日韩武技现代化对我国学校武术的启示

时至今日,武术仍未能很好地进入校园,其原因何在,如何从柔道、跆拳道、空手道的成功现代化和国际化当中寻求启发,成为紧迫论题。主要运用文献资料法,基于对学校武术历史、现状的反思和日韩武技现代化的启示,对我国学校武术的根本问题和根本方略做出探讨。研究认为,学校武术开展的现状不能实现中华民族赋予它的文化使命,日韩武技现代化的经验可为我们提供启示——将传统意义上的搏杀武技改造为一项现代文明搏击项目,该项目需满足几个趋势保证安全文明化、保持技击本质性、具有游戏趣味性、彰显民族独特性。在此基础上,做出武术以太极推手形式进入校园的提案。     

Practising Martial Arts Versus Studying Martial Arts

Abstract

There is often a perceived conflict between practising martial arts and the academic study of martial arts. Those who practise it do not need to know the history of martial arts, and those who study it do not need the physical practice to inform their research. This paper argues that practitioners will improve their practice by study, in particular, they will gain a demystified sense of the origins of martial arts. The construction of traditional martial arts is the result of the East Asian reaction to Western imperialism and modernity. Moreover, this category developed in direct response to the introduction of modern sports into Asia. Critical to this modern creation was the development of styles of martial arts, where before there were scattered and disparate schools. Styles suggested greater national unity and cultural coherence than schools, thus aiding the building of modern nation states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.     

通过第七届亚冬会成绩分析中国冰雪运动的现状

第七届亚冬会在哈萨克斯坦落下帷幕,最终收获11金10银14铜的中国代表团不敌日、韩和东道主,在亚冬会历史上首次被挤出前三行列。本文对第七届哈萨克斯坦亚亚冬会中国代表团的成绩同日本、韩国、哈萨克斯坦等亚洲冰雪强国的成绩进行比较,分析中国冰雪运动各项目的现状。同时就中国冰雪运动未来发展方向提出了建议,使中国冬季体育运动项目达到世界冰雪项目永续强国水平。     

Olympic samurai: Japanese martial arts between sports and self-cultivation

ABSTRACT

One of the longest-standing debates in the martial arts relates to their being either ‘sports’ or methods of self-cultivation. Traditionalists often ascribe unique spiritual characteristics to the martial arts, while criticising the ‘sportification’ of certain practices. In this view, the martial arts are seen to have declined from ancient ideals and become focused on ‘superficial’ competition and techniques. This paper argues that the supposedly intrinsic connection between martial arts and mental self-cultivation is largely a product of the last 150 years, and developed from the historical context of Japan’s modernisation in the late nineteenth century, as martial arts were codified while experiencing a powerful challenge from the arrival of Western sports. This dynamic was closely related to the development of the nationalistic ideology of bushido, the ‘way of the samurai’, which was frequently invoked by promoters of the martial arts. In this context, intangible elements such as ‘spirit’ were used by martial artists to include and exclude people along lines of gender, nationality, and ethnicity. This paper uses three Tokyo Olympics, 2020, 1964, and the cancelled 1940 games, to examine how the Japanese martial arts were ‘spiritualised’, and to consider the enduring legacy of imperial ideologies.     

The Japanese and Korean Martial Arts: In Search of a Philosophical Framework Compatible to History

Abstract

The popular discourse about Asian martial arts has often been surrounded by an aura of esotericism, so pervasive that it even influenced the academic discussion to some degree. Moreover, nationalistic motives to promote certain martial arts narratives often prevail. This article focuses on the frequently flawed philosophical and historical discourse surrounding the Asian martial arts. In particular, this study concentrates on the academic discussions of the Japanese and Korean martial arts, and the search for a philosophical framework compatible with historical narratives. The Japanese created a romantic but also nationalistic martial arts narrative that aligned with the ideals of the Meiji Restoration. This romanticized image was naively accepted in the West, often imported along with esoteric ideas of the East. And, as most modern Korean martial arts originated in Japan, the Korean martial arts discussion aligns with that of Japanese martial arts, and this alignment has been a point of heated dispute. Discussions of Korean martial arts reflect a search for a definitive identity of the Korean martial arts community as well as the desire to establish a martial arts tradition independent of those of Japan as well as China. However, the discourse has often been influenced by western, albeit biased and perhaps faulty, historical views, and ideas about martial arts traditions.     

Making Martial Arts History Matter

Abstract

This paper examines key ways in which ideas such as ‘tradition’, ‘authenticity’, and ‘history’ are deployed in discourses around Asian martial arts. First introducing how such concepts are used in national contexts such as Korea and elsewhere in East Asia it then examines the case of a dispute between two English language writers on martial arts. It examines these different cases to illustrate the ways that ‘tradition’, ‘authenticity’, and ‘history’ can be deployed for different ideological ends, from nationalism to personal self-advancement, in different contexts. In doing so, the paper theorizes the consequences of antagonisms that have recently arisen between common beliefs about certain Asian martial arts and historical studies that challenge such beliefs. It concludes that the discursive status of ‘history’ is not fixed or permanent, but varies depending on context. This is the case to such an extent that the status of ‘history’ can be said to have changed decisively. Ultimately, the paper argues for the value of rigorous scholarship even when it runs counter to cultural beliefs, and highlights the significance of such scholarship for showing the ways in which martial arts history matters in more contexts and registers than martial arts alone.     

A Game for the Global North: The 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang and South Korean Cultural Politics

Abstract

The South Korean region of Pyeongchang will host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Using Wallerstein’s world system theory and Collins’s notions of zones of prestige and emulation as a conceptual framework, this paper examines the South Korean Government’s intention to stage the winter sporting spectacle. As the Winter Olympics is arguably considered a game for the relatively affluent global north, South Korea, as a semi-core state, attempts to elevate its position to a global economic and cultural powerhouse through being a host of this winter sports mega-event. However, it should be noted that the Winter Olympic Games is an event through which white supremacy and Western cultural hegemony are continuously reinforced. Therefore, the South Korean ambition to enhance its international standing by staging the Winter Olympic Games paradoxically reflects Western cultural imperialism and Orientalism embedded in South Korean cultural politics associated with the winter sporting contest.     

Rivalries: China,Japan and South Korea – Memory,Modernity, Politics,Geopolitics – and Sport

Sport is an effective modern means for revealing a country's political preoccupations and geopolitical concerns. For China, Japan and South Korea, the pre-eminent countries in the recent Asian Games, sport has become a sharp tool for promoting nationalism and national identity. There is a history of bitter rivalry between these countries, not least, due to Japan's occupation of Korea and the Second Sino-Japanese War, the largest Asian war in the twentieth century. Consequently, a prominent characteristic of Korean and Chinese nationalism is anti-Japanese antipathy. This essay examines China–Japan–Korea rivalry through global sports events hosted in Asia during the past decade cumulating in the Guangzhou Asian Games. Here, the focus is on the use of these events as manifestations of resentment and revenge arising out of historic rivalries. This use may well grow in intensity as these nations grow in wealth, confidence and power as the EAST ASIAN EPOCH comes closer. This essay is the first to draw attention to the tripartite politics of sport as confrontation in the region's past, present and future.     

China’s Decisiveness in Olympic Bids: Leveraging International Sporting Mega-Events to Improve Beijing’s Odds of Success

Abstract

Through reviewing the 1993 Shanghai East Asian Games, the 2001 Beijing Summer Universiade and the 2014 Nanjing Summer Youth Olympics, this paper provides an in-depth account of how the organization and celebration of China’s international sporting events were decisively leveraged to improve Beijing’s chance of success in the three Olympic bids, respectively for the 2000 Summer Games, the 2008 Summer Games, and the 2022 Winter Games. The findings show China’s nationwide determination to entitle the capital city to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics as well as the synergy of its central and local authorities in handling international sporting affairs. They also reveal the keys that enable China to have become one of the most reliable spots on the planet for staging sporting mega-events and to gain long-lasing prestige in the global sports community.     

An Investigation into the History of the Taekwondo Uniform since the Korean Peninsula’s Liberation from Japan

Abstract

This paper investigates the complex history of the taekwondo sport uniform. Although the uniform is an outward symbol of South Korea’s most popular martial art and national sport, few researchers have elucidated the uniform’s history. From studies into martial art uniforms, and the taekwondo uniform in particular, it is discovered that the tradition of wearing white trousers and jacket began with judo in the nineteenth century. This tradition was carried over to karate and other Japanese martial arts in the early twentieth century. After the liberation of the Korean peninsula from Japan, the taekwondo uniform began to evolve from its Japanese progenitors. The first important changes to the taekwondo uniform were implemented by Hwang Gi, who altered it to meet a traditional Korean clothing style. The 1970s saw the second important transformation to the uniform, whereby it became exclusively regarded as sports attire. However, since the 1970s, the taekwondo uniform did not account for traditional Korean clothing styles, and it faced several criticisms. Recent changes to the World Taekwondo Federation’s poomsae uniform have addressed these problems. The distinctiveness of the new uniform will further distinguish it from its Japanese counterparts, and help to promote the true identity of taekwondo, as well as Korean culture, worldwide.     

Historical Views on the Origins of Korea’s Taekwondo

Abstract

The present study reviews the key contents and issues of Traditionalism, New Traditionalism and Revisionism, the key historical views of Taekwondo, with the purpose of focusing on the validity and limitations of New Revisionism. Traditionalism emphasizes that Taekwondo is Korea’s traditional martial art. New Traditionalism accepts this view and also recognizes the partial effect of Karate on Taekwondo without providing enough supporting evidence on their claims. Revisionism also focuses on the effect of Karate on Taekwondo. While New Revisionism shares a similar focus to Revisionism, it also focuses on the effects of Chinese martial arts on Karate and Taekwondo, which have been neglected previously. The validity of New Revisionism was supported with evidence on the following factors: the effect of Chinese martial arts on Karate, the effect of Chinese martial arts on Korea’s top five martial arts schools and their training methods, and the effect of Chinese martial arts appearing in the book written by the figures related to the top five initial martial arts schools after 1945. Despite a few limitations of the current historical views, New Revisionism suggests that Korea’s Taekwondo was affected by Japanese martial arts and Chinese martial arts, both directly and indirectly, in its formation.     

通过第6届亚冬会成绩分析中国冰雪运动的现状

第6届长春亚冬会在经过6天的激烈争夺后落下帷幕,最终中国体育代表团以19金19银和23铜的成绩位列金牌和奖牌榜首位。长春亚冬会的成功,对于在快速发展中的中国冰雪运动起到了推波助澜的重要作用,而今后一个时期内中国冰雪运动的发展方向也将被国人所关注的。本文对第6届长春亚冬会中国代表团的成绩进行分析,同时比较日本、韩国、哈萨克斯坦等亚洲冰雪强国的成绩,分析利弊因素,深入探究中国冰雪运动各项目的现状。同时就中国冰雪未来发展方向提出了建议,为使中国冬季体育运动项目达到世界冰雪强国的水平,推动冬季大众体育的开展提供一些参考。     

中国武术古籍在朝鲜半岛的传播与影响

武术古籍是中国传统武术文化东传朝鲜半岛的重要载体，在中朝武艺交流过程中扮演了极为重要的角色。为探明中国武术古籍在朝鲜半岛传播的时间、路径、背景及产生的影响，在归纳中国武术古籍代表书目的基础上，对古代中朝史料展开文献学分析和历史考证，并通过韩国相关数据库以及朝鲜《武艺图谱通志》所列参考书目，检索朝鲜正史与经籍所涉中国武术古籍的信息。研究表明，壬辰倭乱爆发后，朝鲜为改变武备废弛、兵力羸弱的不利局面，通过赐书、赠书、购书等途径慕求中国武术书籍，购书是中国武术古籍东传朝鲜半岛的主要渠道。绝大多数中国武术书籍于16世纪末期至18世纪末期东传朝鲜半岛，对朝鲜武艺发展影响深远，促进了明清武艺在朝鲜半岛的传播，奠定了朝鲜武艺发展的理论基础，推动了中朝两国的武艺交流。中国武术古籍在朝鲜半岛的传播，是在以中国传统武术文化为中心的东亚武艺圈内发生的文化转移现象，亦是中国传统武术文化博大精深、泽被四方的历史见证。     

中、日、韩夏季奥运会发展格局演变探析

以东亚体育强国中国、日本、韩国参与夏季奥运会为切入点,简述了20世纪以来东亚夏季奥运会的发展历程,日本是东亚奥林匹克运动的先驱,在20世纪50年代到70年代末引领东亚奥运会;20世纪80年代日本逐渐衰落,韩国和中国共同位居世界体育板块的第二军团;90年代至今中国逐步成为东亚体育排头兵,2000年后中国在金牌和奖牌总数上已经远超过日本和韩国,引领着东亚夏季奥运会的格局不断发展,与中国经济发展、国家综合实力不断提升、政治环境稳定是密不可分的。分析东亚奥运会发展的环境,揭示了东亚各国国力的增强对体育发展的促进作用,旨在为促进东亚夏季奥运会的进一步发展提供参考。     

在全球化语境中对传统武术与现代武术的文化解读

在全球背景下对传统武术和现代武术进行文化解读,不但有助于提高对其概念的理解,而且更能提高我们对两者的认识,传统武术是建立在我国传统文化基础之上的一种武术文化,而现代武术则是在西方体育文化影响下,在传统武术的基础上发展起来的一种竞技性体育文化。对两者的深入研究有利于武术事业的进一步发展。     

民族传统体育元素引入高校体育教学的反思与实践

我国民族传统体育历史悠久,内容丰富,形式多样,并且具有鲜明的传统文化和民族特点,是前人先辈在体育文化上智慧的结晶,是大众喜闻乐见的体育活动形式。把民族传统体育元素引入高校体育教学有着诸多的价值,然而与亚洲日本、韩国以及西方发达国家相比,我国民族传统体育发展和研究相对滞后。基于此,本文首先阐述了民族传统体育相关概念,然后就把民族传统体育元素引入高校体育教学的价值优势等进行了分析,与此同时,在总结分析高校民族传统体育教学问题的基础上,提出了民族传统体育元素融入高校体育教学的实践策略。     

The Far Eastern Championship Games and the Development of East Asian Society

In the history of the modern Olympics, East Asia is as active an area as Europe. Its involvement can be traced back to the beginning of the modern Olympic Games, as can the closely related Far Eastern Championship Games (FECG). Held in the Philippines in 1913, and following the model of the Olympic Games, the FECG was the first international sports competition to be held in East Asia and it is also the first regional international sports competition recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Due to its great significance in the development of modern sports in East Asia, it has been referred to as the ‘Oriental Olympics’ and the ‘Modern Asian Games’. This paper tries to understand the relationship between the FECG and the development of East Asian society. It points out that the FECG has played a critical role in the development of East Asian society and has exerted many positive influences that have been beneficial to social progress and development over time.     

Boosting ice hockey in China: political economy,mega-events and community

Abstract

With Beijing winning the bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, China has been actively boosting winter sports in the domestic market. This article briefly reviews the history of China’s ice hockey development and discusses the growth of ice hockey in China from the perspective of policies, the 2022 Winter Olympics and youth hockey athlete development models in Beijing. The conclusion of this study indicates that the national and local governments in China are taking measures to guarantee hockey development, and the 2022 Winter Olympics have brought huge opportunities for ice hockey in China. Long-term strategies, especially the strategies for the post-2022 Winter Olympic era need to be conducted. In addition, the family model, the professional and youth hockey clubs are efficient ways to maintain sustainable ice hockey development in China.     

民国时期“土洋体育之争”的研究述评

“土洋体育之争”是指20世纪20、30年代人们围绕近代西方体育输入中国过程中,与包括武术等在内的传统体育文化发生种种碰撞而展开的一场争论。“土洋体育之争”作为中国近代史上一不可避免的历史事件,有其曲折的经历与非同寻常的形成之因,同时对我国体育的发展有着重要的理论意义与现实借鉴意义,并对当时和后来体育的进程都产生了巨大的影响。文章通过文献研究法梳理史料,以其“经历一成因一意义一影响”的研究为准线展开评述,旨在总结历史经验,为我国体育更好地发展提供依据。     

武术国际化发展的文化思考

自1959年国家正式颁布《武术竞赛规则》以来,经过40多年的艰难历程,基本构建了较为完善的竞技武术体系。由表演到锦标赛,并逐渐进入全运会,跨入亚运会及世界锦标赛,这些举措均为进入奥运会竞技体育大家庭奠定了基础。然而,竞技武术只是武术文化的一个分枝,很难涵盖武术文化的深邃和底蕴。因此,将完整的武术文化体系全方位的推进,才是实施全球战略的最佳途径。所以,笔者通过文献资料法,研究其各历史时期的起伏演变,探索其历代的承传脉络,透视新形式下武术文化的最高境界,觅寻中西体育文化交融的鸿沟,构建武术国际化发展的新理念。