关键反应训练对自闭症儿童的干预有效性——来自认知神经科学的证据

关键反应训练(Pivotal Response Training,PRT)是一种基于应用行为分析、具有循证实践支持的自闭症儿童干预方法。有关PRT干预的认知神经科学研究多使用小样本的高功能自闭症儿童进行实验,PRT干预后,自闭症儿童的行为指标显著改善,大脑连通性改变,同时其前额叶皮层(尤其是左腹外侧前额叶皮层和左背外侧前额叶皮层)、梭状回、后颞上沟等脑区对生物运动的激活增加。未来的研究应当增加使用ERP、fMRI等认知神经科学技术探寻PRT有效性的生理标记物,以准确预测PRT对自闭症儿童的干预效果,推动自闭症儿童的干预向着精准医学的方向发展。     

刻板印象威胁发生机制:认知神经研究进展

刻板印象威胁发生机制的认知神经科学研究发现,女性数学刻板印象抑制了受威胁个体下前额皮质、左下顶叶皮质、两侧角回等数学学习时所用脑区的激活,激活了与情绪加工有关的脑区扣带前回腹侧;刻板印象威胁使受威胁个体终止对其学业表现的监控,进而从学业表现中脱离出来;刻板印象威胁导致受威胁个体对自我控制进行不恰当地调节,从而把其影响外溢到与当前刻板印象无关的任务中.未来研究应加强刻板印象威胁影响社会任务机制的认知神经科学研究,进一步整合刻板印象威胁发生机制的行为研究与认知神经研究各自获得的成果.     

负性情绪与工作记忆的关系:认知神经科学新取向

情绪与工作记忆关系的研究成为近年来认知神经科学领域的重要课题.文章从加工效能理论、认知神经取向的生理研究技术和脑损伤研究三个方面回顾了负性情绪与工作记忆研究的进展和存在的问题.文章指出,负性情绪与工作记忆有共同的脑机制,能抑制工作记忆正常工作,并且对完成词语工作记忆任务和空间工作记忆任务的影响不同,强调了前额叶皮质对情绪调控和工作记忆功能的影响.     

老年痴呆患者元记忆研究的大脑机制

老年痴呆患者的元记忆存在缺失,这种缺失似乎是额叶和颞叶网络交互作用的结果.患者因关于自己记忆能力的知识受损,从而不能及时更新个人数据库,这被认为与额叶有关;颞中回和额叶皮质在主观经验中发挥作用,这些脑区域的分离可能导致老年痴呆患者判断的不准确.由于额叶参与了觉察机制,而执行功能主要依赖于额叶皮层的整合,因此,疾病失认和记忆觉察可能与执行功能有关.     

从认知神经科学到基于脑的教育:回顾与展望

认知神经科学的飞速发展为教育理论和实践研究注入了新的活力,而基于脑的教育将会进一步揭示隐藏在学习背后的内部机制.通过从语言学习、阅读、数学认知和学习情绪等几个方面切入来探讨认知神经科学对教育实践的影响,并揭示在认知神经科学视角下衍生出的基于脑的教育理论之意义,并对该趋势的未来研究前景做了展望.     

世界前沿科学领域：脑模式理论与外语教学的整合

20世纪末,欧美各国推行了"脑的10年"计划,并支持20余所著名大学和研究机构开展认知神经科学的研究。认知神经科学诞生之初作为一门儿新兴的研究领域,则高度融合了认知科学和信息科学,把研究的对象从纯粹的认知与行为扩     

认知神经科学视角下的创造力研究

创造力研究对于社会进步和个人发展均具有重要意义,逐渐成为心理学研究中的一个重要领域。随着认知神经科学的兴起,研究者从认知神经科学视角开展了丰富的创造力研究,这些研究主要体现在两个方面:(1)从大脑结构、大脑皮层唤醒水平和神经效能三个角度对创造力个体差异的认知神经机制进行了揭示;(2)基于最近几十年认知神经科学的研究成果,从认知神经科学角度对创造力进行了分类。认知神经科学的创造力研究,深化了人们对创造力的理解,但依然存在挑战,通过分析这些挑战,使我们明晰了认知神经科学关于创造力研究的未来方向:改进创造力测量工具和实验任务以满足认知神经科学研究的需要,进一步加强知识与创造力关系、人格特质与创造力关系的认知神经科学研究。     

脑、认知、情绪与教育——情绪的神经科学研究进展及其教育意义

近年来,随着文理科交融与多学科交叉的大力提倡和高速发展,认知科学与教育学领域都对儿童发展观的理解发生了深刻的改变,并且意识到了脑和教育相关的密不可分,"教育神经科学"这一新的学科也应运而生。情绪认知神经科学的新进展主要包括基本情绪脑环路、情绪与认知的交互作用、情绪障碍的神经机制等方面。情绪神经科学知识的掌握可以使教育的实践建立在更加科学的基础上,从而更好地建构课程情感教育目标、评价和教育内容。采用积极教育理念,加强情绪神经科学与教育学的双向交流,将脑科学的最新技术应用到师生互动的教学活动中,无疑是今后发展的方向。     

人际信任的神经生理机制

人际信任是人际交往中一种常见、重要的心理现象。但研究者对信任的定义还存在不同观点。在研究方法上可以分为两类:一类是根据定义,编制题目来测量信任;另一类是行为游戏法,包括囚徒两难游戏、最后通牒游戏和信任游戏。社会神经认知科学家研究发现,人际信任不存在一个特定的中枢,它跟杏仁核,前中间前额皮质,旁扣带回,脑岛,腹侧被盖区,中隔区,梭状回,颞上回,眶额叶皮层等脑区有关,跟催产素、加压素和多巴胺等化学物质有关。同时,该研究指出了信任研究存在的不足。     

儿童语言习得的发展认知神经科学依据

在过去的十几年里,发展认知神经科学已成为儿童发展科学和认知神经科学研究的一个热门领域。专家们预测发展认知神经科学将成为未来几十年里研究儿童语言发展与大脑关系的一个崭新而充满挑战的领域。尽管有关儿童语言习得的发展认知神经科学研究还存在着许多难点,但随着脑成像技术的发展,特别是功能磁共振成像和高密度的脑电、脑磁等方法的运用,这一领域已经取得了丰硕的研究成果。本文将就儿童语言习得的发展认知神经科学研究最新进展与儿童语言教育的关系作一介绍。一、儿童早期如何习得语言语言教育是幼儿教育的重要内容和基础,但幼儿语…     

脑成像技术在社会认知研究中的积极作用

脑科学技术的迅速发展与认知心理学的相互融合在认知神经心理学领域取得了惊人的成就,与此同时通过脑功能定位技术开展大脑功能与社会信息加工机制相互关系的研究,也成为心珲学家进行社会认知理论探索的必然,本文试图通过时近10年来脑成像技术在社会认知研究领域所取得成果的介绍,使读者对脑成像在社会认知领域中的积极作用有所了解.     

Neuromyths: Why Do They Exist and Persist?

Neuroeducation—a recent approach to educational policy—claims that a bridge should be established between education and mind‐brain sciences, with the double aim of devising educational methods that work and of understanding why they work. The success of this encounter depends, among other conditions, on getting the science right; otherwise, neuroeducation and science‐informed policies risk doing more harm than good. On several occasions, the cognitive and brain sciences have been misunderstood, and misused: neuromyths—the misconceptions about the mind and brain functioning—have blossomed, thus raising both theoretical and pragmatic concerns. This article addresses the origin, persistence, and potential side‐effects of neuromyths in education. The hypothesis is put forward that the persistence of neuromyths is sustained by specific cultural conditions, such as the circulation of pieces of information about the brain and the appetite for brain news, but has its roots in deeper cognitive intuitions.     

Language experience changes language and cognitive ability

The sustained use of two languages by bilinguals has been shown to induce broad changes in language and cognitive abilities across the lifespan. The largest changes are seen as advantages in executive control, a set of processes responsible for controlled attention, inhibition, and shifting. Moreover, there is evidence that these executive control advantages mitigate cognitive decline in older age and contribute to cognitive reserve. In this paper, we examine some of the evidence for these findings and explain their relation to bilingual language use. These effects are considered in terms of their implications for our understanding of cognitive and brain plasticity. Some implications for social policy are discussed.     

排斥与融合:民办园教师生存状态的社会学考察

采用自编问卷调查民办园教师的生存状态,结果表明:相对于公办园教师,民办园教师由于占有的资源和权利有限,因而在经济收入、生活条件、工作环境、专业成长、社会关怀以及社会支持与社会保障等方面遭遇到了种种"社会排斥",表现出明显的弱势特征.建立以各级政府为主导、多方协作配合的社会融合机制是改善民办园教师生存状态的策略选择.     

Conduct disorder and cognitive functioning: testing three causal hypotheses

The sample consisted of black adolescents who were members of the Columbia-Presbyterian chapter of the Collaborative Perinatal Project from birth to age 7. At age 17, subjects and their parents were administered a battery of instruments that included standardized psychiatric diagnostic interviews as part of a call-back study. Results from least-squares and logistic regression analyses were compatible with the hypothesis that deficiencies in cognitive functioning are causally related to adolescent conduct disorder as defined by DSM III. The results suggested that the relation of cognitive functioning to psychiatric status appears to be specific to conduct disorders. The results were incompatible with a "third" variable hypothesis (third factors included neurological status and environmental disadvantage) and the hypothesis that conduct problems lead to deficits in cognitive functioning. The 3 most (and equally) important factors in accounting for age-17 conduct disorder were cognitive functioning, parent psychopathology, and early aggression. A closer look at the data tentatively suggested that a broad deficiency in acculturational learning, rather than narrowly focused social cognitive differences or native endowment, constitutes a key element in the link between cognitive functioning and conduct disorder. Test bias was ruled out as a possible explanation for the results.     

A developmental study of school performance explanations of 6 to 11-year-olds: Causal differentiation and internality norm

Children's explanations of their performances are characterized by an increase of internal explanations over external ones. Originally considered a manifestation of cognitive development, this change has more recently been considered as an appropriation of a social norm. Two investigations are presented analyzing development of causal explanations of success and failure in mathematics and drawing. In the first study, two measures of causal attribution are compared in order to show that the use of unipolar scales is more suitable for illustrating differences in causal factors progressively operated by children. The hypothesis of the appropriation of a norm of internality is investigated in the second study. Results do not confirm this hypothesis and further, they cannot be interpreted solely in terms of cognitive development. They are discussed in the frame of a theory of socio-cognitive development.     

The Role of Social Activity in Age–Cognition Relations

The goal of the current project was to examine whether engaging in social activity may moderate or mediate the relation between age and cognitive functioning. A large age range sample of adults performed a variety of cognitive tests and completed a social activities questionnaire. Results did not support the moderator hypothesis, as age differences in cognition were similar in people who reported low and high levels of engagement in social activity. However, the data was consistent with a mediation model, which posits that age differences in social activity partly explain age differences in cognition. Furthermore, it supported a moderated mediation model, which assumes that the mediation effects of social activity were stronger at older ages.     

Social and Emotional Learning: A Principled Science of Human Development in Context

Decades of research and practice in social and emotional development have left us with a body of knowledge that tells us that (1) social, emotional, and cognitive development are intertwined in the brain and in behavior and influence school and life outcomes; (2) social, emotional, and cognitive skills and competencies grow in supportive relationships and are influenced by experience and context; and (3) there are programs and practices that have been shown to be effective in supporting these skills and competencies. The science of social and emotional learning is distinct in that it represents a blend of the developmental and applied sciences. In this article, we summarize a key framework that has guided much of the research and practical work of social and emotional learning, and we synthesize the major areas of research that have propelled the field forward. We then turn to what’s next, describing and illustrating 4 essential principles that should guide work in the future.     

将来事件情节模拟的神经基础

人类是能够展望未来的。近年来,将来事件情节模拟的神经机制问题已经成为了认知神经科学领域的一个热点。大量神经心理学和脑成像的研究发现,大脑中有特定的核心脑系统参与了将来事件的情节模拟。该系统主要包括前额叶、内侧颞叶、后扣带皮层和压后皮层。对于将来事件情节模拟的研究结果有三种理论解释,即情节模拟假设、自我投射假设和场景建构假设。然而,要真正揭示将来事件情节模拟的本质,还有许多问题需要进一步澄清。     

Intelligence and the tuning-in of brain networks

The phase-synchronization of Gamma-band oscillations has been postulated as a mechanism of “network binding” and implicated in various aspects of perception, memory, and cognition. The current study investigates a possible link between Gamma synchrony and individual differences in intelligence within the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence, with due reference to Hebbian theory. The hypothesis is that there are significant correlations between cognitive performance and synchronous Gamma activity across diverse brain regions. EEG data were recorded from 35 healthy participants, and the peak magnitude and latency of early and late Gamma Synchrony were extracted using a method for quantifying phase synchronization across multiple sites. Participants also completed 11 diverse cognitive ability tests tapping fluid and crystallized intelligence. Overall, moderate-sized correlations were obtained between accuracy and speed composite scores, derived from the ability tests, and magnitude and latency indices of Gamma synchrony. Phase-synchronous Gamma activity provides a plausible physiological mechanism that might account for individual differences in cognitive abilities.