力在120°／s时训练效果最佳;屈／伸肌比值（H／Q）在正常范围内,但低于优秀运动员（优秀运动员可达80％以上）。     

Effect of age on 16.1-km time-trial performance

In this study, we assessed the performance of trained senior (n = 6) and veteran (n = 6) cyclists (mean age 28 years, s = 3 and 57 years, s = 4 respectively). Each competitor completed two cycling tests, a ramped peak aerobic test and an indoor 16.1-km time-trial. The tests were performed using a Kingcycle ergometer with the cyclists riding their own bicycle fitted with an SRM powermeter. Power output, heart rate, and gas exchange variables were recorded continuously and blood lactate concentration [HLa] was assessed 3 min after the peak ramped test and at 2.5-min intervals during the time-trial. Peak values for power output (RMP(max)), heart rate (HR(peak)), oxygen uptake (VO2(peak)), and ventilation (V(Epeak)) attained during the ramped test were higher in the senior group (P < 0.05), whereas [HLa](peak), RER(peak), V(E): VO2(peak), and economy(peak) were similar between groups (P > 0.05). Time-trial values (mean for duration of race) for power output (W(TT)), heart rate (HR(TT)), VO2 (VO(2TT)), and V(E) (V(ETT)) were higher in the seniors (P < 0.05), but [HLa](TT), RER(TT), V(ETT): VO2(TT), and economy(TT) were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). Time-trial exercise intensity, expressed as %RMP(max), %HR(peak), % VO2(peak), and % V(Epeak), was similar (P > 0.05) for seniors and veterans (W(TT): 81%, s = 2 vs. 78%, s = 8; HR(TT): 96%, s = 4 vs. 94%, s = 4; VO2(TT): 92%, s = 4 vs. 95%, s = 10; V(ETT): 89%, s = 8 vs. 85%, s = 8, respectively). Overall, seniors attained higher absolute values for power output, heart rate, VO2, and V(E) but not blood lactate concentration, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), V(E): VO2, and economy. Veterans did not accommodate age-related declines in time trial performance by maintaining higher relative exercise intensity.     

A mathematical model for simulating cycling: applied to track cycling

A review of existing mathematical models for velodrome cycling suggests that cyclists and cycling coaches could benefit from an improved simulation tool. A continuous mathematical model for cycling has been developed that includes calculated slip and steering angles and, therefore, allows for resulting variation in rolling resistance. The model focuses on aspects that are particular, but not unique, to velodrome cycling but could be used for any cycling event. Validation of the model is provided by power meter, wheel speed and timing data obtained from two different studies and eight different athletes. The model is shown to predict the lap by lap performance of six elite female athletes to an average accuracy of 0.36% and the finishing times of two elite athletes competing in a 3-km individual pursuit track cycling event to an average accuracy of 0.20%. Possible reasons for these errors are presented. The impact of speed on steering input is discussed as an example application of the model.     

Physiological correlates to off-road cycling performance

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between maximal and submaximal tests for aerobic fitness and performance in an off-road cross-country circuit race. Thirteen competitive off-road male cyclists participated in the study. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak power output, and lactate thresholds corresponding to 1 mmol x l(-1) above baseline (lactate threshold) and to 4 mmol x l(-1) (onset of blood lactate accumulation) were measured during an incremental cycling test. Race time and final ranking within the same group of cyclists were determined during a cross-country off-road competition. All correlations between the measured parameters of aerobic fitness and off-road cycling performance were significant, particularly between race time and physiological parameters scaled to body mass0.79 (r = -0.68 to -0.94; P < 0.05) and between final ranking and physiological parameters expressed relative to body mass0.79 (r = -0.81 to - 0.96; P < 0.001). Moreover, there was a large difference (effect sizes = 1.12-1.70) in all measured parameters of aerobic fitness between the group of six cyclists with a race time above the median and the group of six cyclists with a race time below the median (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study provide empirical support to the widespread use of these maximal (VO2peak, peak power output) and submaximal (lactate thresholds) parameters of aerobic fitness in the physiological assessments of off-road cyclists. Furthermore, our results suggest body size should be taken into account when evaluating such athletes.     

场地自行车男子1km计时赛、竞速赛运动员个体速度耐力特征的分析

分析自行车运动员在场地1 km计时赛和竞速赛中的专项数据变化规律,并与常用的速耐训练方法进行比较分析,探讨两个项目的专项速度耐力特征,为指导专项训练提供实验依据。1 km计时赛中,运动员往往在最后300 m左右出现体能的明显降低、专项速度耐力下降的现象。竞速赛中三道队员如果不能在前两圈跟骑过程中有效的节省体力,会在第三圈的后半圈出现耐力降低的专项特点。在短距离自行车专项训练中,专项速度耐力应当作为训练重点常抓不懈,并使用合适的传动比和贴近专项的训练方法,使专项训练强度能够保证比赛要求。