The convergent and discriminant validity of burnout measures in sport: A multi-trait/multi-method analysis

Abstract

Athlete burnout research has been hampered by the lack of an adequate measurement tool. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS) are two recently developed self-report instruments designed to assess burnout. The convergent and discriminant validity of the ABQ and MBI-GS were assessed through multi-trait/multi-method analysis with a sporting population. Overall, the ABQ and the MBI-GS displayed acceptable convergent validity with matching subscales highly correlated, and satisfactory internal discriminant validity with lower correlations between non-matching subscales. Both scales also indicated an adequate discrimination between the concepts of burnout and depression. These findings add support to previous findings in non-sporting populations that depression and burnout are separate constructs. Based on the psychometric results, construct validity analysis and practical considerations, the results support the use of the ABQ to assess athlete burnout.     

The Role of Social Competence in the Psychological Well-being of Adolescents in Secondary Education

This study examines the relationship between social competence and psychological well-being of adolescents. The role of academic learning disabilities with social competence and psychological well-being was also studied. The sample (n?=?412; 207 girls and 205 boys), one complete age group (mean age 15.5 years), was followed from last year of comprehensive school to their first, second and third year of secondary education in a Finnish city. Psychological well-being is related to increased cooperation skills and decreased levels of impulsivity and disruptiveness. Furthermore, cooperation skills predict the third year psychological well-being, when the strong influence of psychological well-being in the first year was controlled for. Academic learning disabilities (reading and mathematical difficulties) were related neither with psychological well-being nor social competence.     

Emotional intelligence and negative feelings: a gender specific moderated mediation model

This study aims to clarify the effect of emotional intelligence (EI) on negative feelings (stress, anxiety, burnout and depression) in a gender specific model. Four hundred and twenty-five primary school teachers (326 males, 99 females) completed the measures of EI, stress, anxiety, burnout and depression. The multi-group analysis was performed using a structural equation approach. The moderated mediation results show that there are gender related differences in the relationships of age, emotional intelligence, stress, anxiety, burnout and depression. The results imply that school managers should take into consideration the teachers’ personal variables such as gender and age in order to assess the use of emotional intelligence in coping with negative feelings at the place of work effectively.     

University students' depression: a cross-cultural investigation

Australian, Iranian and Portuguese university students (n?=?967) completed the University Students Depression Inventory (USDI) in English, Persian and Portuguese languages, respectively. A series of MANOVA analyses were used to examine differences in depression symptoms as an effect of the country and demographic variables. Interactions were also examined. The results indicated that country, gender and year level had some impact on the depressive symptoms of the university students. Australian students were more depressed than the Iranian and Portuguese students, while Iranian students were more depressed than the Portuguese students. Sub-scales of USDI – Lethargy, Motivation and Cognitive/Emotional – were also used to compare the depressive symptoms of students. The Australian female students reported a significantly higher level of lethargy than their male counterparts. Similarly, the first-year male students from Iran were significantly more lethargic than the first-year Iranian female students. Iranian and Portuguese male students, compared to the female students of these countries, experienced a lower level of motivation. The Australian and Iranian students, compared to the Portuguese students, reported a significantly higher level of cognitive and affective symptoms. The scores on the Cognitive/Emotional sub-scale increased with the year level. Differences among students' depression are described and implications discussed.     

运动对不同性别抑郁模型小鼠海马脑区GFAP、s100β、Cx43蛋白表达水平的影响

摘要：目的：观察运动对不同性别抑郁模型小鼠行为学的影响,并从星形胶质细胞中重要蛋白表达的差异分析星形胶质细胞在运动抗抑郁中的作用。方法：雄、雌各40只小鼠根据体重半随机平均分为对照组（Control,Con）和运动组（Exercise,Exe）。小鼠转轮运动28 d后,对照组和运动组按照体重平均分为无电击组（No Inescapable shock,NIS）和不可逃避电击（Inescapable shock,IS）组。采用自发活动、获得性无助、悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验,观察运动对不同性别抑郁模型小鼠行为学的影响,应用western-blotting法检测小鼠海马GFAP、s100β、Cx43蛋白表达水平。结果：1）相同性别的小鼠,其对照组与运动组之间的自发活动水平无显著性差异（P>0.05）;2）雄鼠和雌鼠对照组电击后逃避失败次数、逃避失败潜伏期均显著性增加（P<0.01、P<0.001）;雄鼠电击后运动组逃避失败次数、逃避失败潜伏期均显著低于雄鼠对照组（P<0.001）;雌鼠电击后对照组逃避失败次数、逃避失败潜伏期均显著高于雄鼠（P<0.05）;3）雄鼠和雌鼠的运动组与正常对照组相比,小鼠悬尾与强迫游泳的不动时间均显著缩短（P<0.05）;4）运动后雄鼠和雌鼠的海马GFAP、s100β、Cx43的蛋白表达水平均分别显著高于安静对照组（P<0.05~0.001）,但雌、雄鼠之间均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论：1）运动在获得性无助和行为绝望模型中均显示抗抑郁的行为学效应,相对于雌鼠,运动对于雄鼠抗抑郁效果更加明显;2）运动抗抑郁的机制可能在于运动增强星形胶质细胞的功能、加强星形胶质细胞与神经元的双向通讯。     

The Effectiveness of Light Therapy for College Student Depression

There is a growing number of students on college campuses with mental health problems and college counseling services are reporting significant increases in student demand for counseling. Depression, a mental illness consisting of profound sadness, fatigue, and irritability, as well as low motivation, poor academic performance, and suicidal behaviors, is one of the top presenting concerns for students who seek help. This study investigates the effectiveness of light therapy in a sample of 79 college students who suffer from depression. This study examines changes in overall depression scores and also assesses changes in sleep, appetite, pain, and concentration levels. Results showed significant improvements in overall depression scores as well as improved sleeping behaviors and decreases in somatic aches and pains, concentration difficulties, and appetite problems. These promising results suggest light therapy may be an effective and inexpensive means for reducing symptoms of young adult depression.     

健身跑对大学生心理健康与睡眠质量的干预研究

将86名大学生分为实验组和对照组进行调查分析及实验干预,结果显示：实验组参加健身跑锻炼后匹兹堡睡眠质量指数与对照组相比有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,焦虑和抑郁分值小于对照组（P〈0.05）。研究表明：中等强度的有氧健身跑锻炼能显著提高大学生的睡眠质量,能有效改善大学生焦虑和抑郁症状,对大学生的心理健康起到积极作用。     

Associations between retirement reasons,chronic pain,athletic identity,and depressive symptoms among former professional footballers

Background: Retirement from professional sport has been recognised as a major psychological stressor, and there is a need to identify factors that increase the risk of mental health problems after career termination. The current study examined associations between career-ending injury, chronic pain, athletic identity, and depressive symptomology in retired professional footballers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 307 retired male footballers who had played within a professional United Kingdom league. Participants completed measures of depressive symptoms (Short Depression-Happiness Scale), chronic pain (Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale), and athletic identity (Athletic Identity Measurement Scale), and reported their reasons for retirement. Results: A total of 48 participants (16%) met the cut-off score for possible cases of clinically relevant depression. These participants were more recently retired, and had higher athletic identity than those without depressive symptoms. Former players with depressive symptoms were more likely to cite injury as a retirement reason, and report higher levels of ongoing injury-related pain. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the presence of depressive symptoms was independently associated with retirement through injury (OR?=?3.44; 95% CI?=?1.39, 8.51), higher pain levels (OR?=?1.38; 95% CI?=?1.02, 1.86), and increased athletic identity (OR?=?1.28; 95% CI?=?1.14, 1.44). Conclusions: Career-ending injury is strongly associated with higher odds of depressive symptomology during retirement, while experiencing chronic pain, and maintaining a high sense of athletic identity, are additional potential contributors.     

力量训练对抑郁女大学生抑郁状态、 单胺递质水平的影响

为探讨力量训练对于抑郁女大学生抑郁状态、单胺递质和体质状况的影响,将30名轻度到中度抑郁的女大学生分为两组：抑郁运动组15名（进行8周,每周3次,强度为50％～70％最大负荷的力量训练）和抑郁对照组15名。另外选取15名正常无抑郁的女大学生为正常对照组。分别于实验前后测量受试者的抑郁状态,5-HT、NE、皮质醇水平,体成分,握力和下肢蹬伸爆发力。8周力量训练后,抑郁运动组的CES—D量表评分下降,抑郁症状减轻。抑郁患者血浆5-HT、NE水平低于正常人,皮质醇水平高于正常人。经过8周力量训练后,抑郁患者血浆5-HT、NE水平上升,皮质醇水平下降;体脂百分比下降,瘦体重、握力、下肢蹬伸爆发力增加。抑郁可能与5-HT、NE的下降,皮质醇的升高有关。8周的力量训练可以有效地改善抑郁患者的体成分、力量和心理健康。     

论青少年学生的体像烦恼

提出了体像烦恼这一新概念以及研究青少年学生体像烦恼的意义,并在大量调查研究的基础上,对体像烦恼的概念、青少年学生体像烦恼产生的原因、体像烦恼对青少年学生的消极影响以及教育对策进行了阐述。