Application of corncob-based activated carbon as electrode material for electric double-layer capacitors

To investigate the influence of expansion pretreatment for materials on carbon structure, activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from corncob with/without expansion pretreatment by KOH activation, the structure properties of which were determined based on N 2 adsorption isotherm at 77 K. The results show that the expansion pretreatment for corncobs is beneficial to the preparation of ACs with high surface area. The specific surface area of the AC derived from corncob with expansion pretreatment (AC-1) is 32.5% larger than that without expansion pretreatment (AC-2). Furthermore, to probe the potential application of corncob-based ACs in electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), the prepared ACs were used as electrode materials to assemble EDLC, and its electrochemical performance was investi- gated. The results indicate that the specific capacitance of AC-1 is 276 F/g at 50 mA/g, which increases by 27% com- pared with that of AC-2 (217 F/g). As electrode materials, AC-1 presents a better electrochemical performance than AC-2, including a higher voltage maintenance ratio and a lower leakage current.     

Triethoxysilane with oligo（ethylene oxide） substituent as film forming additive for graphite anode

{3-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy]-propyl} triethoxysilane (TESM2) was synthesized and used as an electrolyte additive to improve the performances of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The electrochemical properties of the electrolyte (1 mol/L lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆)/ethylene carbonate (EC):diethylene carbonate (DEC):dimethyl carbonate (DMC), 1:1:1) with different contents of TESM2 were characterized by ionic conductivity measurement, galvanostatic charge/discharge test of graphite/Li half cells, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Both the cycling performances and C-rate capabilities of graphite/Li half cells were significantly improved with an optimized content of 15% TESM2 in the electrolyte. The graphite/Li half cell delivered a very high specific capacity of 370 mAh/g at 0.2C rate without any capacity loss for 60 cycles, and retained a capacity of 292 mAh/g at 2C rate. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of the graphite anode was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), indicating that TESM2 was effectively involved in the formation of SEI film on the surface of graphite.     

锂离子电池SiO/C复合负极材料的制备及性能研究

以正硅酸乙酯和蔗糖为原料,采用液相法制备了SiO/C复合负极材料。通过XRD、SEM以及恒流充放电测试等方法研究了煅烧温度、溶液pH值对SiO/C材料的相组成、颗粒形貌及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,煅烧温度为800℃、pH=6时制备的SiO/C负极材料具有高的可逆比容量(～500mAh/g)及优良的循环性能。这主要是由于煅烧温度为800℃时材料中无定形碳的碳化程度较高,pH=6时可形成较小的SiO核心颗粒。     

纳米尺寸锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4/C合成与电性能研究

本文采用流变相法合成纳米尺寸锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4/C,并用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),透射电镜(SEM),热分析(TG-DSC)以及恒流充放电测试等方法进行结构和电化学性能表征。结果表明此方法合成的LiFePO4/C复合材料的粒径为50nm,表层的碳膜厚度为1～2nm,具有较好的振实密度,在充放电循环过程中有稳定的充放电平台和较高的循环稳定性以及良好的高倍率性能。     

H2S／air固体氧化物燃料电池的性能研究

采用陶瓷薄膜技术及溶胶一凝胶法制备了氧离子传导YSZ（Y2O3稳定的ZrO2）电解膜与电极催化剂,构建了膜电极组装（MEA）及结构为H2S、（复合MoS2阳极）／YSZ传导膜／（复合NiO阴极）、空气燃料电池系统;通过在MoS2中掺杂NiS、电解质、Ag粉和淀粉制备了双金属复合MoS2阳极催化剂,在NiO中添加电解质、Ag粉和淀粉制备了复合NiO阴极催化剂：考察了不同操作温度对电池性能的影响,比较了几种不同电极催化剂的性能,研究了H2S／air固体氧化物燃料电池的电化学性能。实验结果表明,在H2S环境中,复合MoS2阳极催化剂比MoS2和Pt具有更好的性能,复合Nio阴极Pt阴极的极化小;在电极催化剂中加入Ag可显著提高电极的导电性．添加电解质和淀粉可以提高电极的离子传导性和多孔性：操作温度增加．传导膜的电传导率和电化学反应速率增加,电池的输出电流与功率密度增加,电化学性能变好。电池连续运行1～4d几乎不降级。在850℃和101．13kPa时．燃料电池最大输出功率密度为155mW·cm^-2,对应的电流密度为240mA·cm^-2。     

锂离子电池负极材料Sb2O3-x/rGO的氧缺陷构建及其电化学性能研究

成功制备了氧缺陷型Sb2O3-x/rGO复合材料.与纯Sb2O3材料相比,Sb2O3-x/rGO复合材料颗粒尺寸大大减小,导电性能得到提高,作为锂离子电池的负极材料,具有更高的可逆能力、更好的循环稳定性和良好的倍率性能.在电流密度为100 mAh·g^-1的情况下,Sb2O3-x/rGO复合材料的初始放电容量可达1336.6 mAh·g^-1.即使经过50次充放电循环后,其充放电容量依然可以保持在405.8 mAh·g^-1.     

Electrochemical properties of CoFe3Sb12 as potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries

A skutterudite-related antimonide, CoFe3Sb12, was prepared with vacuum melting. XRD analysis showed the material contained Sb, FeSb2, CoSb2 and CoSb3 phases. The electrochemical properties of the ball-milled CoFe3Sb12-10 wt% graphite composite were studied using pure lithium as the reference electrode. A maximal lithium inserting capacity of about 860 mAh/g was obtained in the first cycle. The reversible capacity of the material was about 560 mAh/g in the first cycle and decreased to ca. 320 mAh/g and 250 mAh/g after 10 and 20 cycles respectively. Ex-situ XRD analyses showed that the antimonides in the pristine material were decomposed after the first discharge and that antimony was the active element for lithium to insert into the host material.     

A Review on Applications of Layered Phosphorus in Energy Storage

Phosphorus in energy storage has received widespread attention in recent years. Both the high specific capacity and ion mobility of phosphorus may lead to a breakthrough in energy storage materials. Black phosphorus, an allotrope of phosphorus, has a sheet-like structure similar to graphite. In this review, we describe the structure and properties of black phosphorus and characteristics of the conductive electrode material, including theoretical calculation and analysis. The research progress in various ion batteries, including lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium–air batteries, and supercapacitors, is summarized according to the introduction of black phosphorus materials in different electrochemical applications. Among them, with the introduction of black phosphorus in lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries, the research on the properties of black phosphorus and carbon composite is introduced. Based on the summary, the future development trend and potential of black phosphorus materials in the field of electrochemistry are analyzed.     

Preparation and characterization of TiO2/expanded graphite

In order to obtain anatase TiO2/expanded graphite with high expansion volume, titania gel was introduced to expandable graphite surface by sol-gel process, and then the composite was expanded and calcined at high temperature. The samples were analysed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS), and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The optimal conditions for preparation are as follows: the molar ratio of tetrabutyl orthotitanate to triethanolamine is 1∶0.4, and the calcination and expansion temperature is in the range of 650-750 °C. Under such conditions, the expansion volume of composites could reach 98 mL/g, and the mass loss ratio is less than 5%. The analysis shows that lower temperature and smaller particle size of graphite are helpful to the formation of anatase-type of TiO2, but larger particle size will lead to lower mass loss ratio, and higher temperature and larger particle size will lead to higher expansion volume.     

不同形态SiO_2的性质研究

本文比较了晶态ＳｉＯ＿２和无定形ＳｉＯ＿２的性质。结果表明，无定形ＳｉＯ＿２的溶解度大于α－石英。在ｐＨ＞３的范围内，ＳｉＯ＿２粒子表面带负电荷，α－石英粒子表面ξ电位高于无定形ＳｉＯ＿２粒子，ＥＳＲ谱表明，α－石英晶体被研磨后，粉尘粒子表面产生了自由基，而研磨无定形ＳｉＯ＿２则无自由基产生。α－石英粉尘粒子表面ξ电位大，粒子表面存在自由基与它的细胞毒性大是相一致的。     

活性炭/二氧化锰复合材料的制备及性能研究

采用水热法,以果壳活性炭为载体,制备活性炭（AC）/二氧化锰（MnO2）纳米线复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面及孔径分析仪、同步热分析仪（TG）以及紫外可见吸收光谱（UV/Vis）对所得材料的组成、形貌和结构进行表征,并对其光催化性能进行研究。结果表明:采用水热法可实现活性炭与MnO2的有效复合。在复合材料中,MnO2纳米线多以无定形态的形式存在且尺寸均一,将活性炭有效胶结在一起,从而使得活性炭比表面积和孔隙率降低,但其孔径大小保持不变。光催化实验结果表明,AC/MnO2复合材料对于有机染料具有明显、高效的降解效果,对亚甲基蓝的降解主要是吸附和光催化两者协同效应的结果。该结果拓展了活性炭在光催化领域的应用。     

Hierarchical NiCo LDH–rGO/Ni Foam Composite as Electrode Material for High-Performance Supercapacitors

In this study, a bulk composite material symbolized as NiCo LDH-rGO/Ni F was developed by a solvothermal process for the first time. This material was fabricated through simultaneous growth of nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide(NiCo LDH) and reduced graphene oxide(rGO) on nickel foam. This bulk composite can be used directly as a binder-free electrode for supercapacitors(SCs). The physicochemical properties of this composite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the composite were measured by the cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge. The results show that this composite had a hierarchical structure and exhibited a significantly enhanced specific capacitance of up to 3383 F/g at 1 A/g. The asymmetric SC using this composite as a positive electrode had a high energy density of 40.54 Wh/kg at the power density of 206.5 W/kg and good cycling stability. Owing to the synergies between the metal oxides and the rGO, the preparation method of in situ growth and its hierarchical structure, this bulk composite displayed excellent electrochemical performance and had a promising application as an efficient electrode for high-performance SCs.     

纳米Co3O4/石墨烯复合材料制备及电化学性能研究

Co3O4纳米复合材料是钠离子电池重要的材料.本文采用溶剂热渗碳、水热的方法在清洗后的宏孔导电网络表面覆盖了一层Co3O4/纳米石墨烯复合材料.纳米Co3O4层由直径为200 nm的薄片构成.电化学测试表明,作为钠离子电池负极材料Co3O4/nanographene/MECN初始容量达到了815 mAh/g,可逆容量300 mAh/g,该结构的Co3O4纳米复合材料为下一代钠离子电池结构设计提供了新思路.     

Electrochemical properties of CoFe<Subscript>3</Subscript>Sb<Subscript>12</Subscript> as potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries

A skutterudite-related antimonide, CoFe₃Sb₁₂, was prepared with vacuum melting. XRD analysis showed the material contained Sb, FeSb₂, CoSb₂ and CoSb₃ phases. The electrochemical properties of the ball-milled CoFe₃Sb₁₂−10 wt% graphite composite were studied using pure lithium as the reference electrode. A maximal lithium inserting capacity of about 860 mAh/g was obtained in the first cycle. The reversible capacity of the material was about 560 mAh/g in the first cycle and decreased toca. 320 mAh/g and 250 mAh/g after 10 and 20 cycles respectively.Ex-situ XRD analyses showed that the antimonides in the pristine material were decomposed after the first discharge and that antimony was the active element for lithium to insert into the host material. Project supported by the National Natural Foundation of China (No. 59771032) and the RFDP of the Education Ministry of China (No. 20010335045)     

Electrochemical properties of CoFe_3Sb_(12) as potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries

INTRODUCTIONBinaryskutteruditeshavecubicIm35()hTstructureandthechemicalformofAB3,whereArepresentsametalatomandBrepresentsapnico-genatom.Thereareeightformulaunitspercubicunitcell,inwhichthereareadditionallytwostructuralvoidswiththeradiivariedfrom1.63?forCoP3to2.040?forIrSb3.Thevoidislargeenoughforanalkalineearthorrareearthatomtoinsertintoitandtoformternarycompoundscalledfilledskutterudites.Inthesecompounds,theinsertinglooselyboundatomscanmoveorbouncearoundinsidethevoidsduetotherelative…     

膨胀石墨对二氧化碳的吸附研究

采用常压吸附法研究了膨胀石墨吸附剂在二氧化碳/氮气体系中对二氧化碳的动态吸附性能,比较了其吸附量、穿透曲线和吸附性能的差异.研究了膨胀石墨的比表面积,孔径分布等因素对其二氧化碳吸附性能的影响.结果表明:膨胀体积越大的膨胀石墨,其对二氧化碳的吸附能力越强,最高可达190 mg/g以上.其吸附量随温度升高而呈现下降趋势,但在30℃时吸附量仍达到90 mg/g以上.     

柔性环氧树脂/石墨复合材料双极板的制备

采用了E-44环氧树脂与柔性固化剂邻苯二甲酸酐和粉末石墨混合且加热模压同时进行的成型工艺制备出复合材料双极板。该方法采用流体环氧树脂且加热模压同时进行一次性完成复合材料双极板的成形。本研究利用万能材料测试机采用三点弯曲法对不同混合比例样品做了力学性能分析;热重实验验证了该样品在工作条件下的稳定性;SEM扫描电镜分析观察了其微观组织情况。结果表明本文工艺方案所制备样品性能要优于采用聚酰胺固化剂制备所得样品。     

N-NiMoO4/NF的制备及其电催化析氢活性

采用简单、高效的方法,成功制备了应用于碱性介质电催化制氢的Ni-MoxNy/NF电极,对其进行XRD、SEM、TEM和XPS表征,并系统研究了该电极的电催化析氢性能。结果表明:产物的相组成物为单质Ni、Mo2N及Mo5N6。控制工艺条件,可制备出性能最佳的相结构为Ni-Mo2N,Mo5N6的含量增加不能提高产物的性能;性能最佳试样的显微形貌呈现纳米棒状,Ni(111)与Mo2N(200)构成的异质结构界面赋予材料优异的电催化析氢性能,在碱性电解质中,10mA/cm2下析氢过电位达 21mV,接近20%Pt/C电极(18mV),Tafel斜率为39.9mV/dec。电极的优异性能既来源于高电化学活性面积,也来源于其高本征活性,跻身当前性能最佳的非贵金属催化材料,为非贵金属碱性析氢电催化材料的、研发提供了新思路。     

溶胶凝胶法制LiFePO4作为锂电池正极材料的研究

采用固相法和溶胶凝胶法（sol-gel）成功地制备出了LiFePO4．并利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜以及电化学测试等手段，系统地研究了合成条件和方法对材料的结构和电化学性能的影响．研究表明，使用sol—gel方法和固相法，制备出单一相的LiFePO4，其比容量分别为130mAh／g和80mAh／g．采用sol—gel方法制备的LiFePO4作为电池正极材料具有高的比容量和优良的电化学性能．     

二维反应器采用活性碳纤维毡片复合阳极电解TNT废水研究

本实验研究了以不锈钢片单独做阳极和以活性碳纤维毡片（＋不锈钢）的复合阳极对TNT废水电解效果的影响,并对电解机理进行了初步的探讨。原废水的TNT浓度为70—90mg／L,COD约为290—340mg／L,PH为7．5—9。实验数据显示,当槽电压为10V,PH值为3,外加电解质Na2SO4lg／L,极板间距为4era,电流密度为15mA／em。,搅拌转速为260r／min,电解2h时,以活性碳纤维＋不锈钢复合材料为阳极处理原废水,对TNT和COD的降解率分别为66．6％和55．5％,然而单独以不锈钢材料为阳极情况下,对TNT和COD的降解率仅为43．5％和24．7％。结果表明以活性碳纤维＋不锈钢复合材料为阳极对TNT废水中的有机物的电解效果显著,对实际工程废水处理有一定的指导意义。