‘Science’, ‘Wind’ and ‘Bottom’: Eighteenth-Century Boxing Manuals

The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of a plethora of sporting professionals, many of whom were involved in developing training and coaching practices. Teaching the skills, the ‘science’, of boxing became an important source of income for professional fighters while some practitioners also developed careers as trainers, normally operating on behalf of the wealthy ‘amateurs’ who retained professionals in order to make profitable wagers. These practices were described in some of the early instructional manuals of the period, notably a detailed analysis of wrestling by Parkyns in 1713, who considered technique, fitness, and diet, and by Godfrey in 1747 who included a seminal section on boxing in his A Treatise upon the Useful Science of Defence. The proliferation of boxing manuals in the last quarter of the century reflected both a revival of interest in the sport and a desire to record the essential elements of this martial ‘science’ since it was only now that contemporaries believed a full understanding had been achieved of the importance of ‘wind’ (endurance), ‘bottom’ (courage), and ‘science’ (technique). This paper explores a number of texts where authors discussed these essential components of boxing performance and highlights the longevity of their methods of athletic preparation.     

漂坠合一擒‘凶’‘猾’

每个垂钓者都有一个美好的梦想，那就是多钓鱼、多钓大鱼。但正如古语所道：“宁许头猪，不许条鱼”，没有哪个钓鱼人敢打保票自已垂钓肯定就能中鱼。空手而归对钓鱼人而言是再正常不过的事情。每逢遇到这种情况，他们不是推说鱼少，便是抱怨鱼“猾”。但我对他们的观点不敢苟同。再“猾”的鱼儿为了生存也要摄食，只要方法、饵料得当，再“凶”再“猾”的鱼也要上钩。     

‘球儿’系列

(一) 爱足球爱了十多年,终于盼来个施大爷。施大爷乐善好施,既教我们踢球,又教我们“爱国”。他老人家到中国来就像到了幼儿园,而中国队才是幼儿园里的小班,连吃什么还要大爷管。大爷您一生辉煌,世界足坛上算的上一“腕儿”,可不远万里来到中国,注定要在幼儿园里作默默园丁,想带出大学生研究生,无异天方夜谭!     

‘Knowing How’ And ‘Knowing That’ And Physical Education

The objective of this paper is to consider some of the philosophical problems on gender in sport in terms of practical philosophy by examining previous studies on sports and gender in Japan. The previous studies of the Journal of Sport and Gender Studies, an institutional journal of the Japan Society for Sport and Gender Studies (JSGS), and were reviewed to explain the characteristics and the limits of previous sports-gender studies in Japan to establish the parameters for a philosophical discussion of sport-gender studies. A philosophical examination of the issues of affirmative actions, which is the least discussed topic among those listed in ‘JSGS’, is presented. By revealing fundamental problems in research on sports and gender in Japan, this study may potentially contribute to the resolution of multiple issues surrounding women in sports in Japan. Also, by exposing general and omnipresent problems, the study transcends the limited framework of sports in Japan, and can point to those common and overarching gender issues that need to be resolved around the world.     

新发现的‘改8’和‘改9’印制资料

1951年5月19日发行的“改8”上海大东版单位加字改值票和“改9”香港亚洲版单位加字改值票都是适应当年东北地区实行币制改革的需要而为东北邮区特殊发行的低面值邮票。 在《中华人民共和国邮票目录》上,从“改1”到“改10”,10套加字改值邮票中,唯有“改8”、“改9”两套没有注明在何处加     

排名表与‘九○一’

日前,笔者看到一份国际足联公布的(截至1993年7月底)世界足球最新排名表,中国队从1993年3月底居第58位上升到第45位,记得1991年12月8日国际足联在美国宣布第15届世界杯预选赛(?)抽签结果时,曾把中国队列为亚洲区六个种子队之一,(?)“种子”没有“发芽”。具有讽刺意味的是,在人们尚未把(?)尔比德之败的泪水擦干,却传来了中国队排名上升(?)这不能不使笔者同时也注意了一下中国队的那些(?)队由第122位上升为第89位,泰国队由第     

体育教师教学‘十度’

所谓度,即程度。指事物所达到的境界。做任何事情都必须达列一定的“度”,方能取得良好的效果。体育课堂教学也不例外,要搞好教学提高教学效果,也必须要注意一个“度”的问题。为此要求体育教师课堂教学应把握“十度”。     

‘京城捕快’曹限东

我在北京先农坛国安队驻地见到曹限东时,他正躺在医务室的床上打吊针,葡萄糖溶液里渗着青霉素。 曹限东代表中国队打完对乌拉圭佩那罗尔队那场比赛,就发了高烧,扁桃体也跟着肿起老高。 躺在病床上,曹限东身上少了在球场上的那股锐利之气。眼下在球迷的心目中,他是公认的最佳“捕快”。这是指他专善于逮住球场上稍纵即逝的机会,一个妙脚抡出去,往往就能变成自己或队友的灿烂入球。可现在,他那1米77的身躯放平了一点都不显得魁梧,不太粗壮的胳膊大腿再衬上白白净净的尖脸,倒颇似     

‘Too Semitic’ or ‘Thoroughly ‘Anglicised’? The Life and Career of Harold Abrahams

Harold Maurice Abrahams (1899–1978) – the British-Jewish athlete made famous by the film Chariots of Fire – won gold for Britain in the 100 m sprint in the 1924 Paris Olympics. Far from being the ‘outsider’ depicted in Chariots of Fire, however, Abrahams’ ‘Anglicisation’ was extensive and played an important role in his life before, during and after his athletics career. Abrahams’ integration went hand-in-hand with his sporting success – something which was celebrated by British Jewry. Such was his assimilation, that by 1936 – a year when Abrahams courted controversy over his stance on the Berlin Olympics – he was criticised for having ‘lost’ all attachment to the community of his birth. In contrast to the film, where Abrahams is seen to be ‘too Semitic’, the Bedford athlete was actually ‘thoroughly Anglicised’. A desire to move into or support middle-to-upper class British society characterised Abrahams’ personal and sporting life much more so than his Jewishness. As time progressed, Abrahams’ Jewish origins meant less and less, both to Harold himself and to those around him.     

‘Let’s work on your weaknesses’: Australian CrossFit coaching,masculinity and neoliberal framings of ‘health’ and ‘fitness’

CrossFit (CF) is one of the fastest growing exercise regimens in the world. However, sociologists have been relatively slow in examining the place of CF coaches in contemporary CF fitness culture. CF coaches are key figures in the production, promotion and consumption of CF fitness services. Therefore, coaches are a sociologically compelling group to examine. Drawing on interviews with male CF coaches in Tasmania, Australia, this paper argues that the way that CF coaches become qualified, interact with clients and understand ‘health’ and ‘fitness’ is shaped by the confluence of masculinity and neoliberalism. As CF grows in Australia alongside other fitness regimens, these findings pose a unique set of concerns for the Australian fitness industry, especially in relation to the ways that CF coaches translate the meaning and practice of ‘health’ and ‘fitness’ to their athletes.     

Becoming a ‘good coach’

The purpose of this paper was to gain insight into how coaches problematized their coaching practices and the process in which they engaged to become what they perceived to be better coaches using a course based on critical reflective practice. We assumed that constant critical self-reflection would enable coaches to move closer to their individual idea of a ‘good coach.’ Scholars and coaches collaborated to develop course content. The course was built on principles of rational-emotive education. We drew on Foucault's conceptualization of self-constitution or modes of subjectivation and confessional practice and Knaus' approach to teaching for our analytical framework. Thirty-five coaches participated in this study. The data consisted of semistructured interviews, field notes, open-ended questionnaires and focus group. The results are presented per mode of change or transformation. We explored how coaches wanted to transform their coaching practice (ethical substance), how they defined a good coach (mode of subjection), how they worked on change (ethical work) and how they transformed themselves (telos). To gain further insight into this process, we also examined narratives of three coaches as they described why and how they changed. The practice of critical reflection seemed to meet the needs of the coaches involved in the study. They used it to continually examine their behavior and their normalized taken-for-granted beliefs and to transform themselves in the direction of their idea of a ‘good coach.’ Ontological reflection was seen as a tool and a process that requires continual practice.     

5.19‘肇事者’对焦中国队

中国球迷绝对不会忘记1985年5月19日,对于中国足球来说,那是最为灰暗和最刻骨铭心的日子,在那一天,我们输给了实力比我们弱的香港队,同时也把进军第十三届世界杯亚洲区外围赛的入场券亲手撕毁。十几年过去了,在中国男足又一次全力出击的时候,我们特别对当时5.19事件的“肇事者”主教练郭家明以及攻入中国队第二个进球的主力中卫顾锦辉进行了独家专访,对于中国队的变化他们也许会是最好的见证。 郭家明:中国队缺少一个创造型的中场球员     

威胁巴塞罗那奥运会的‘埃塔’

西班牙巴斯克分裂主义组织“埃塔”,是西班牙的一大祸害。巴斯克地区位于西班牙和法国交界处,长期以来巴斯克人试图把该地区从西班牙版图上分裂出去,独立建国,遭西班牙政府断然拒绝。于是50年代末,一些偏激学生便成立了寻求巴斯克独立的组织——巴斯克祖国和自由(简称埃塔),后来     

‘疏而导之’十法

“君子之教,喻也”,“道而弗牵,强而弗抑,开而弗达”(《学记》)。这就是说,学习要启发诱导学生去思考,而不要“拉着”、“推着”去学习,要启发而不要代其劳。那么,体育教师怎样去掌握疏导办法呢?     

‘牛仔’闯入中国球场

一 1995年8月26日晚7点半,中、日、韩青少年体育交流大会主会场唐山市体育中心,田径场改成了橄榄球场。当哨声响起,长得虎头虎脑的日本青少年运动员和愣里愣气的韩国后生一窝蜂冲撞在一起时,坐在看台上不知橄榄球为何物的唐山人,眼睛已是瞪得大大的。他们终于明白了:噢,这就是橄榄球。     

课堂教学‘六字’小议

小学低年级儿童天真可爱,活泼好动,喜欢上体育课和参加一些课外体育活动,是锻炼身体,增长知识和进行教育的最佳时期。教师在教学中,要紧紧抓住这有利的时机,搞好课堂教学,为学生的身心健康打下良好的基础。要上好体育课,我的粗浅体会是应做到下面“六字”。1.活。就是教师教法得当,教得灵活;学生学得主动活泼,积极向上。体现在体育课的兴奋性,趣味性,学生生理、心理得以正常发展     

‘Studentship’ and ‘impression management’ in an advanced soccer coach education award

The purpose of this study was to investigate how coaches perceived and responded to the content knowledge and assessment processes that they were exposed to during an advanced level soccer coaching award programme. In-depth interviews were conducted with six coaches who had successfully completed the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) ‘A’ Licence in the UK. Using the concepts of the ‘dialectic of socialisation’, ‘studentship’ and Goffman's (1959) work on ‘the presentation of the self’ as analytical pegs, the discussion highlights how the coaches were far from ‘empty vessels’ waiting to be filled. Rather, the findings reveal the active role that the respondent coaches played in terms of accepting, rejecting and resisting the knowledge, beliefs and methods espoused by the coach educators. Finally, perceiving of coach learning as a negotiated and contested activity is discussed in terms of its implications for existing and future coach education provision.     

‘What about the community impact?’: The Corpus Christi ‘hook’

This case study draws on theory in the following areas (1) public financing of sport facilities and in particular, the method of bonds and the impact on and involvement of local taxpayers, (2) community impact of minor league sport teams, and (3) leveraging of sport teams and facilities. This case is centered on Justin Drew, the president of the Corpus Christi Hooks, who must work with city officials to ensure that his minor league baseball team does not lose local support. The city of Corpus Christi helped finance the Hooks’ stadium a few years prior, and now with new members on City Council, tough economic times, and a history of folded professional sports teams in the city, Drew must be proactive in seeing that the Hooks do not meet a similar fate.The case presents a common challenge confronted by communities that host professional sport teams. In many cases, cities must provide some level of public financing for sport facilities in order to attract or retain a team. To gain public support, various promises are made about the potential for the team to transform the community. However, once public funding is secured and a team and facility is in place, it is unclear who has the responsibility for delivering on these promises. The situation presented in this case is not unique. In fact, similar claims are made about the impact of a sports team, regardless of the size of the host community or the type of team. This case gives students the opportunity to measure impact and also think critically about how to leverage a sports team to create value for the community. Although the characters in the case are fictitious the case draws upon actual facts and data from public records regarding Corpus Christi and their minor league baseball team, the Hooks; thus, providing students with a realistic dilemma to consider. The case is intended for use in Sport Finance/Economics and Sport Policy courses, but could also be adapted for other courses such as Sport Marketing, Sport Communication, Facilities and Event Management or even Research Methods.     

‘泳星牌’游泳镜

“泳星牌”游泳镜是参照第25届奥运会金牌获得者所佩戴的游泳镜特点研制而成的。该产品运动员佩戴感觉舒适、方便,出发、游进、转身、潜泳都不会脱落,不漏水。“泳星牌”游泳镜采用高强度的不碎胶制成,美观、坚固耐用、价廉,只相当于同类产品     

Impact ‘fingerprints’ and preliminary implications for an ‘intelligent mouthguard’ head impact dosimeter

An in vivo head impact dosimeter, termed the ??intelligent mouthguard??, is under development at the Cleveland Clinic. The intelligent mouthguard facilitates correlation of acute and accumulative impact dosage with injury risk. As part of intelligent mouthguard dosimetry development for boxing and mixed martial arts participants, head and neck impact dosage was quantified in the laboratory for seven (7) punch types. Impact dosage data for punches were collected, which generated unique ??fingerprints?? for use with the intelligent mouthguard computational algorithm. Additional calculations were made on parameters based on each punch ??fingerprint?? and injury risk. Each of the punches had a unique ??fingerprint??. The hook imparted the most severe impact dosage, with the cross and oblique hook inducing the next most severe impact dosages, respectively. The impact dosage ??fingerprints?? determined here will be used to identify punch types during intelligent mouthguard human trials in 2012. Intelligent mouthguard dosimetry will be available soon for other contact sports (American Football, Ice Hockey, Lacrosse) to monitor head?Cneck impact dosage for correlation to acute or accumulative injury risk.