Treatment of depressed mothers in home visiting: Impact on psychological distress and social functioning

Objectives

Depression is prevalent in mothers receiving home visiting. Little is known about the impact of treatment on associated features of maternal depression in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a novel, adapted treatment for depressed mothers in home visiting on psychological distress and social functioning.

Methods

In-Home Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (IH-CBT) was developed to treat depressed mothers in home visiting. A randomized clinical trial design was used in which subjects were 93 new mothers in a home visiting program. Mothers with major depressive disorder identified at 3 months postpartum were randomized into IH-CBT and ongoing home visiting (n = 47) or standard home visiting (SHV; n = 46) in which they received home visitation alone and could obtain treatment in the community. Measures of psychological distress, social support, and social network were measured at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and three-month follow-up. Clinical features of depression and home visiting parameters were examined as potential moderators.

Results

Subjects receiving IH-CBT reported decreased psychological distress at post-treatment (ES = 0.77) and follow-up (ES = 0.73). Examination of types of psychological distress indicated broad improvements at both time points. Those receiving IH-CBT reported increased social support over time relative to those in the SHV condition. Effect sizes were modest at post-treatment (ES = 0.38) but increased at follow-up (ES = 0.65). Improvements were seen in affiliative and belonginess aspects of social support, in contrast to tangible support which was statistically non-significant. Findings were not moderated by clinical features of depression or home visiting parameters. No group differences were found in size of and involvement with social networks.

Conclusions

IH-CBT is effective in reducing psychological distress and improving perceived social support in depressed mothers receiving home visiting. To the extent that mothers are better adjusted and feel socially supported, they are more available to their children and more amenable to home visiting services. IH-CBT is a feasible, readily adopted treatment that is compatible with multiple home visiting models. As a result it is a promising approach to help depressed mothers in home visiting. Additional interventions may be needed to support depressed mothers in building sizable and stable social networks.     

关于考研学生焦虑、抑郁状况的研究分析

目的：为了解考研学生在备考过程中焦虑、抑郁的总体状况及其在可能影响因素上的差异。方法：本研究采用了含有焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）和5项相关因素的调查问卷,调查了哈尔滨市两所本科院校的两百名考研学生,用SPSS16.0对收集到的数据进行相关分析。结果：（1）有25%左右的人出现严重的焦虑和抑郁问题;50%左右的考研学生出现了中等程度及以上的焦虑和抑郁症状;同时仅有5%左右的人,基本上无焦虑和抑郁症状。（2）焦虑程度在家庭经济状况、报考专业相关因素内部各水平间存在显著的差异（P〈0.05）。（3）抑郁程度在考研原因相关因素内部各水平间存在显著的差异（P〈0.05）。     

A repeated-measures examination of organizational stressors,perceived psychological and physical health,and perceived performance in semi-elite athletes

ABSTRACT

Organizational stressors can undermine the psychological well-being and performance of athletes. Less is known, however, about how these relationships unfold over time and whether organizational stressors can impact upon perceived physical health. The current study, therefore, used a repeated-measures design to examine relationships between organizational stressors with components of perceived psychological (anxiety and depression) and physical (illness symptoms and missed training days via illness) ill-health, and perceived performance at the within-person level. Twenty-three semi-elite female rowers completed monthly measures of study variables for six-months. Multilevel models indicated that selection-related stressors positively predicted symptoms of perceived psychological and physical ill-health, and negatively predicted perceived performance. Conversely, coaching stressors negatively predicted symptoms of perceived psychological ill-health. Logistics and operations stressors positively predicted perceived performance, whereas goals and development stressors negatively predicted perceived performance. These findings demonstrate for the first time that, with a repeated-measures design, organizational stressors can predict components of perceived physical and psychological ill-health, and perceived performance at the within-person level in athletes. From a practical perspective, practitioners should incorporate these findings when diagnosing the need for, developing, and optimally implementing primary and secondary stress management interventions.     

游泳运动对实验性抑郁症大鼠行为学指标及皮质酮含量的影响

目的:经过10周游泳运动后,给与大鼠28 d的慢性中等不可预知应激刺激,观察各组动物的行为学指标和肾上腺、海马组织及血浆中皮质酮含量的变化,探讨游泳锻炼预防抑郁症的机制.方法:60只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组(C)、运动组(E)、模型组(M)、运动应激组(ES)和运动应激运动组(ESE).实验期间,定期监测各组动物的OPEN-FIELD TEST行为学指标、食物消耗量、1%蔗糖溶液消耗量及体重增长量,实验结束后采用荧光分光光度法测定肾上腺、海马组织及血浆中皮质酮的水平.结果:ESE组、ES组动物在实验结束后OPEN-FIELD TEST行为学指标水平活动得分、食物消耗量、1%蔗糖溶液消耗量及体重增长量显著高于M组(P＜0.01),肾上腺组织、海马组织及血浆中皮质酮水平显著低于模型组(P＜0.01).结论:游泳锻炼可以拮抗因应激刺激导致的动物行为指标以及肾上腺组织、海马组织及血浆中皮质酮水平的异常.推测游泳锻炼可能通过降低肾上腺组织、海马组织及血浆皮质酮含量,保护海马组织不受损伤,维持海马对HPA轴的正常调控功能来预防抑郁的发生.     

沟通咨询在抑郁症治疗中的干预作用

文章主要讨论抑郁症的各种发病机制、抑郁对人际关系的影响以及沟通咨询中使用的各种干预方法，并提出了使用沟通咨询的方法干预抑郁的治疗过程，为专业咨询师提供了治疗抑郁症的有效方法。     

Parenting behaviours among low‐income mothers of preschool age children in the USA: implications for parenting programmes

This study examines the overall quality of parenting behaviours among low‐income mothers in the USA and the extent to which they are influenced by risk factors within the family environment, maternal well‐being and maternal risk characteristics associated with socio‐economic status. Participants consisted of 1070 low‐income mothers of three‐year‐old children who were enrolled in the Early Head Start (EHS) Research and Evaluation Project. Data were collected using structured interviews with the mothers and from videotaped mother–child interactions during play activities when children were age three. Findings indicated that less‐positive parenting behaviours and fewer supports for language and learning were predicted by higher family conflict, higher parental distress and maternal social risk factors including younger age, less education and a history of public assistance. Fewer household resources also predicted fewer supports for language and learning, but not positive parenting. Negative parenting behaviours were not predicted by maternal well‐being, although higher family conflict and maternal demographic risk factors (younger age, history of public assistance, not being married or living with partner) were statistically significant predictors. Findings from this study suggest that programmes to address the parenting abilities of low‐income mothers are warranted, and that national programmes geared at helping mothers should be augmented by efforts to decrease the degree of stress they experience in their parenting role, as well as by effective strategies to increase available household resources and reduce family conflict. They also indicate that particular attention should be paid to enhance the parenting abilities of mothers who are younger, have lower levels of education, have a history of receiving public assistance and those who are not married or living with their partner.     

传播网络社会支持：以网络抑郁症支持群体为例

社会支持是人类沟通的基本形式,能减少发病率和死亡率、延长患者的寿命以及提高患者对应激性生活事件的应对水平。近年来。随着互联网的普及,网络社会支持已经发展成为信息传播技术社会应用的主题之一。研究发现,抑郁症支持群体最主要的社会支持类型是信息和情感支持,自尊支持和网络支持居次．实物支持最少。     

教师变量对学生抑郁影响的研究综述

在教学活动系统中,教师作为课堂教学的管理者和知识的传授者,其心理健康水平与学生心理健康水平密切相关：教师自我效能感对学生的行为、个性和师生关系等发展具有重要作用;教师积极健康的关注能唤醒学生的高自尊;教师心理控制能力的高低以及能否给予学生积极的社会支持都深刻影响着学生的心理健康水平。可见,教师健全、健康的人格能促进学生心理健康水平的提高,给学生创造轻松愉快的学习氛围。     

焦虑抑郁因素对高校教职工健康状态的影响研究以深圳职业技术学院教职工心理健康状态调查为例

本研究的主要目的是为了探讨高校教职工健康状况与心理因素之间的关系,为高校教师心理健康问题的防治提供实证分析依据．研究采用立意抽样的方式进行,实际获得有效样本例数676例．结果显示教职员工中有焦虑、抑郁心理状态的占41．3％;焦虑尤以年龄在35—45岁、离婚、再婚、初婚、孩子上小学的教职工表现明显;抑郁尤以硕士以下文化程度、行政管理岗、一般行政岗、2年以下或10年以上工作年限的员工表现明显．结论显示,高校教职工心理焦虑、抑郁状态比例高,在心理健康维护中应重点分析教职工心理焦虑、抑郁状态的成因,从而有针对性地帮助教职工解决生活工作中遇到的心理问题．     

大学生情绪智力与抑郁、主观幸福感的关系

采用问卷对552名大学生进行调查,考察情绪智力四个成分与抑郁和主观幸福感的关系,同时探讨理想的情绪智力模式。结果表明,高自我情绪觉知对个体的心理适应不利,高自我情绪处理对心理适应起积极作用,高人际情绪觉知可预测个体较低的抑郁感、生活满意度和正性情感。理想的情绪智力结构应具有中等的自我情绪觉知能力和高的人际情绪觉知能力、自我情绪处理能力、人际情绪处理能力。当个体自我情绪处理能力不高时,高情绪觉知对其心理适应则可能有害。