中国优秀女子赛艇运动员体能模型的理论与实践研究

以21名中国优秀女子赛艇运动员为研究时象，综合运用文献资料、调查、测量与评价、教理统计、帕雷托分析、雷达分析及归纳等研究方法．探讨了赛艇运动员体能模型构建理论。认为：赛艇运动员体能模型系统包括模型参数筛选、体能结构模型和体能诊断与评价体系三个子系统。其中，模型参数(指标)筛选为体能模型的核心，运动员体能结构模型的构建是体能模型的基础，运动员体能水平的诊断和评价则为体能模型的目的。它们内在彼此关联完整地构成运动员的体能模型系统：体能模型的建构科学性决定于模型指标筛选的科学性，而其运行效益则取决于体能诊断与评价体系的科学性。     

赛艇运动员疲劳诊断与体能恢复的相关研究进展

赛艇作为体能类的竞技项目,对运动员的体能水平要求较高。在日常训练及比赛中,对赛艇运动员的身体疲劳程度进行准确地测试和评价,以及采用恰当的恢复手段保证运动员体能的及时恢复十分重要。优秀赛艇运动员疲劳诊断与体能恢复系统的开发,将为赛艇运动的科学训练提供保证。     

我国优秀皮划艇激流回旋运动员体能诊断与训练对策研究

以中国皮划艇激流回旋队9名国际健将级运动员为研究对象,对其最大摄氧量、心率、乳酸、卧推与卧拉的最大力量（1RM）及力量耐力（40% 1RM,120 s）、静水300 m直线速度、静水8 km长划等指标进行测试,采用SPSS25.0对测试结果进行描述统计,并与世界优秀选手相关体能指标进行比较,诊断我国优秀激流回旋运动员体能问题,并提出相应训练对策。结果表明,我国优秀激流回旋运动员有氧能力、专项力量、基础速度与专项速度不同程度落后于国际优秀选手。为提升我国优秀激流回旋运动员体能水平,建议采用水上与陆上相结合的有氧训练方法发展运动员有氧能力,提高全年有氧训练比例,科学安排有氧训练的负荷量与强度;采用陆上基础力量训练发展运动员上肢爆发力、力量耐力与躯干稳定性力量,采用水上专项力量训练发展运动员划桨的峰值桨力与功率;既要重视运动员静水划船的基础速度,也要强化其高强度、高速度的激流专项竞速能力。     

赛艇教学与训练方法综论

对赛艇教学与训练方法,如针对赛艇运动初学者的教学与训练方法、赛艇水上合练教学、赛艇运动员陆上专项力量耐力训练方法、赛艇教学中的诱导法与赛艇技术教学的常用手段等进行综合性论述。从而在横向比较中,对改进和完善赛艇教学与训练,起到一定的推动作用。     

中国优秀女子赛艇公开级运动员体能诊断的方法学研究

以１５名中国优秀女子赛艇公开级运动员为研究对象,在测试和调查基础上,综合运用逐步回归分析、灰色关联分析、因子分析、测量与评价理论、帕雷托分析、雷达分析和目标挑战模型等多种方法,探讨了中国优秀女子赛艇公开级运动员体能诊断的方法学体系。结果表明：１．中国优秀女子赛艇公开级运动员体能诊断的方法学体系包括有效体能指标的筛选、指标权重确立和诊断操作方法３项内容。其中,有效体能指标的筛选及指标权重确立是构建科学体能诊断方法体系的前提和基础;２．中国优秀女子赛艇公开级运动员体能诊断操作方法涵盖运动员体能现状定位、态势分析及体能训练策略规划等内容,而评价法、帕雷托分析法、雷达分析法和差距系数判刑法可基本回答并解决这些问题。     

赛艇运动员体能水平构成因素及科学化训练原则

对赛艇运动员的体能构成进行生理学分析，找出构成赛艇运动员的主要体能要素，并提出赛艇运动员体能科学化训练的原则：身体训练要注重全面性；注重训练的系统性；围绕比赛进行实战训练；科学调控体能训练的顺序和运动负荷；与专项技术训练紧密结合；注重训练的针对性与运动员的个体差异。     

青少年游泳核心稳定性训练模式的探索与实证研究

研究基于实验室平衡能力测试和25 m短池条件下游泳专项能力部分评价指标,以14名青少年游泳运动员为测试对象,进行为期8周的干预训练,探讨水陆核心稳定性训练模式在青少年游泳训练中的应用。研究结果表明:实验组与对照组前后测试结果除COP(压力中心)轨迹曲线长度无显著性差异外(P=0.277),其他指标均有显著性差异(P<0.05);平板支撑、瑞士球、平衡球-皮条拉力等不稳定训练手段的使用,对陆上体能训练的单一、重复、枯燥等特点有积极改善作用,更能有效激发运动员陆上体能训练热情和强化水中技术动作的衔接。保持训练手段的不稳定性和加强小肌肉群的灵活与相互协同,合理安排陆上核心稳定性训练与水上技术训练的比例与适时转化,对青少年游泳运动员成绩提高有积极作用。     

男子赛艇轻量级运动员有氧和无氧能力的研究

赛艇运动是以有氧耐力为基础,无氧耐力为辅的体能主导的竞技体育项目。运动员体成分、有氧、无氧能力等因素影响着运动员比赛的发挥,通过实验法对湖北省男子赛艇轻量级4名运动员的体成分以及有氧、无氧能力的测定,研究其关系,为监控和评价运动员运动能力的理论依据。测试结果显示4名男子赛艇轻量级运动员具有良好的心肺机能,承受极限负荷的训练及适应长时间的大强度训练比赛的能力较强;血乳酸值较高,说明4名运动员耐酸能力较强,在比赛过程中无氧能力好,起航和冲刺能力较强。功率自行车测试结果显示4名运动员有氧能力强,持续时间长,做功效率高。体成份测试表明4名运动员基本在要求体重以内,达到比赛规定的基本要求。     

青少年赛艇运动员的全面身体素质训练

赛艇运动是一项体能类竞技项目，赛艇运动员的能力很大程度上决定着专项成绩的好坏，没有了体能作保证，比赛中就很难发挥正常的技术和战术水平。那么如何训练青少年运动员的身体素质是摆在教练员面前的一个实际问题。     

优秀赛艇运动员疲劳诊断与体能恢复指导专家系统的研制

为提高赛艇运动训练科学化水平,在文献研究和实验研究的基础上,建立不同训练负荷评定和疲劳诊断开放式的评价方法。结合计算机技术,使用VisualBasic6.0编程平台进行软件开发,以Windows系统为操作平台,研制成功优秀赛艇运动员疲劳诊断与体能恢复指导专家系统,实现了运动员信息综合管理、运动员机能状态评定、训练负荷监控、不同训练类型疲劳诊断与体能恢复指导的计算机化。     

Biomechanics feedback for rowing

Factors that affect boat speed are important determinants of rowing performance and should form the basis of feedback to rowers and their coaches. Biomechanical analysis of rowing has led to variables that are causally linked to boat speed. With modern technology, these variables can be measured and feedback can be presented instantaneously on-water, or be presented simultaneously with video after the event. This paper demonstrates the links between the criterion of success in rowing, the time for completing 2000 m and the forces acting on the boat, and describes an instrumentation system for providing feedback of these variables to rowers and coaches. These feedback techniques have been used with rowers from national to Olympic competition standard. Aspects of technique have been linked to the determinants of boat speed and several examples are presented here. The motor learning literature supports the effectiveness of kinetic information feedback for the improvement of motor skill and provides a relevant conceptual framework for the improvement of rowing performance. However, although rowers and their coaches value this feedback, further research must be undertaken to establish a sound basis for comparing the effectiveness of such feedback compared with traditional styles, such as verbal feedback of performance.     

Biomechanics feedback for rowing

Factors that affect boat speed are important determinants of rowing performance and should form the basis of feedback to rowers and their coaches. Biomechanical analysis of rowing has led to variables that are causally linked to boat speed. With modern technology, these variables can be measured and feedback can be presented instantaneously on-water, or be presented simultaneously with video after the event. This paper demonstrates the links between the criterion of success in rowing, the time for completing 2000 m and the forces acting on the boat, and describes an instrumentation system for providing feedback of these variables to rowers and coaches. These feedback techniques have been used with rowers from national to Olympic competition standard. Aspects of technique have been linked to the determinants of boat speed and several examples are presented here. The motor learning literature supports the effectiveness of kinetic information feedback for the improvement of motor skill and provides a relevant conceptual framework for the improvement of rowing performance. However, although rowers and their coaches value this feedback, further research must be undertaken to establish a sound basis for comparing the effectiveness of such feedback compared with traditional styles, such as verbal feedback of performance.     

Reliability of power output during rowing changes with ergometer type and race distance

Coaches, sport scientists and researchers assess rowing performance on-water and on a variety of ergometers. Ergometers are frequently used because of the easier assessment environment. However, there is limited information on the ability of rowers to reproduce mean power or time-trial time when using different rowing ergometers (Concept II and RowPerfect) or completing tests over different distances (500 m versus 2000 m races). To test the efficacy of an intervention on a rower's ability to produce power, or to monitor that ability, it is essential to determine a reliable rowing performance test. The per cent standard error of measurement in performance (assessed by mean power and time-trial time) of fifteen national standard rowers was determined for five repeated 500 m and two repeated 2000 m races on a Concept II and RowPerfect ergometer. The per cent standard error of measurement (% SEM) in mean power between 5x500m races, regardless of gender, was 2.8% (95% confidence limits (CL)=2.3 to 3.4%) for the Concept II ergometer and 3.3% (95% CL=2.5 to 3.9%) for the RowPerfect ergometer (n = 15). Over 2000 m the per cent standard error of measurement in mean power was 1.3% (95% CL 0.9 to 2.9%) for the Concept II ergometer and 3.3% (95% CL 2.2 to 7.0%) for the RowPerfect ergometer The results highlight an increase in per cent standard error of the mean during performance races of less than 2000m on the Concept II ergometer, and performance races on the RowPerfect ergometer compared with the Concept II ergometer over 500 m and 2000 m. The most appropriate protocol for testing the influence of an intervention on the ability of a rower to produce power would be 2000 m races on a Concept II ergometer.     

The relationship between selected physiological variables of rowers and rowing performance as determined by a 2000 m ergometer test

The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between selected physiological variables of rowers and rowing performance as determined by a 2000 m time-trial on a Concept II Model B rowing ergometer. The participants were 13 male club standard oarsmen. Their mean (+/- s) age, body mass and height were 19.9+/-0.6 years, 73.1+/-6.6 kg and 180.5+/-4.6 cm respectively. The participants were tested on the rowing ergometer to determine their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), rowing economy, predicted velocity at VO2max, velocity and VO2 at the lactate threshold, and their velocity and VO2 at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x l(-1). Percent body fat was estimated using the skinfold method. The velocity for the 2000 m performance test and the predicted velocities at the lactate threshold, at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x l(-1) and at VO2max were 4.7+/-0.2, 3.9+/-0.2, 4.2+/-0.2 and 4.6+/-0.2 m x s(-1) respectively. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that the three predicted velocities were all significantly different from each other (P<0.05). The VO2max and lean body mass showed the highest correlation with the velocity for the 2000 m time-trial (r = 0.85). A stepwise multiple regression showed that VO2max was the best single predictor of the velocity for the 2000 m time-trial; a model incorporating VO2max explained 72% of the variability in 2000 m rowing performance. Our results suggest that rowers should devote time to the improvement of VO2max and lean body mass.     

Comparing para-rowing set-ups on an ergometer using kinematic movement patterns of able-bodied rowers

While numerous studies have investigated the biomechanics of able-bodied rowing, few studies have been completed with para-rowing set-ups. The purpose of this research was to provide benchmark data for handle kinetics and joint kinematics for able-bodied athletes rowing in para- rowing set-ups on an indoor ergometer. Able-bodied varsity rowers performed maximal trials in three para-rowing set-ups; Legs, Trunk and Arms (LTA), Trunk and Arms (TA) and Arms and Shoulders (AS) rowing. The handle force kinetics of the LTA stroke were comparable to the values for able-bodied literature. Lumbar flexion at the catch, extension at the finish and total range of motion were, however, greater than values in the literature for able-bodied athletes in the LTA set-up. Additionally, rowers in TA and AS set-ups utilised more extreme ranges of motion for lumbar flexion, elbow flexion and shoulder abduction than the LTA set-up. This study provides the first biomechanical values of the para-rowing strokes for researchers, coaches and athletes to use while promoting the safest training programmes possible for para-rowing.     

Relationships between rigging set-up, anthropometry, physical capacity, rowing kinematics and rowing performance

The general aim of this study was to examine the relations between rigging set up, anthropometry, physical capacity, rowing kinematics and rowing performance. Fifteen elite single scullers participated in the experiment. Each sculler's preferred rigging set-up was quantified using measurements that included oar length, inboard, span, gearing ratio, swivel-seat height, footstretcher-seat height and distance, and footstretcher angles. Rowing performance was assessed using 2000 m race times from the Australian National Selection trials. Selected anthropometric, physical capacity and kinematic variables were also quantified. Several rigging variables were significantly correlated with each other, and with various anthropometric, physical capacity and kinematic variables. The individual variables that had the highest correlations with race time were 2 km ergometer time (r=0.90), mass (r=-0.87), height (r=-0.86), oar length (r = -0.85) and strength (r = -0.84). Overall results of this study indicated that the fastest rowers tend to be the largest and strongest, and that these larger body dimensions are reflected in the choice of rigging settings. Rigging set-up by itself should not be considered to be a primary determinant of rowing performance, but rather a consequence of faster rowers being larger and stronger and scaling their rigging set-up accordingly. To maximise rowing performance it appears important to tune the rigging of the boat to match the rower's size and strength.     

Device for on-the-water measurement of rowing output

All those who compete in the sport of rowing have used the land rowing machine, Ergometer (commonly called the ‘erg’), manufactured by Concept II (Morrisville, Vermont, USA). Ergon is the Greek word for work, hence the Ergometer measures work. Rowers are commonly ranked according to their ‘erg score.’ The fault in this ranking is that the land Ergometer cannot account for many of the important technical aspects associated with rowing on the water. The goals of this project were to (1) develop a system for on-the-water measurement of work during rowing and then (2) demonstrate the potential of such a system to quantify performance and improve rowing technique. To achieve these goals, force was measured using strain gauges glued to the shaft of the rowing oar and angular displacement was measured using a potentiometer. The force and displacement measurements were sent to a microcontroller, which calculated the total work done in a particular stroke, as well as other parameters, and displayed the values to the rower. The parameters were used to evaluate the performance of three collegiate rowers on the water. The data were also used to plot force profiles, which were reviewed with each rower and the coach to illustrate the rowers’ habits and facilitate improving technique. One rower was ‘tutored’ with the device through five on-the-water practices, after which his force profiles and parameter values demonstrated significant improvement. The device not only provided a standard to which all rowers were compared on the water, but also supplied the rowers with important information on technical aspects of their strokes and pacing themselves.     

Accelerometry-based feedback--can it improve movement consistency and performance in rowing?

The training and competition regimen of elite athletes demands rapid feedback about their performance. The aim of this study was to determine if real-time visual ipsative (comparison with oneself) feedback of instantaneous kinematic consistency improves overall kinematic consistency in rowing. Accelerometry-based data, representing the upper and lower body kinematics, were determined for 13 experienced rowers. Kinematic consistency data -- represented by percentage time outside the acceptable performance bandwidth, performance consistency -- represented by power-stroke dispersion, and several performance indicators were acquired for all the rowers for three 2000 m time trials on a RowPerfect ergometer with three different visual feedback interventions: no feedback, detailed feedback, and summary feedback. Results indicated significantly increased performance consistency for detailed feedback than for both no feedback (p < 0.01) and summary feedback (p < 0.05). No significant difference between summary feedback and no feedback was found (p = 0.173). We deemed feedback of detailed information to enhance kinematic consistency significantly more than both no feedback (p < 0.01) and summary feedback (p < 0.01) interventions, although summary feedback was shown to enhance kinematic consistency more than no feedback (p < 0.01). No improvements were found for performance-related parameters.     

Strapping rowers to their sliding seat improves performance during the start of ergometer rowing

Abstract

Rowers sit on a seat that slides relative to the boat/ergometer. If a rower lifts him or herself from this sliding seat at any time, the seat will move away from under them and the rowing action is disrupted. From a mechanical perspective, it is clear that the need for the rower to remain in contact with the sliding seat at all times imposes position-dependent constraints on the forces exerted at the oar handle and the footstretcher. Here we investigate if the mechanical power output during rowing, which is strongly related to these forces, might be improved if the contact with the sliding seat was of no concern to the rower. In particular, we examine if elimination of these constraints by strapping the rower to the sliding seat leads to an increase in performance during the start on a standard rowing ergometer. Eleven well-trained female rowers performed 5-stroke starts in normal and strapped conditions. Handle force, vertical seat force, footstretcher force, and handle kinematics were recorded, from which mechanical power and work output were calculated. Most of the relevant mechanical variables differed significantly between the normal and strapped conditions. Most importantly, mechanical power output (averaged over the 5-stroke start) in the strapped condition was 12% higher than in the normal condition. We conclude that strapping a rower's pelvis to the sliding seat allows more vigorous execution of the stroke phases, resulting in a substantial improvement in performance during the start of ergometer rowing.     

Convergent validity of a novel method for quantifying rowing training loads

Elite rowers complete rowing-specific and non-specific training, incorporating continuous and interval-like efforts spanning the intensity spectrum. However, established training load measures are unsuitable for use in some modes and intensities. Consequently, a new measure known as the T2minute method was created. The method quantifies load as the time spent in a range of training zones (time-in-zone), multiplied by intensity- and mode-specific weighting factors that scale the relative stress of different intensities and modes to the demands of on-water rowing. The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity of the T2minute method with Banister’s training impulse (TRIMP), Lucia’s TRIMP and Session-RPE when quantifying elite rowing training. Fourteen elite rowers (12 males, 2 females) were monitored during four weeks of routine training. Unadjusted T2minute loads (using coaches’ estimates of time-in-zone) demonstrated moderate-to-strong correlations with Banister’s TRIMP, Lucia’s TRIMP and Session-RPE (rho: 0.58, 0.55 and 0.42, respectively). Adjusting T2minute loads by using actual time-in-zone data resulted in stronger correlations between the T2minute method and Banister’s TRIMP and Lucia’s TRIMP (rho: 0.85 and 0.81, respectively). The T2minute method is an appropriate in-field measure of elite rowing training loads, particularly when actual time-in-zone values are used to quantify load.