父母的政治资本对大学毕业生收入有影响吗

本文利用CGSS2008年的数据,分析父母的政治资本对大学毕业生子女工资收入的影响。研究发现,父母是官员的"官二代"大学毕业生收入只比非"官二代"大学毕业生高2个百分点,且不显著。但是通过对大学毕业生能力的控制且加入父母官员和高校等级的交互项后发现,同是来自等级较高的大学的"官二代"大学毕业生收入高出非"官二代"大学毕业生收入12.65个百分点,对于高校等级低的大学毕业生,官员的子女收入则略低于非官员的子女收入。说明父母的官员身份对大学毕业生子女收入的影响具有异质性。本研究还发现,父母的政治资本显著影响大学毕业生的就业单位选择,父母是官员的大学毕业生进入公有制单位的机会是非"官二代"大学毕业生的1.417倍,父母是党员的大学毕业生进入公有制单位工作的机会是父母为非党员的大学毕业生的1.453倍,父母利用政治资本对其大学毕业生子女工作选择的影响是影响子女收入的重要途径。     

父母受教育程度与子女人力资本投资——来自中国农村家庭的调查研究

基于中国山东、河北、广西三省的农村调查数据,分析父母受教育程度在对孩子学习设施投资和与子女互动时间投入方面的影响,以及父母受教育程度对教育投资的影响是否存在性别差异.研究表明,在中国农村,受教育程度高的父母在子女教育投资方面并不存在用“学习设施投资”替代“与子女互动时间投入”的现象,相反,随着父母受教育程度提高,对子女的学习设施投资和与子女互动时间投入同时增加.研究还发现,父亲受教育程度在对子女教育投资影响方面不存在性别差异,而母亲受教育程度对在子女学习设施投资方面更加偏爱女孩.     

学生学业成绩与教育期望关系研究——基于西部五省区农村小学的实证分析

学业成绩是衡量教育产出的重要指标,它与教育期望密切相关.教育期望理论对合理引导教师、家长给予学生积极的心理暗示、激发学生学习动机、促进学生自我发展均具有重要的影响.基于OLS回归和Logistic回归分析的结果发现,父母期望和学生自我期望对其学业成绩产生显著的正向影响,而且父母期望子女读到大学对子女有读大学的期望会产生极其显著的正向影响.此外,学生的学业成绩也会对其是否有读大学的期望产生显著正向影响.     

父母特质对子女受教育程度的影响分析

从父母特质的三个角度即父母职业、受教育程度和养育观念分析父母特质对子女受教育程度的影响．结果表明,在对子女教育施加影响的过程中,这三者不是孤立的,而是相互交叉、相互融合发挥作用。父母特质对子女受教育程度的影响会在一定程度上影响到教育公平。     

增加公共教育经费有助于改善教育的代际流动性吗?

近年来,越来越少的农村学生能够进入我国的顶尖高校,农村孩子的教育问题引起了社会的广泛关注。随着我国不断加大在农村地区教育经费的投入,家庭背景是否仍是制约农村学生教育抉择的关键因素是目前迫切需要回答的问题。我们通过中国住户收入分配数据库,分析了从1988年到2007年间家庭背景对子女上高中的影响趋势。结果发现在控制了一系列相关变量后,家庭背景对农村子女上高中的影响程度呈现倒U型变化,在最近几年开始呈现下降趋势,但父母受教育程度的影响一直很稳定,没有显著变化。此外,将孩子分成不同年龄组的回归结果,得到了相似的结论。本文构建了一个两阶段的教育选择模型,从教育经费的视角对此现象进行了剖析。发现当公共教育经费增加时,父母收入对孩子受教育程度的影响会减弱,而父母受教育程度的影响与公共教育经费无关。上述结论意味着,公共教育经费的增加,可以在一定程度上减弱家庭背景的影响,增加社会阶层的流动性,但当公共教育经费增加到较高水平时,对家庭背景的影响可能会非常微弱。这些结论具有很强的政策含义。我国政府在21世纪初对义务教育投入了大量的经费,经验分析的结果表明,家庭收入对孩子接受高中教育的影响在2007年左右已经不显著。分不同年龄组的回归结果显示,家庭收入对1986年以后出生的孩子的影响在显著下降,说明我国公共教育经费的投入取得了显著的成效。同时,这也隐含地表明今后的教育投入应该有所侧重,对贫困地区、中西部落后地区增加义务教育阶段的公共教育经费,可能会提高孩子的受教育程度;但对于发达地区,增加义务教育阶段的公共教育经费的效果可能会不明显。     

父母外出务工与留守子女辍学——基于CHNS调查数据的经验分析

利用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据,本研究对农村父母外出务工与留守子女初、高中阶段辍学行为之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明:父亲外出务工会显著降低留守子女初、高中阶段的辍学概率,母亲外出务工则会显著增加留守子女初中阶段的辍学概率。此外,免费义务教育政策的实施在较大程度上降低了留守子女的初、高中阶段的辍学概率;与那些父母受教育程度较低的留守子女相比,父母受教育程度越高的留守子女越不容易辍学;家庭子女数和机会成本会提高留守子女初中阶段辍学的概率。因此,为降低农村中学阶段子女辍学率,政府应当增加农村妇女当地就业机会以减少母亲外出的影响、推进户籍制度改革使随迁子女能获得同等的教育机会,并为高中阶段和多子女家庭提供教育补贴。     

家庭背景影响子女就读高中类型的实证调查研究

文章基于对47170名学生的问卷调查,分析了不同家庭背景的学生就读高中类型的差异.结果显示:家庭职业阶层、父母受教育水平、收入、城乡居住地对子女获得优势高中的就读机会具有显著的正向影响,但各种家庭背景变量发挥的影响力不尽相同;家庭收入、父母受教育水平这两种家庭背景变量对子女就读私立高中的机会产生了显著影响,但方向不同,前者发挥的是正向促进作用,后者则是负向作用;父母受教育水平对子女入读优势高中机会发挥的影响明显大于其他家庭背景因素.这提示职业阶层位置较低但受过良好教育、拥有较多文化资本的家庭,可充分运用这种优势促使子女获取高质量的教育机会,实现下层精英的向上流动.     

家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响

从家庭所处社会阶层、父母受教育程度、家庭收入三方面分析家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响,研究结果表明：不同社会阶层子女接受高等教育的机会及学校的层次、类型存在差异,基础阶层子女在一般公办本科院校和公办高职高专院校中较易获得入学机会;在公办高职高专院校中,社会阶层差异与父母受教育程度的差异均最小;当父母拥有大学本科及以上高等教育背景时,其子女进入各层次、各类型高等学校的机会均有大幅提升;家庭收入高低对子女是否进入民办性质的院校学习产生一定影响。     

家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响

从家庭所处社会阶层、父母受教育程度、家庭收入三方面分析家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响,研究结果表明:不同社会阶层子女接受高等教育的机会及学校的层次、类型存在差异,基础阶层子女在一般公办本科院校和公办高职高专院校中较易获得入学机会;在公办高职高专院校中,社会阶层差异与父母受教育程度的差异均最小;当父母拥有大学本科及以上高等教育背景时,其子女进入各层次、各类型高等学校的机会均有大幅提升;家庭收入高低对子女是否进入民办性质的院校学习产生一定影响。     

以某著名培训机构为例分析父母收入学历对子女语文学习的影响

很长一段时间里,人们会把更多目光投向在父母教养方式本身对孩子学习成绩以及做人做事态度的影响,而父母本身的收入和学历或者说文化水平带给孩子潜移默化的影响却并没有引起教育研究者足够的重视。那么作为一名在北京某著名培训机构任升学年级兼职语文教师的文学研究生,笔者对此问题进行了较为细致的研究,并总结出了一个结论:父母的收入在一定范围内对子女语文成绩、学习态度、课外阅读时间及其数量以及整体学习时间的影响是正相关的。同时,父母的文化水平对子女的语文成绩、学习态度、课外阅读时间及其数量以及整体学习时间的影响在任何范围内均为正相关。而在子女语文学习中的场独立性和场依存性上,父母更高的文化水平会加强子女认知的场独立性。同时父母收入对子女认知场独立性和场依存性的影响上并不存在随着收入增加而增加场独立性或者减少场独立性的状况,因此这也在之后展开。     

家庭环境对学业成绩的影响研究

采用自编的家庭环境调查问卷,对安徽省凤阳县1295名初三学生家庭环境状况与中考成绩进行调查,以考察家庭环境因素与学业成绩之间的关系,结果发现:家庭环境因素中家庭教育背景、家庭结构、家庭学习资源对学业成绩显著正相关;家庭教育态度中其父母参与度、支持度、亲子互动对学业成绩显著正相关,监管度对学业成绩显著负相关.家庭经济水平、家庭教育背景、家庭职业背景、家庭结构均可透过家庭学习资源间接影响学业成绩;而家庭经济水平、家庭教育背景、家庭结构又可透过家庭教育态度间接影响学业成绩,家庭学习资源和家庭教育态度是影响学业成绩的重要因素     

Family background, financial constraints and higher education attendance in China

Using data from the 2004 China College Student Survey, conducted by the author, this paper finds that long-term factors such as scholastic ability and parental education are significantly correlated with higher education attendance. By contrast, short-term financial constraints are also significantly associated with higher education access, but to a lesser degree. Furthermore, in recent years China's higher education expansion has provided broader access to students from lower income families. However, the tuition fees and “net prices” of elite universities are lower than those of medium quality universities, while the tuition fees and “net prices” of medium quality universities are lower than those of relatively low quality universities and colleges. This has led to a reverse relationship between family income and attendance costs, such that lower income families now shoulder a much higher burden for their childrens’ university education than higher income families.     

Equity in Spanish higher education

The most outstanding event in the recent evolution of higher education in developed countries has been the continuously increasing proportion of students entering higher education and, therefore, its extension to more and more inclusive groups. It seems reasonable to assume that the expansion of higher education must have facilitated access of less privileged social classes, but it is important to analyze to what extent this significant increase in higher education participation has reached all social, economic, and cultural groups. This analysis could be useful in designing a policy to help those students who have more difficulty accessing higher education. The goal in this paper is to analyze this subject thoroughly focusing especially on the level of participation of young adults in Spanish higher education controlling for economic level, parental education and occupation, and other environmental characteristics. We present a logistic model which jointly values the influence of different family and social characteristics of the individual on his/her decision to enroll in higher education. The main conclusions of the study are these: (a) There has been improvement in the equity of access to higher education. In spite of this overall improvement, about 30 per cent of the less privileged population is still underrepresented in higher education, (b) Family educational level is the most important factor in the decision to enter higher education. The weight of these educational characteristics exceeds by far the influence of family income level.     

学习困难儿童的家庭因素的研究

本研究对学习困难儿童的家庭因素进行了研究 ,研究结果表明 ,儿童学习困难与其母亲文化程度、家庭学习环境、父母期望、父母教养方式等因素间存在密切的联系。家庭经济收入、家庭结构、学习材料、父母一致性、父母关系等因素与儿童学习困难并无显著联系。父亲文化程度、父母职业、学习材料、父母督导等因素对儿童的学习有一定的影响 ,但与儿童学习困难问题也并不存在显著联系     

The effect of socioeconomic background on earnings: a comparison by race

Consistent with previous studies, we find that family background variables exert significant indirect effects on earnings of both white and black males. In the case of blacks, parental income in particular exerts a significant direct effect on earnings. Education is found to be a much more important determinant of black earnings than white earnings, while job tenure has the reverse relationship. After adjustments, parental income and level of education exert the strongest effects on reducing the black-white earnings differential.     

A strategic view of parent participation

Partnership and parental participation are terms which have featured frequently in discussions of educational matters in recent years. Their exact meaning and implications, however, are problematic. This paper seeks to move towards a strategic understanding of parental participation and in doing this addresses several themes: the concept of participation; contrasting perspectives on parental participation; the development of ‘welfare state’ rationality; the growth and significance of collective consumption and with this the development of the consumer‐citizen; and strategies towards consumer weakness. Tackling consumer weakness, it is argued, requires radically changing (or re‐casting) the relationship between consumer‐citizens and producers. It is suggested that education is a sphere which is particularly fruitful for the investigation and development of such a policy.

The themes discussed in the paper suggest an alternative approach or framework for education and participation is required and this is briefly outlined. The paper concludes with proposals for promoting collective parental involvement and influence; in particular, a scheme for a national representative body for parents, which is both government‐funded and accountable to local associations of parents, is put forward.     

Why women are progressive in education? Gender disparities in human capital,labor markets,and family arrangement in the Philippines

This paper shows mutually consistent evidence to support female advantage in education and disadvantage in labor markets observed in the Philippines. We set up a model that shows multiple Nash equilibria to explain schooling and labor market behaviors for females and males. Our evidence from unique sibling data of schooling and work history and from the Philippine Labor Force Survey support that family arrangement to tighten commitment between daughters and parents keeps a high level of schooling investments in daughters. Because wage penalty to females in labor markets means that education is relatively important as a determinant of their earnings, parental investments in their daughters’ education has larger impacts on the income of their daughters than on their sons. Parents expect larger income shared from better-educated adult daughters. In contrast, males stay in an equilibrium, with low levels of schooling investment and income sharing. Our results also imply that the above institutional arrangement is stronger among poor families.     

Parental Involvement and Students' Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis

The idea that parental involvement has positive influence on students' academic achievement is so intuitively appealing that society in general, and educators in particular, have considered parental involvement an important ingredient for the remedy for many problems in education. The vast proportion of the literature in this area, however, is qualitative and nonempirical. Among the empirical studies that have investigated the issue quantitatively, there appear to be considerable inconsistencies. A meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the quantitative literature about the relationship between parental involvement and students' academic achievement. The findings reveal a small to moderate, and practically meaningful, relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement. Through moderator analysis, it was revealed that parental aspiration/expectation for children's education achievement has the strongest relationship, whereas parental home supervision has the weakest relationship, with students' academic achievement. In addition, the relationship is stronger when academic achievement is represented by a global indicator (e.g., GPA) than by a subject-specific indicator (e.g., math grade). Limitations of the study are noted, and suggestions are made for future studies.     

Practices of parental participation: a case study

The nature of parental participation in children’s education is changing rapidly. A growing body of research points to the positive effect that parental involvement has on outcomes of schooling and on children’s well‐being. This paper examines parental participation practices in terms of parents working together with a range of professionals, exchanging knowledge and information regarding their child’s SEN, challenging practices, and negotiating SEN provision. The parents in this study exercised agency – that is, they showed resilience and took initiative, within a context of shared responsibility and accountability, and advocated for their child’s right to educational provision. This paper argues for a strengths‐based approach towards enabling active parental participation and advocacy.     

Parental involvement and the educational trajectories of youth in Russia

This paper studies the influence of parental involvement in the educational process on the educational achievements of Russian students and their educational strategies, such as studying in high school and successful admission to university. We argue that the patterns of parental involvement represent a link between the formal (school) and informal (family) educational institutions and can have a beneficial effect on academic performance and contribute to the choice of the educational pathway to higher education. Based on data from the longitudinal study ‘Trajectories in Education and Careers’, it was shown that the results of school state examinations are positively associated with the active participation of parents in school meetings, the employment of tutors (except for the Unified State Exam score in mathematics), and the provision of additional literature for the child. A negative relationship was found between homework control and student success. In general, the factor of ‘rational’ (not excessive) involvement is positively associated with educational achievement and educational choice, which may indicate the non-linear nature of the relationship. Parental involvement itself depends on the family characteristics, such as mother’s education, family income and the number of books at home. In addition, family has a positive impact on educational success and educational strategies, and high school characteristics are especially important for the results of the Unified State Exam and the university choice.