中国优秀女子高尔夫运动员心理特征研究

本研究以中国高尔夫球队女子优秀运动员为测试对象,采用运动员赛前情绪、运动员特质自信心、运动员意志品质等量表以因子分析方法探究优秀女子运动员的关键心理特征及其与运动员等级之间存在的联系。结果表明:1)优秀女子高尔夫运动员在自信心的特质运动应对和特质任务应对两个因子、意志品质的果断性和坚韧性两个因子,以及赛前情绪的自信因子上的得分显著高于普通运动员,在赛前情绪的社会期待焦虑因子上的得分显著低于普通运动员;2)意志品质的果断性和坚韧性两个因子、赛前情绪的自信因子极其显著可有效预测女子高尔夫运动员的运动等级;3)赛前情绪的个体失败焦虑和社会期待焦虑两个因子消极预测了女子高尔夫运动员的运动等级。     

优秀游泳运动员临赛前情绪状态研究

根据比赛发挥程度将31名优秀游泳运动员分为超常、正常、失常组,采用《赛前情绪量表-T》16×4简表在赛前2h、30min对运动员进行问卷调查,分析不同组别运动员赛前情绪状态差异,探索优秀游泳运动员赛前适宜比赛的情绪状态。结果表明:不同组别运动员赛前情绪状态存在差异;个体失败焦虑、躯体特质焦虑和特质自信相对敏感,与比赛发挥有一定联系,社会期待焦虑并非影响游泳运动员赛前情绪的敏感维度;游泳运动员临赛前应具备较高水平正确导向的自信,中等偏低的躯体特质焦虑、个体失败焦虑和社会期待焦虑;建议教练员重视心理训练和赛时心理调节。     

武术运动员赛前情绪及临场应对方式的研究

对68名参加第七届全国大学生武术锦标赛的运动员的赛前情绪状态及其临场应激应对方式进行了调查与研究。结果表明:名次前列的武术运动员的个体失败焦虑、社会期待焦虑得分低于名次后列的运动员,且其与比赛名次呈显著相关,而在自信心与躯体焦虑因子上差异不显著,与比赛名次也不存在显著相关,赛前情绪是影响训练水平与比赛成绩之间关系的一个重要因素;名次前列与后列运动员在面对各种应激源时,4种不同的应对方式均有采用,但前者在采用进攻式应激应对策略的得分均高于后者,而在采用回避式应激应对策略的得分则是大部分都低于后者,赛前情绪各因子与临场应激应对方式各因子呈一定相关,表明两者之间存在一定的相关关系;认知-情感调控训练法、模拟应激训练法、放松训练法与控制点训练法等是几种可以改善赛前情绪状态及临场应激应对方式的有效方法与手段;武术套路运动员的赛前训练不仅是单纯的竞技技术训练,还应包括必要的、系统的心理训练内容。各种训练方法应根据具体运动员在各训练阶段的实际需要进行科学组合,使能发挥最大训练效果。     

个人项目专业运动员训练满意度对赛前情绪的预测作用

运用赛前情绪量表和自行研制的运动员训练满意度量表,通过对即将参加比赛的223名个人项目专业运动员的测试,运用了相关和分层回归分析,结果表明,在排除人口统计学变量的影响下,训练满意度各分量表的因子对赛前情绪的个体失败焦虑、自信、社会期待焦虑、躯体焦虑均有不同程度的预测作用.除了考察运动员自身方面的因素外,从运动员所处的社会环境,即教练、运动组织、队友方面来全面理解运动员赛前焦虑形成的原因.     

中国摔跤队运动员认知能力与竞技水平的关系研究

以备战2012年伦敦奥运会的国家摔跤队运动员为研究对象(主要包括男子自由式和古典式运动员),以运动认知水平测评问卷为主要测量工具进行了调查与分析,结果表明:中国摔跤队运动员认知能力处于中等范围,其提升的空间比较大,不同水平运动员之间存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).同时,运动认知与运动水平有着显著的相关性(r =0.488,P＜0.01),并存在明显的交互性效应,虽然预测效度并不是很高,但足以说明加强我国摔跤运动员的认知能力是提升竞技能力的一个关键因素.     

优秀女子摔跤运动员赛前压力情绪、应激应对水平与运动成绩的关系的研究

本文通过运用问卷调查与心理学实验的研究方法,分析不同级别女子摔跤运动员赛前情绪、应激应对方式、自主平衡调节能力的差异。结果表明:运动等级较高的运动员的个人失败焦虑和社会期待焦虑会明显低于其他水平运动员。健将级的女子摔跤训动员面对比赛时,应激应对方式,自我平衡能力均优于国家一级的女子摔跤运动员。     

影响武术散打运动员赛前状态焦虑因素的分析

采用心理测量问卷调查法、多因素方差分析、相关分析法、访谈法对参加2010年8月在陕西宝鸡举行散打冠军赛的120名运动员进行赛前状态焦虑分析。结果表明：（1）有大赛经验运动员在处理赛前状态焦虑方面要强于无大赛经验运动员。（2）武英级运动员认知焦虑与躯体焦虑均低于一级和二级运动员的这两项指标,并且状态自信心高于其它两个等级运动员的状态自信心。（3）武英级运动员与一级、二级运动员比较,在赛前状态焦虑的三个维度上均显示显著性差异;并且认知焦虑是影响武术散打比赛的一个主要焦虑。（4）赛前状态焦虑还与运动员的心理疲劳与运动损伤的影响因素、对手的水平差距、领导与教练员的影响因素等这些因素相关。     

我国优秀单人花样滑冰运动员焦虑水平的研究

运用问卷调查法、数理统计法,对我国34名优秀单人花样滑冰运动员的焦虑水平进行了研究。研究结果表明:我国男子单人滑运动员在表演自由滑、短节目滑赛前状态焦虑和特质焦虑之间是明显相关的,自由滑赛前状态焦虑和特质焦虑之间不相关;我国女子单人滑运动员在短节目、自由滑赛前状态焦虑和特质焦虑之间是明显相关的,表演自由滑赛前状态焦虑和特质焦虑之间不相关;我国男子和女子单人滑健将级运动员与普通运动员之间状态焦虑无显著性差异;女子运动员特质焦虑高于男子运动员特质焦虑。     

女子自由式摔跤运动员赛前情绪状态与运动成绩关系的研究

对参加第十届全国运动会女子摔跤比赛预赛(第二轮)的85名运动员进行了赛前情绪状态的问卷调查和分析。研究结果表明,运动员赛前状态受到运动员曾经所取得成绩的影响,不同水平运动员赛前情绪状态不同;运动员在赛前焦虑水平越低,自信心越高越有利于其运动成绩的取得。     

射击运动员赛前焦虑的研究

研究的目的在于调查31名射击运动员赛前焦虑与性别、状态自信心及运动技能水平之间的关系。所有的被试要求在比赛前测试竞赛状态焦虑量表(简称CSAI-2)。结果表明，比赛发挥好的运动员表现出最低的认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑和最高的状态自信心；状态自信心是区分优秀射击运动员与一般射击运动员的良好指标，性别影响着运动员赛前的躯体状态焦虑，射击运动员的最好成绩与高自信心和低焦虑水平相联系。     

运动自信对不同等级运动员运动成绩的影响

目的:通过对不同等级运动员运动自信心与运动成绩关系的研究,探讨运动自信对不同运动等级运动员成绩的影响。方法:以参加2004年度全国各专项锦标赛的广东运动技术学院的692名运动员为研究对象,采用运动员自信心测量问卷对不同等级运动员进行运动自信心的测量,并将测量结果与运动员成绩进行相应的相关分析和回归分析。结果:运动自信与运动成绩之间存在相关关系(P<0.01),其中,技能掌握自信、技能演示自信与运动成绩之间存在较显著的正相关关系(P<0.001),对教练能力的信心和对比赛情景的自信与运动成绩之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05);技能掌握自信、技能演示自信、对教练能力的信心和对比赛情景的自信均是运动成绩的重要预测因子。结论:运动员自信中技能掌握自信、技能演示自信、对教练能力的信心和对比赛情景的自信对运动成绩具有重要影响,因此在日常训练中应注意根据不同等级运动员,调整有关运动自信培养的工作重点。     

A Reliable Method for the Measurement of Constant Load Maximal Endurance Performance on the Bicycle Ergometer

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate to perceptions of the intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety in a sample of university athletes representing various team sports. Although some studies have demonstrated that task orientation and mastery climate are associated with adaptive emotional patterns and ego orientation and performance climate are linked to less adaptive emotions, others have not verified these findings. In the present study, structural equation modeling was used to test these links. The results showed that perceptions of a performance climate were associated with ego orientation, whereas perceptions of a mastery climate were linked to task orientation. Furthermore, no significant links were found between task orientation and direction of competitive anxiety, while it was shown that the impact of ego orientation on the intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety was exerted through self-confidence. No significant direct links were found between motivational climates and competitive anxiety, thus implying that motivational climates may have an indirect impact on affective responses through the different goal orientations. The findings of the present study are discussed along with suggestions for examining situational and individual difference variables that may explain the relationships between intensity and direction of competitive anxiety and achievement goals and motivational climates.     

高水平武术套路运动员竞赛状态焦虑与运动成绩关系的研究

采用文献资料法、心理量表测量法,对参加第11届全国运动会武术套路比赛的87名运动员进行了竞赛状态焦虑调查分析。结果表明:武术套路运动员竞赛状态焦虑水平均与性别、运动等级、运动年限有关;文化程度因素、竞赛项目与竞赛状态无显著性差异;武术套路运动员成绩更多地受到认知状态焦虑的影响,呈现显著性差异中度相关,状态自信心与运动成绩表现出显著性差异。     

Predicting elite Scottish athletes’ attitudes towards doping: examining the contribution of achievement goals and motivational climate

Understanding athletes’ attitudes to doping continues to be of interest for its potential to contribute to an international anti-doping system. However, little is known about the relationship between elite athletes’ attitudes to drug use and potential explanatory factors, including achievement goals and the motivational climate. In addition, despite specific World Anti-Doping Agency Code relating to team sport athletes, little is known about whether sport type (team or individual) is a risk or protective factor in relation to doping. Elite athletes from Scotland (N = 177) completed a survey examining attitudes to performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate. Athletes were generally against doping for performance enhancement. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that task and ego goals and mastery motivational climate were predictors of attitudes to PED use (F (4, 171) = 15.81, P < .01). Compared with individual athletes, team athletes were significantly lower in attitude to PED use and ego orientation scores and significantly higher in perceptions of a mastery motivational climate (Wilks’ lambda = .76, F = 10.89 (5, 170), P < .01). The study provides insight into how individual and situational factors may act as protective and risk factors in doping in sport.     

Antecedents of approach-avoidance goals in sport

We investigated antecedents of mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals in sport. University athletes (n = 230) aged 18-25 years (mean 20.3 years, s = 1.5) completed measures of approach-avoidance goals, perceived parental motivational climate, perceived team motivational climate, perceived competence, and demographics. Multiple regression analyses revealed that mastery-approach goals were positively predicted by perceived competence, mastery team climate, learning/enjoyment parental climate, and gender, with males being higher on these goals than females. Mastery-avoidance goals were predicted positively by learning/enjoyment parental climate and negatively by gender, with females being higher on these goals than males. Performance-approach goals were positively predicted by perceived competence, performance team climate, and gender, with males being higher on these goals than females. Finally, performance-avoidance goals were predicted positively by worry-conducive parental climate. These findings suggest that a mastery or performance climate is related to whether athletes adopt a mastery or performance goal, whereas the perception of competence is associated with whether athletes adopt approach-focused goals. Gender should be considered in future examinations of the approach-avoidance achievement goals in sport.     

Exploring the Relationship Between Athletes’ Perceptions of the Motivational Climate to Their Compassion,Self-Compassion,Shame, and Pride in Adult Recreational Sport

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between athletes’ perceptions of the motivational climate (caring, task-, and ego-involving) to their levels of compassion, self-compassion, pride, and shame in a recreational sport setting. Athletes (N = 164) in a competitive Wiffle Ball tournament completed a survey. A canonical correlation analysis revealed one significant function indicating that athletes’ perceptions of a caring and task-involving motivational climate were associated with higher levels of authentic pride and lower levels of hubristic pride. Results suggest adult recreational sport participants may benefit from experiencing a positive and supportive team climate.     

我国单板滑雪U型项目运动员人格、赛前情绪的类型及关系研究

探讨我国单板U型滑雪运动员人格和赛前情绪类型的基本特点及其关系,采用卡特尔16种人格因素量表和赛前情绪量表–T,对我国43名运动员进行调查,结果显示:(1)运动员的人格类型主要有普通型、兴奋敢为型和敏感紧张型。运动员的赛前情绪类型主要有混合型、自信型和淡漠型。地方队的混合型和淡漠型运动员显著多于国家队。赛前情绪为混合型的运动员没有取得过国际名次,自信型运动员取得的国际名次最多。(2)普通型和敏感紧张型运动员的个体失败焦虑显著高于兴奋敢为型运动员;敏感紧张型运动员的社会期待焦虑显著高于兴奋敢为型运动员。(3)从个案看:该项目优秀运动员大多属于兴奋敢为型和自信型运动员。结论:兴奋敢为型和自信型的单板滑雪U型项目运动员焦虑更少、成绩更好、更易成功。