植物组织培养在藏药材研究中的应用

在藏药工业化生产的大环境下，对部分需求量较大和濒危野生藏药材进行人工培育和种植，建立大规模的栽培基地和资源保护基地已迫在眉睫。本文试图从植物组织培养角度研究其人工培育和种植技术，并为其提供理论依据。     

组织培养技术在保护藏药材中的作用

应用植物组织培养生产药用植物,具有不受地区、季节与气候限制,便于工厂化生产等优势,同时组织培养中的细胞生长速度要比植物正常生长速度快,接近于分生组织的生长速度,因此利用组织培养手段快速繁殖药用植物以及藏药材种苗,或者利用组织培养或细胞培养手段直接生产药物便随之日益发展.这对于保护已经濒危和即将濒危的藏药材种质资源具有重大的现实意义,同时对于保护西藏特有的生态环境也会起到举足轻重的作用.     

藏药材唐古特青兰在西藏自治区的分布和资源量调查

采用野外样地调查和标本馆标本查阅的方法对濒危藏药材唐古特青兰资源在西藏自治区的分布、密度、生物量等进行了调查,在对唐古特青兰藏药植物种分布区面积计算的基础上,估测了其在西藏自治区的最大资源量。结果发现唐古特青兰分布范围和海拔范围也有所扩大,但单产量有所减少。     

湖北后河国家级自然保护区的生物多样性及其保护现状调研报告

湖北后河国家级自然保护区拥有丰富的生物多样性,目前已知该区有陆生脊椎动物25目74科306种,占湖北省总种数的63.5%和全国总种数的13.0%,已知该区维管植物有194科819属2 088种,占湖北省总种数的34.4%和全国总数的7.5%,属国家特有、珍稀濒危或重点保护的植物约有70余种;已知藓类植物33科90属192种和叶附生苔类植物3科7属7种,分别占全国总种数的9.8%和4.2%,该区不仅拥有丰富的动植物区系成分多样性,而且具有高度的群落物种多样性和经济类型多样性。     

保护鄱阳湖流域野生植物多样性推动资源的可持续开发利用--国家科技支撑计划项目“鄱阳湖流域重要珍稀濒危植物的保育及资源可持续利用技术集成研究与示范”成果

鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖,也是四大淡水湖中唯一没有富营养化的湖泊。鄱阳湖流域是指以鄱阳湖为中心,以入湖的赣、抚、信、饶、修等5河及其流域组成的一个相对独立的区域,是长江中下游的一个重要支流区,湖泊流域总面积16.67万平方千米,占长江流域面积的9%,占江西省土地面积的92.7%。鄱阳湖流域分布的植物种类达3800余种,包括国家珍稀濒危植物57科128属226种。然而近几十年来,工农业的迅猛发展、人口的大量增长以及城市化进程的不断加快,导致资源被过度开发利用和不合理地使用,鄱阳湖流域正面临着诸多环境问题,严重制约和影响了流域内经济和社会可持续发展。这些问题包括：野生植物分布区域萎缩;资源状况和物种种群数量不清;生境有所恶化,资源逐渐减少,部分物种濒危加剧;流径有所萎缩,水质呈下降趋势;缺乏系统有效的保护对策和生态开发技术等。如何保护鄱阳湖流域野生植物多样性,尤其是珍稀濒危植物的多样性,实现资源的可持续开发利用,探索大湖流域综合开发新模式、保障区域生态安全、促进生态与经济协调发展,已成为鄱阳湖生态经济区亟待解决的重大课题之一。     

贵州亚热带地区稀有濒危植物分布特征及优先保护等级

贵州亚热带地区共有93种稀有濒危植物。其中,具有较高经济价值的松科、禾兰科、棕榈科、金缕梅科4个科植物略占1/3;以森林为生境的稀有濒危植物占31.50%;因生境破坏而受到威胁的植物达82.80%。表明人类干扰是贵州亚热带地区植物受威胁的主要因素,保护生态环境成为保护贵州亚热带地区稀有濒危植物的主要途径。根据区内的资源现状,可将该区的稀有濒危植物分为5个保护等级,其中10种为优先保护对象。     

包头市达茂旗药用植物资源现状及保护对策研究

内蒙古包头市达茂旗药用植物种类繁多且极具特色。通过对达茂旗药用植物资源调查和特征统计分析得出,达茂旗药用植物共计42科69属74种,其中特色蒙药植物34科59属62种(含内蒙古珍稀濒危植物7种);对调查的74种药用植物的生活型、药用部位、功效和类型归类等进行了分析,提出了加强达茂旗生态环境的保护(建立就地保护等),提升对民族特色药用植物的综合利用能力,实现药用植物资源的合理开发和可持续利用的建议。     

26年生红椎人工林的生物量及其分配格局

采用径阶平均标准木法，对中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心的红椎人工林乔木层各器官生物量进行了测定。结果表明：26年生红椎人工林乔木层的生物量为114．933t／hm2，年均净生产量为4.421t／（hm2．a）；各器官生物量分配格局为干材（59．57％）〉根（17.15％）〉枝（13．98％）〉干皮（6.29％）〉叶（3.01％）；其地上部分生物量主要集中分布于树高12m以下，占66.49％；林木径级为20cm～36cm范围的生物量占地上部分总生物量的75．01％；根系生物量的分配是以根兜的最大（57.81％），吸收根的最小（3．10％）。     

西藏国家重点保护野生植物药用资源

西藏计有国家重点保护野生植物药材10种,包括植物种类13种,其中属二级保护1种,三级保护12种,隶属于9科10属。目前,对高原药用植物濒危状况缺乏研究,对具有重要经济价值的药用植物资源的现状了解不足。西藏药用植物资源过渡采挖现象严重,其脆弱性随医药需求量增加而增加。建议尽快开展科学研究,采取深入、科学的保护措施。。     

大熊猫及其森林生态系统生物多样性与保护对策

常青自然保护区以大熊猫及其森林生态系统为保护对象，是生物多样性丰富的区域之一。种子植物146科，1792种，其中有中国种子植物特有属30属，国家保护植物29种；脊椎动物248种，其中国家珍贵保护动物30种。动、植物区系分析表明该区的原始性，南北过渡性以及种类的多样性和分布的复杂性。对该区存在的问题及多种珍稀动、植物栖息地的生物多样性的保护与持续发展的对策进行了探讨。     

青藏高原自然保护区特征与保护成效简析

建立自然保护区是保护典型生态系统和生物多样性及珍稀濒危物种资源的基本途径。具有敏感生态系统和丰富生物多样性的青藏高原,其自然保护区建设及其成效一直以来是各界关注的重点问题。本文以最新的《全国自然保护区名录》和已发表NPP与保护成效数据为基础,分析了青藏高原保护区的组成、分布格局与保护成效。结果表明:11963年至今,青藏高原地区建成了各类保护区155个,面积达82.24万km2,占全高原面积的32.35%;2保护区类型主要以野生动物与荒漠生态系统、野生动物及其生态系统、野生动物3个类型为主,各占高原内保护区总面积的36.84%、33.35%和6.80%;3形成了以超大型保护区为主、中部和东南部分布为主、保护类型多样为特点的青藏高原自然保护区体系;4经过50余年的生态建设,保护区保护成效显著,主要表现为:珍稀濒危物种数量显著增加、濒危物种西藏马鹿被重新发现、野生动物的栖息地得到了恢复和改善及典型保护区内草地植被的生态功能增强。本研究结果可为青藏高原生物多样性保护研究和区域可持续发展提供科学参考。     

广西珍稀濒危植物资源的保护与开发利用

根据调查统计、广西自然分布有国家珍稀濒危植物121种，是我国珍稀濒危植物资源最丰富的省份之一。本文论述了广西珍稀濒危植物地理分布、资源特点，系统分析了珍稀濒危植物资源保护现状和开发利用中存在的问题，并针对问题提出了保护和开发利用珍稀植物资源的战略     

西藏菊科植物

 1)  The Compositae in Tibet so far known comprise 508 species and 88 genera, which nearly amounts to one fourth of the total number of genera and one third of the total number of species of Compositae in all China, if the number of 2290 species and 220 genera have respectively been counted in all China. In Tibet there are all tribes of Com- positae known in China, and surprisingly, the large tribes in Tibetan Compositae are also large ones in all China and the small tribes in Tibet are also small ones in all China. Generally speaking, the large genera in Tibet are also large ones in all China and the small genera in Tibet are likewise small ones in all China. In this sense it is reasonable to say that the Compositae flora of Tibet is an epitome of the Compositae flora of all China.      In the Compositae flora of Tibet, there are only 5 large genera each containing 30 species or more. They are Aster, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea and Cremanthodium. And 5 genera each containing 10—29 species. They are Erigeron, Anaphalis, Leontopodium, Ajania, Ligularia and Taraxacum. In addition, there are 77 small genera, namely 87% of the total of Compositae genera in Tibet, each comprising 1—9 species, such as Aja-niopsis, Cavea and Vernonia, etc.      2)  The constituents of Compositae flora in Tibet is very closely related to those of Sichuan-Yunnan provinces with 59 genera and 250 species in common. Such a situation is evidently brought about by the geographycal proximity in which the Hengtuang Shan Range links southeastern and eastern Tibet with northern and northwestern Sichuan- Ynnnan.  With India the Tibetan Compositae have 59 genera and 132 species in common, also showing close floristic relationships between the two regions. Apparently the floris- tic exchange of Compositae between Tibet and India is realized by way of the mountain range of the Himalayas.  The mountain range of the Himalayas, including the parallel ranges, plays a important role as a bridge hereby some members of the Compositae of western or northern Central Asia and of the northern Africa or of western Asia have migrated eastwards or southeastwards as far as the southern part of Fibet and northern part of India, or hereby some Compositae plants of eastern and southeastern Asia or Asia Media have migrated northwestwards as the northern part of Central Asia.      Some of the species and genera in common to both Tibet and Sinjiang indicate that this weak floristical relationship between these regions is principally realized through two migration routes: one migration route is by way of the Himalayas including the parallel ranges to Pamir Plataeu and Tien Shan, or vice versa. The other migration route is by way of northern Sinjiang to Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwards to Gansu, Qinghai (or western Sichuan), eastern Tibet up to the Himalayas, or vice versa.      However, Tibet is not entirely situated at a migration crossroad of the floral ele- ments. An ample amount of the data shows that Compositae flora have a particular capability of development in Tibet. of the total number of species of Tibetan Com- positae, 102 species and 1 genus (Ajaniopsis Shih) are endemic. Besides, 8 genera are re- gional endemics with their range extending to its neighbourhood. The higher percentage of endemics at specific level than at generic in Tibetan Compositae may be a result of active speciation in response to the new enviromental conditions created by the uplifting of the Himalayas.  The flora in Tibetan Plateau as a whole appears to be of a younger age.       3) The uprising of the Himalayas and of the Tibetan Plateau accompanied by the ultraviolet ray radiation, the microthermal climate and the high wind pressure has, no doubt, played a profound influence upon the speciation of the native elements of Tibetan Compositae. The recent speciation is the main trend in the development of the Com-positae flora native in Tibet in the wake of upheaval of the plateau.     

Uplift,climate and biotic changes at the Eocene–Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet

The uplift history of south-eastern Tibet is crucial to understanding processes driving the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. Underpinning existing palaeoaltimetric studies has been regional mapping based in large part on biostratigraphy that assumes a Neogene modernization of the highly diverse, but threatened, Asian biota. Here, with new radiometric dating and newly collected plant-fossil archives, we quantify the surface height of part of the south-eastern margin of Tibet in the latest Eocene (∼34 Ma) to be ∼3 km and rising, possibly attaining its present elevation (3.9 km) in the early Oligocene. We also find that the Eocene–Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet witnessed leaf-size diminution and a floral composition change from sub-tropical/warm temperate to cool temperate, likely reflective of both uplift and secular climate change, and that, by the latest Eocene, floral modernization on Tibet had already taken place, implying modernization was deeply rooted in the Palaeogene.     

中国叶附生苔类植物的研究(二)——西藏的叶附生苔

 Meto situated in the southeastern Tibet, about  30°N' Lat., enjoys a tropical climate.  Below 2500m. altitude, there are monsoon rain forests and broad-leaved evergreen forests, from which the Tibetan scientific expedition has gathered 71 speci- mens of epiphyllous liverworts representing 26 species and 2 varieties in 13 genera. This may be considered as a distinct subzone for the epiphyllous liverworts in the south part of the Tibetan East Himalaya.     

Why ‘the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau’ is a myth

The often-used phrase ‘the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau’ implies a flat-surfaced Tibet rose as a coherent entity, and that uplift was driven entirely by the collision and northward movement of India. Here, we argue that these are misconceptions derived in large part from simplistic geodynamic and climate modeling, as well as proxy misinterpretation. The growth of Tibet was a complex process involving mostly Mesozoic collisions of several Gondwanan terranes with Asia, thickening the crust and generating complex relief before the arrival of India. In this review, Earth system modeling, paleoaltimetry proxies and fossil finds contribute to a new synthetic view of the topographic evolution of Tibet. A notable feature overlooked in previous models of plateau formation was the persistence through much of the Cenozoic of a wide east–west orientated deep central valley, and the formation of a plateau occurred only in the late Neogene through compression and internal sedimentation.     

Isolation and identification of a cellulolytic bacterium from the Tibetan pig's intestine and investigation of its cellulase production

BackgroundThe Tibetan pig is a pig breed with excellent grazing characteristics indigenous to the Qinghai–Tibet plateau in China. Under conditions of barn feeding, 90% of its diet consists of forage grass, which helps meet its nutritional needs. The present study aimed to isolate and identify a cellulolytic bacterium from the Tibetan pig's intestine and investigate cellulase production by this bacterium. The study purpose is to provide a basic theory for the research and development of herbivore characteristics and to identify a source of probiotics from the Tibetan pig.ResultsA cellulolytic bacterium was isolated from a Tibetan pig's intestine and identified based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rRNA analysis; it was designated Bacillus subtilis BY-2. Examination of its growth characteristics showed that its growth curve entered the logarithmic phase after 8–12 h and the stable growth phase being between 20 and 40 h. The best carbon source for fermentation was 1% corn flour, while 2% peptone and yeast powder compound were the best nitrogen sources. The initial pH during fermentation was 5.5, with 4% inoculum, resulting in a high and stable amount of enzyme in 24–48 h.ConclusionsThe isolated BY-2 strain rapidly grew and produced cellulase. We believe that BY-2 cellulase can help overcome the shortage of endogenous animal cellulase, improve the utilization rate of roughage, and provide strain sources for research on porcine probiotics.     

四川卧龙自然保护区珍稀濒危植物及其保护与利用

卧龙是四川省珍惜濒危植物最丰富的地区，有国家保护的珍稀濒危植物24种，隶属18科，20属，其中一级保护2种，二级保护11种，三级保护11中。本文论述了该地区珍稀、濒危植物的特点、类型及地理分布，以及这些植物的一些利用价值及保护建议。     

栅格尺度的西藏自治区人居环境自然适宜性综合评价

人居环境是人类发展的基础,科学评价人居环境自然适宜性,则是解决资源环境承载力的前提,是实现人与自然和谐共生基本方略的基础性工作。本文基于已有人居环境适宜性研究进一步探讨了人居环境自然适宜性综合评价的方法,并完成了西藏人居环境自然适宜性综合评价。研究表明：①基于条件规则的综合评价法更适合进行西藏人居环境自然适宜性综合评价;②西藏超过3/4的区域为人居环境不适宜地区,大部分分布在藏西北地区;临界适宜地区面积占比为16.78%,主要分布在一江两河地区、昌都市澜沧江上游以及山南和林芝北部地区;适宜地区面积占比仅为5.83%,集中分布在藏东南、一江两河和澜沧江上游的河谷绿洲地带;③西藏不同类型乡村居民点的分布与人居环境适宜性分区有很强的一致性,反映人类生活的乡镇驻地及村庄居民点分布占比随着人居环境适宜程度的增强而增加,代表高原牧区和生态脆弱地区的放牧点和古塔庙宇及文物古迹两类乡村居民点则反之,该结果进一步验证了本文西藏人居环境适宜性综合评价和分区的合理性与可靠性。