Positional group significantly influences the offensive and defensive skill involvements of junior representative rugby league players during match play

This study examined the skill involvements of three positional groups across a junior representative rugby league season. Data were collected from 45 rugby league players (mean ± SD; age = 16.5 ± 1.0 years) currently participating in the Harold Matthews and SG Ball Cup. Players were subdivided into hit-up forwards, adjustables and outside backs. The frequency (n · min^?1) of offensive, defensive and overall involvements was coded for each group using a notation system and a practical coach skill analysis tool. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed a significant effect of playing position on skill involvements (F = 9.06; P < 0.001; ES = 0.41). Hit-up forwards performed a significantly greater frequency of offensive (0.31 ± 0.10), defensive (0.42 ± 0.15) and overall involvements (0.74 ± 0.19) when compared to adjustables (0.20 ± 0.08, 0.28 ± 0.08 and 0.52 ± 0.15, respectively) and outside backs (0.20 ± 0.12, 0.11 ± 0.07 and ± 0.31 ± 0.17, respectively). Further, adjustables performed a significantly greater number of defensive (0.28 ± 0.08) and overall involvements (0.52 ± 0.15) when compared to outside backs (0.11 ± 0.07 and 0.31 ± 0.17, respectively). The findings of this study suggest that it is important to consider a junior player’s positional group when analysing their skill involvements. Information gained from this study could assist in the design of specific training methodologies for junior rugby league players in high-level talent development programmes.     

Sprint and jump performances do not determine the promotion to professional elite soccer in Spain, 1994–2012

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study are (a) to describe the evolution of neuromuscular performance over an 18 year period within a Spanish elite reserve team; (b) to check if there were any relation between the playing position and sprint and jump performances and (c) to look into the alleged impact of this factor on the top playing level attained by the soccer players. We considered the physical tests (5 m and 15 m sprint times and countermovement jump (CMJ) height) made by 235 players enrolled in the reserve team of the Club from 1994 to 2012 and the highest competitive-level they achieved: Spanish first (n = 39) and second divisions (n = 36) and semi-professional (n = 160). Furthermore, the players were classified according to their playing positions. The main findings were a very-likely/most-likely lower neuromuscular performance (ES = 0.48–0.68, small to moderate) in the last six-season term (2006–2012) than in the first term (1994–2000); possibly/very-likely lower performances in sprinting and CMJ (ES = 0.22–0.55, small) by central defenders (CDs) and midfielders than by other playing positions; very-likely better performances in sprinting and jumping by first and second divisions central defenders than by semi-professional central defenders (ES = 0.90–1.02, moderate). Sprint and jump performances are not a relevant physical parameter to promote to the top level of soccer in Spain except for one in six of the playing positions: CDs.     

社会转型加速期加强城市社区建设的意义

目前我国正处于社会转型加速期，在这一时期社会生活的各个方面，包括人们的劳动方式，生活方式，价值观念等都发生了深刻变化，带来了一系列问题，这在我国的城市社会尤为明显，加强城市社区建设将有助于解决社会转型过程中出现的某些问题，本文对此作以探讨。     

社区居家养老服务中心体育服务需求与供给研究——以武汉市为例

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等,对武汉市社区居家养老服务中心的体育服务需求与供给现状进行研究。研究表明:社区老年人有较强的参与体育活动愿望,且参与体育活动在时段选择、时间长度、时间频率、活动强度等方面有着自身的规律;而养老服务中心的体育服务在场地设施、健身指导、信息宣传等方面与老年人的需求存在差距。建议:社会转型期的社区居家养老服务中的体育服务应做到体育服务供给主体多元化、体育服务内容多样化、体育服务人员专业化、体育志愿服务常态化。     

网络"粉丝"文化社区传播机制初探

“粉丝”文化在网络环境下获得了飞速的发展,“粉丝”文化社区的形成有赖于网上传播和网下传播两种机制的合力。本文重点考察了“粉丝”社区的网上传播机制,并简要介绍了其网下传播方式。从中可以看出网络“粉丝”文化社区与现实“粉丝”文化及其他网络社区的区别。     

刍议社区教育发展模式之构建

从教育创新和建模的需要出发，用模式的理论审视社区教育的科学运作与科学思维。不难看出，社区教育是全纳教育模式，社区教育是教育与社区双向发展的互动互利模式，能使教育资源在重组建模过程中功能放大，促进终身教育体系和学习型社会的构建。     

地被植物在园林绿化中的应用

地被植物是城乡绿化中不可缺少的重要组成部分,对于提高绿地景观效果,维护生态平衡和保护环境具有十分重要的意义。本文通过对植物地被的认识,对我国地被植物进行历史回顾和现状分析,探讨其在园林绿化中的应用。     

基础教育课程改革与学校重建——基于"学习共同体"的理念

"学校在风雨飘摇之中",风雨飘摇之中的学校呼唤重建.因此,创建学习共同体或合作型学习组织已成为国际教育学界的共同愿景,同时也为当前我国基础教育课程改革中的学校组织重建提供了重要启示.基础教育课程改革提倡合作学习,这种学习方式的转变为创建合作型学习组织提供了基础.基于国内外有关合作型学校的研究成果,提出如下建议:建立对话型学校文化;要做"领导者",不做"管理者";创建共同愿景.     

应用大数据推进城市社区的治理创新研究——以贵阳市“社会和云”平台为例

贵州省贵阳市在“新型社区·温馨家园”的战略部署下,将全市94个社区全部建成“文明社区”“绿色社区”“平安社区”。贵阳市在社区建设上所取得的成绩,得益于“社会和云”社会治理大数据云平台在助推基层社区治理中所发挥的重要作用。“社会和云”平台通过对基层数据进行信息化、数据化、自流程化、融合化,解决社会治理当中不同程度地存在的底数不清、情况不明、针对性不强、效率不优等问题。其好处在于,第一,打通基层数据通路,社区遇到问题不再通过请示汇报的方式向上级反映,只需通过社区治理平台将问题上传到“社会和云”平台即可,真正实现了“让数据跑路,给社区减负”。第二,通过“一张图+一张表”的实时动态跟踪查询功能,为各级政府开展基层治理提供了“空间可视”。第三,政务数据、社区信息、公共服务在“社会和云”平台上实现全数据融通,为搭建社区治理的多元融合模式提供了必要的保障。     

教学风险初探

20世纪50年代以来,随着风险管理这一新兴管理学科的迅猛发展,其走入教学范畴是自然而然的事情。教学风险是指教学的实际结果与预期结果间的偏差。导致或加剧教学的实际结果与其预期结果之间的偏差的原因或条件,被称为教学风险的风险因素。依据不同的分类标准,可以对教学风险进行不同的分类。当前我国应加强对教学风险的研究与应对工作。