有氧能力与赛艇成绩的关系

近年来的一些研究指出,最大吸氧量和无氧阈值均与耐力运动成绩有一定的相关关系。但这些研究的对象大多是中长跑、竞走等项目的运动员,最大吸氧量和无氧阈值与赛艇运动的成绩相关如何,至今未见报导。为了了解运动员的机能状况、科学地安排训练,我们测定了浙江省男子赛艇队全体运动员的最大吸氧量和无氧阈值,并由教练员根据运动员的运动成绩依次排列名次,用统计方法分析各参数之间的关系。方法用逐级递增负荷的方法测定了15名运动员(年龄21.6±2.4岁;身高186.9±3.6厘米;体重77.8±5.5公斤)的最大吸氧量和无氧阈值。受试省坐在自行车功率计上(Jaeger45型),静息片刻后测定下列指标的安静值:呼吸频率(BF)、每分通气     

优秀女子大学生排球运动员有氧、无氧能力特征研究

通过比较竞技水平及不同位置排球运动员有氧、无氧能力的差异,探讨优秀女子大学生排球运动员有氧、无氧能力特征与规律,为运动员赛前身体机能评定及训练安排提供理论与实践依据。以参加全国女子大学生排球联赛的32名优秀运动员为测试对象,利用跑台和功率自行车等仪器,对受试者进行有氧递增负荷和30s最大极限负荷运动。在测试过程中,分别记录运动员有氧能力相关气体、功率和血乳酸指标及无氧能力相关功率和血乳酸指标等,并对运动员各阶段生理、生化指标动态变化规律进行分析和总结。结果显示,优秀女子大学生排球运动员整体有氧、无氧能力与其他耐力、爆发性运动项目的优秀大学生运动员存在一定差距;随着竞技能力、竞技水平、竞技成绩的不断提高,排球运动员有氧、无氧能力表现出较高水平;通过有氧递增负荷运动过程中运动员VO2max、HR、BLA、Pmax、无氧乳酸阈等指标动态变化规律,显示不同位置排球运动员心肺能力、负荷强度、耐乳酸能力等存在显著差异;通过最大极限负荷运动过程中运动员PP、AP、PD、BLA等动态变化规律,显示不同位置排球运动员绝对力量、力量耐力、速度耐力等存在显著差异。结论:优秀女子大学生排球运动员有氧、无氧能力存在位置特征,有氧能力特征大致表现为:副攻>二传>接应>主攻>自由人运动员;无氧能力特征大致表现为:1)无氧磷酸原供能特征为:副攻>自由人>主攻>接应>二传运动员;2)无氧乳酸供能特征为:主攻>接应>二传>副攻>自由人。研究提示:排球运动员训练时应该遵循自身专项位置特征,制定符合专项能力的生物能量训练方案和计划,另外,女子大学生排球运动员在训练时应加强对主攻运动员能力的培养,在制定战术体系时主攻运动员应多参与战术配合。     

优秀大学生女子排球运动员赛前无氧能力特征检测分析

以参加全国女子大学生排球联赛的32名优秀运动员为测试对象,利用功率自行车等仪器,对受试者进行30 s最大极限负荷运动,在测试过程中分别记录运动员无氧能力相关功率和血乳酸指标等,并对运动员各阶段生理、生化指标动态变化规律进行分析和总结。结果显示:优秀女子大学生排球运动员整体无氧能力与其它爆发性运动项目的优秀大学生运动员存在一定的差距;随着竞技能力、竞技水平、竞技成绩的不断提高,排球运动员无氧能力表现出较高的水平;通过最大极限负荷运动过程中运动员PP、AP、PD、BLA等动态变化规律,显示不同位置排球运动员绝对力量、力量耐力、速度耐力等存在显著差异。结论 :优秀大学生女子排球运动员无氧能力存在位置特征,大致表现为:1)无氧磷酸原供能特征为:副攻自由人主攻接应二传运动员;2)无氧乳酸供能特征为:主攻接应二传副攻自由人。     

高水平大学生游泳运动员赛前训练代谢能力监测的分析

采用实验法,对参加第7届全国大学生运动会14名大学高水平游泳运动员准备期进行4周以无氧阈强度和有氧无氧混合性负荷为主的有氧训练。结果表明:有氧训练显著提高运动员心肺功能,训练后同级负荷血乳酸降低,曲线右移,有氧能力提高。同时,绝对力量、速度耐力和耐力力量有一定提高。     

青少年速滑运动员有氧耐力训练的心率负荷模式

科学地利用心率变化情况进行有氧耐力训练监测,对于广大基层速度滑冰教练员是简单、实用和可行的训练方法。通过文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,阐述了公式法、生理反应法、呼吸变量法等心率无氧阈测算方法;并对心率无氧阈、心率负荷与训练强度的关系等问题进行了研究;基于心率无氧阈分析,提出了培养青少年速滑运动员有氧耐力的心率负荷带训练模式,心率负荷训练间歇模式,以及不同年龄的青少年速滑运动员有氧耐力训练的心率负荷参考值对应表。     

足球运动员体能训练内容和方法探索

足球运动员体能训练的内容包括身体形态、机能、专项技能、心理以及运动素质等方面的训练。训练方法一般包含有氧耐力训练和无氧耐力训练两个方面,通常情况下足球运动员在进行有氧耐力训练时常用的方法有重复训练法、交替跑法、高原训练法以及持续负荷法。无氧耐力训练下对运动员的耐力要求较高。     

短跑运动员速度耐力训练的探讨

短跑是田径运动竞赛项目中距离最短,速度最快,人体运动器官在大量缺氧的情况下完成极限强度的周期性运动项目。它最大的特点就是无氧运动,要求运动员具备较高无氧耐力,无氧耐力的运动表现为速度耐力。速度耐力水平的高低直接影响着短跑成绩,比赛最终的名次。采用文献资料法,就短跑运动员运动过程的能量供应特点进行研究,分析速度耐力的能量供应系统,探求短跑运动员速度耐力训练的有效方法和手段。研究表明：短跑的速度耐力是以糖酵解供能为基础,影响短跑运动员速度耐力强弱的是运动员机体的糖酵解供能的优劣,而速度耐力取决于短跑运动员肌肉的糖酵解能力、抗乳酸能力以及脑细胞耐酸性的能力,通过不同的训练方法和手段,合理的控制训练负荷和间歇时间,能有效提高短跑运动员的速度耐力水平。     

男子赛艇轻量级运动员有氧和无氧能力的研究

赛艇运动是以有氧耐力为基础,无氧耐力为辅的体能主导的竞技体育项目。运动员体成分、有氧、无氧能力等因素影响着运动员比赛的发挥,通过实验法对湖北省男子赛艇轻量级4名运动员的体成分以及有氧、无氧能力的测定,研究其关系,为监控和评价运动员运动能力的理论依据。测试结果显示4名男子赛艇轻量级运动员具有良好的心肺机能,承受极限负荷的训练及适应长时间的大强度训练比赛的能力较强;血乳酸值较高,说明4名运动员耐酸能力较强,在比赛过程中无氧能力好,起航和冲刺能力较强。功率自行车测试结果显示4名运动员有氧能力强,持续时间长,做功效率高。体成份测试表明4名运动员基本在要求体重以内,达到比赛规定的基本要求。     

优秀中国式摔跤运动员无氧耐力特征的研究

目的：比较不同性别、不同训练水平的优秀中国式摔跤运动员的糖酵解代谢能力,探讨其无氧耐力的特征。方法：对27名优秀中国式摔跤运动员进行30s和60s的无氧功测试,记录相关功率指标及运动后的血乳酸。结果：（1）糖酵解代谢供能能力有明显性别差异,男子30s和60s的最大功率、相对最大功率、平均功率、相对平均功率和疲劳指数均明显高于女子,但男、女运动员的血乳酸无明显差异;（2）男子优秀组运动员30s和60s的最大功率和平均功率明显高于普通组,但优秀组和普通组间相对最大功率和相对平均功率无明显差异。女子优秀组30s和60s的最大功率显著高于普通组,但相对最大功率、平均功率、相对平均功率和疲劳指数无显著性差异;（3）与散打相比,中国式摔跤运动员表现出较强的无氧耐力,但与自行车、举重和体操项目相比其无氧耐力较差。结论：（1）优秀中国式摔跤运动员具有较强的无氧耐力,且男子明显高于女子;（2）不同水平男、女中国式摔跤运动员的无氧耐力具有明显差异,优秀组明显高于普通组;（3）结合血乳酸指标可以更客观地评价中国式摔跤运动员的无氧耐力;（4）30s和60s无氧功测试相结合可以更全面地反映中国式摔跤运动员的无氧耐力。     

训练中无氧阈值的使用方法

一、无氧阈值使用方法的讨论也许无氧阈值最使人们感兴趣的是它与耐力项目能力水平的相关关系。这种相关随着耐力项目的距离越长,关系越密切。然而近几年来,随着教练员和运动员对无氧阈兴趣的减少,人们又重新对无氧阈值的使用进行了讨论。人们提出,由于测试方法上的困难,不准确的测试和诊断在不同程度上提供     

马拉松赛事跑者群体特征研究

随着我国马拉松赛事的增多,参赛跑者出现了一些不文明不规范的现象。本文通过文献综述法对跑者的特征进行分析,针对跑者目前出现的问题,寻找可行的跑者发展措施。以期为马拉松赛事良性发展做出贡献。     

不同无氧阈测定方法比较及其在中长跑训练中的应用

本文比较了各种无氧阈测值:通气阈(VT),4mmol乳酸阈(LT_4),血乳酸开始升高(LT_(OBLA)),个体无氧阈(IAT),血乳酸最大稳态(maxLass)和心率拐点(HRd)。发现各测值之间高度相关,但是maxLass与其它测值之间存在不同程度的差异,为AT在训练中的应用提供了有价值的生理依据。继而探讨了LT_4百分比强度对控制中长跑训练,改善运动员肌肉氧化代射能力,提高运动成绩的意义。     

不同负荷方式对大学生最大吸氧量和无氧阈的影响

通过斜度跑台、平台及功率自行车三种不同负荷方式,在渐增负荷运动中测定最大吸氧量（ＶＯ２ｍａｘ）和无氧阈（ＡＴ）,探讨了三种不同负荷方式对大学生最大吸氧量和无氧阈的影响。结果发现,在三种不同负荷方式中,斜度跑台测定的ＶＯ２ｍａｘ和ＡＴ要大于平台、功率自行车的值。ＶＯ２ｍａｘ和ＡＴ受运动负荷方式不同的影响。因此,在测定大学生ＶＯ２ｍａｘ和ＡＴ时,应选择斜度跑台进行测定     

The process toward commitment to running—The role of different motives,involvement, and coaching

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) to explore and describe the relationships between different facets of motivation, involvement, and commitment to running, and (b) to test whether recreational coached runners differ from non-coached runners in their motivation, involvement, and commitment to running. Drawing on the psychological continuum model (PCM), a model was proposed to test relationships among motives, attitudinal and behavioral involvement, and commitment to running as a leisure activity. Results showed that two (enjoyment and health) out of five motives were significant indicators of attitudinal involvement. Attitudinal involvement was a significant predictor of behavioral involvement, which in turn was a significant predictor of commitment. Coached runners differed from non-coached runners in all tested variables. The structural relationships among the variables varied based on the tested group. Implications for theory and practice are presented.     

基于混合研究方法的马拉松赛事吸引力感知维度研究

深入剖析高质量马拉松赛事的吸引力感知维度,对比掌握部分普通赛事报名不足的主要因素,探究不同马拉松赛事的吸引力问题。基于跑者需求侧视角探讨马拉松赛事的吸引力感知维度,指出赛事吸引力是今后打造头部IP马拉松赛事的主要着力点。采用混合研究方法,首先,基于扎根理论从众多错综复杂影响马拉松赛事吸引力的因素中提炼了赛事质量、过程体验、参赛成本和赛事服务4个关键维度;其次,采用量化分析识别了4个感知维度的不同影响力,同时检验其对跑者再次参与赛事意愿的预测能力;最后,基于质性研究和量化研究的客观精确结合,分析了研究结果。     

Time Comparison between the Cross-Over and Jab-Step Starts

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate and quantify physiological differences among groups of distance runners. The subjects included 20 elite distance runners (8 marathon, 12 middle-long distance) and 8 good runners. Working capacity and cardiorespiratory function were determined by submaximal and maximal treadmill tests, and body composition by hydrostatic weighing. The variables studied were maximum oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂ max), [Vdot]O₂ submax, lactic acid submax, lean body weight, and fat weight. MANOVA showed that the good runners differed from the elite runners (p < 0.01) and the elite marathon runners differed from the elite middle-long distance runners (p < 0.05). Discriminant analysis showed that both functions were significant. The first was a general physiological efficiency factor that separated the good and elite runners. The second separated the elite marathon and middle-long distance groups. The second function showed that the marathon runners had lower lactic acid submax values. The middle-long distance runners had higher [Vdot]O₂ max values. Classification analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of the discriminant analysis; 80% of the elite runners were correctly classified as marathon or middle-long distance runners. The discriminant functions were used to develop a multivariate scaling model for evaluating distance runners. Two premier runners, one marathoner (F. Shorter) and one middle-long distance runner (S. Prefontaine), were found to be at the extremes of the scale. The data showed that the discriminant functions provided a valid model for evaluating differences among elite distance runners.     

HiHiLo与LoHi两种低氧训练效果的比较研究

研究目的：比较“高住-高练-低训”（HiHiLo）和“低住-高练”（LoHi）两种低氧训练的效果，为确定低氧训练方案提供理论与实验依据。研究对象和方法：研究对象为13名国家队女子中长跑运动员和12名少体校男子中长跑运动员。HiHiLo组每晚居住于14．7％O2低氧环境10h，白天除照常训练外，每周进行3次低氧运动。LoHi组居住于常氧环境，其他与HiHiLo组相同。测定低氧训练前及实验期间每周血象指标（RBC、Hct、Hb）和低氧训练前后最大耗氧量（VO2max）、无氧闽强度（AT）。实验结果：4周低氧训练，优秀长跑运动员和业余长跑运动员在HiHiLo期间的RBC、HCt、Hb明显增高（P〈0．05），在第3、4周出现高峰值，LoHi组变化不明显，或在大强度训练中下降。优秀长跑运动员低氧训练后HiHiLo组VO2max、AT分别提高了9％和13％，而LoHi组只增加了6％和10％。因此，HiHiLo低氧训练效果优于LoHi。     

Marathon progress: demography,morphology and environment

Abstract

As opposed to many other track-and-field events, marathon performances still improve. We choose to better describe the reasons for such a progression. The 100 best marathon runners archived from January 1990 to December 2011 for men and from January 1996 to December 2011 for women were analysed. We determined the impact of historical, demographic, physiological, seasonal and environmental factors. Performances in marathons improve at every level of performance (deciles). In 2011, 94% of the 100 best men athletes were African runners; among women athletes they were 52%. Morphological indicators (stature, body mass and Body Mass Index (BMI)) have decreased. We show a parabolic function between BMI and running speed. The seasonal distribution has two peaks, in spring (weeks 14 to 17) and autumn (weeks 41 to 44). During both periods, the average temperature of the host cities varies close to optimal value for long distance race. African men and women runners are increasingly dominating the marathon and pushing its record, through optimal eco-physiological conditions.     

A Comparison of Autonomic Nervous System Activity between Physically Trained and Untrained Individuals

Abstract

The study is concerned with the comparison of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity between highly trained collegiate track and field athletes and untrained individuals. An ANS test battery consisting of six individual measures of autonomic activity was used: (a) sublingual temperature, (b) salivary output, (c) volar skin resistance, (d) palmar skin resistance, (e) diastolic blood pressure, and (f) heart period. One group of athletes, track runners, were found to have a mean autonomic balance score significantly higher (at the .02 level) than the norm group of college students. The autonomic scores of field event athletes, however, were not significantly different from the norm. An analysis of the type of ANS activity demonstrated by the runners showed a dominance by the parasympathetic as compared to a mixed pattern demonstrated by the normative sample. It was concluded that highly trained track runners demonstrated a significantly higher autonomic balance score than did normal college students, and that their resting autonomic pattern was predominantly parasympathetic. There was evidence to indicate that equality of performance in the running events in track, and possibly other athletic events, may be partially predictable from autonomic balance scores.     

Assessment of predispositions for endurance running from field tests.

Field tests of speed and endurance may be used to evaluate the probability of success and to create efficient training strategies for sports. Currently, both invasive and non-invasive methods are used for this purpose. While invasive methods cause some discomfort to subjects, non-invasive methods may employ practices associated with the sport itself. One such method employs the linear relationship between exercise intensity or running speed and distance covered running at that speed represented on a semi-logarithmic scale. The separation of endurance runners into three different groups can be confirmed by different values for the slope coefficient (b) of this linear relation. According to findings among top Czechoslovak endurance runners, supplemented by the data of other authors, the values of coefficient b in middle-distance runners are in the range -2.166 to -1.700, in long-distance runners -1.520 to -1.050 and in marathon runners -0.836 to -0.436. Similarly, a separation of young endurance runners into groups of middle-distance and long-distance runners must be within the range -2.158 to -1.800 and for young long-distance runners -1.700 to -1.300. Based on these findings, the optimum competitive distance for adult athletes can be established in relation to current training status. In young athletes, it is possible to select gifted runners with predispositions for middle-distance and long-distance running. For both groups of athletes, more efficient training methods can be selected to optimize their predispositions for maximal performance.