C++类与对象教学实践

C++程序设计是计算机科学与技术专业的一门必修课程,具有很强的抽象性和实践性。由于这门课程涉及的类的概念比较抽象,在多年的教学实践中效果一直不太好。因此,在C++课程的教学中,从教学准备、教学内容和教学方法上进行政革,一是复习C程序设计中的重要知识点,完成教学准备;二是精心设计C++中类的教学内容;三是改变传统、常规教学方法,引入兴趣教学法、思想教学法、任务驱动式教学法和实例教学法。教学实践证明,教学质量有了很大提高,教学效果是显著的。     

江盈科“小说”试论

江盈科"小说"在思想内容上主要表现为政治批判与民生关怀具有特定的人格追求、性情和处世价值,反映了命运无常、畏祸全身、安命与报应等心态和价值认识,以及他作为公安文人特有的"自适"、"真我"等精神追求和人格意识;在艺术上,其"小说"以反讽、虚拟为主要表现手法,融合事、理,追求独立完整的故事情节和谐谑、幽默、俚俗的艺术风格。     

美国《州共同核心数学标准》的内容与特色

2010年6月,NGA与CCSSO联袂发布美国《州共同核心数学标准》,旨在解决美国学校数学不够连贯与重点不突出、内容"宽一英里,深一英尺"的现象.CCSSM由导言、数学实践标准与数学内容标准3部分组成.数学实践标准提出K-12年级学生应当共同遵守的指标:理解问题,并坚持不懈地解决问题;推理的抽象性与数量化;构建可行的论断,质疑他人的推理;数学模型;策略地使用恰当工具;注意精确性;探求并利用结构;在重复的推理中,探求并表达规律.CCSSM的特色有:注重东西方数学教育的相互融合;内容连贯一致,聚焦核心数学,强调数学理解;突出数学建模,重视数学推理.     

语文教学内容的凝聚升腾——基于语文教学时空特定性的认识

文章从语文教育的渗透性与溶解性出发,基于语文教学时空特定性的认识,从知识内容的建构、思维工具与方法两个维度,提出了语文教学内容的凝聚如何取得语言文学界、知识界或学术界支持的整体构想。     

Pedagogical content knowledge as reflected in teacher–student interactions: Analysis of two video cases

Despite the theorized centrality of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for teaching, we have little evidence of the relationship between PCK and students' learning and know relatively little about how to help teachers to develop PCK. This study is a preliminary attempt to address these gaps in our knowledge of PCK through exploration of two German physics teachers' classroom instruction in consecutive lessons on optics. We show how video analysis can be used to gather evidence for one aspect of teachers' PCK: their use of content knowledge in interactions with students. We identify three potentially important characteristics of this aspect of PCK: flexibility, richness, and learner‐centeredness. By contrasting teachers with high and low gains in student knowledge and interest, we explore potential mechanisms by which this aspect of PCK might affect student outcomes. Because German teacher preparation programs emphasize content more than pedagogical knowledge, these cases contribute to our understanding of the support that teachers with strong content knowledge may need in translating this knowledge into a form useful for teaching.Fachdidaktisches Wissen ist aus theoretischer Sicht besonders zentral für das Unterrichten. Aus empirischer Sicht gibt es bislang allerdings noch wenig Evidenz für den Einsatz fachdidaktischen Wissens während des Unterrichtens und seine Bedeutung für das Lernen von Schülerinnen und Schülern. Außerdem wissen wir wenig darüber, wie Lehrpersonen über die Zeit fachdidaktisches Wissen entwickeln. Diese Studie ist ein Versuch, diese Wissenslücken zum fachdidaktischen Wissen von Lehrpersonen zu bearbeiten. Dabei wird exemplarisch der Unterricht von zwei deutschen Physiklehrern in aufeinanderfolgenden Stunden zum Thema Optik untersucht. Die Studie zeigt wie Videoanalysen genutzt werden können, um Belege für einen Aspekt des fachdidaktischen Wissens der Lehrpersonen zu sammeln: Ihre Nutzung von inhaltlichem Wissen in der Interaktion mit den Schülerinnen und Schülern. In dieser Studie werden drei potentiell wichtige Charakteristika dieses Aspekts des fachdidaktischen Wissens identifiziert: Flexibilität, Reichhaltigkeit und Schülerorientierung. Durch die Gegenüberstellung von Lehrpersonen mit hohem und niedrigem Wissens‐ und Interessenzuwachs wurden potentielle Mechanismen untersucht, durch die dieser Aspekt des fachdidaktischen Wissens die Lernergebnisse von Schülerinnen und Schülern beeinflussen kann. Die Lehrerausbildung in Deutschland betont das inhaltliche Wissen stärker als das fachdidaktische Wissen. Die ausgewählten Fälle beschreiben, welche Unterstützung Lehrpersonen mit einem hohen fachlichen Wissen benötigen, um dieses Wissen so zu verändern, dass es für das Unterrichten genutzt werden kann. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 1211–1239, 2012     

Differential effects of three professional development models on teacher knowledge and student achievement in elementary science

To identify links among professional development, teacher knowledge, practice, and student achievement, researchers have called for study designs that allow causal inferences and that examine relationships among features of interventions and multiple outcomes. In a randomized experiment implemented in six states with over 270 elementary teachers and 7,000 students, this project compared three related but systematically varied teacher interventions—Teaching Cases, Looking at Student Work, and Metacognitive Analysis—along with no‐treatment controls. The three courses contained identical science content components, but differed in the ways they incorporated analysis of learner thinking and of teaching, making it possible to measure effects of these features on teacher and student outcomes. Interventions were delivered by staff developers trained to lead the teacher courses in their regions. Each course improved teachers' and students' scores on selected‐response science tests well beyond those of controls, and effects were maintained a year later. Student achievement also improved significantly for English language learners in both the study year and follow‐up, and treatment effects did not differ based on sex or race/ethnicity. However, only Teaching Cases and Looking at Student Work courses improved the accuracy and completeness of students' written justifications of test answers in the follow‐up, and only Teaching Cases had sustained effects on teachers' written justifications. Thus, the content component in common across the three courses had powerful effects on teachers' and students' ability to choose correct test answers, but their ability to explain why answers were correct only improved when the professional development incorporated analysis of student conceptual understandings and implications for instruction; metacognitive analysis of teachers' own learning did not improve student justifications either year. Findings suggest investing in professional development that integrates content learning with analysis of student learning and teaching rather than advanced content or teacher metacognition alone. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 333–362, 2012     

马克思主义基本原理的研究对象及其内容结构

如果要从整体性上理解马克思主义,就必须以马克思主义基本原理的研究对象为切入点。马克思主义基本原理的研究对象是:人类社会发展规律和人类解放的科学。这个规定体现了马克思主义的真理性与价值性的统一,具有思想的完整性和与时俱进的特点,体现了马克思主义阶级性和社会性的统一。马克思主义基本原理的内容包括马克思主义世界观、方法论、人类社会发展的一般规律、资本主义社会的特殊规律、社会主义社会的特殊规律、人的发展与人类解放规律、共产主义与人类未来等七大部分。贯穿马克思主义基本原理内容的主线是人类社会的发展规律。     

The Possibilities of Historical Research

ABSTRACT

The authors outline results of 3 studies conducted to examine the structure of disciplinary knowledge from reading measured through proximity data. In Study 1, 168 third-grade students were asked to read a science text and rate the relationships of keywords from the passage. From these ratings, comprehension scores were calculated that related well to a free-recall measure of science reading comprehension and differentiated poor and proficient readers. In Study 2, 176 third-grade students were given the proximity data measure on science text along with measures of prior knowledge, questioning, and text searching. In Study 3, 160 ninth-grade students were given the proximity data measure after reading a social studies text that varied on the presence of text signals and familiarity. The findings of this study extend the literature on the cognitive processing that contributes to higher order comprehension of information text among elementary and secondary students.     

Becoming a lecturer in further education in England: the construction of professional identity and the role of communities of practice

Further education colleges in England offer a wide range of post‐school education and training provision. Recently they have undergone major transformations that have resulted in considerable changes to the work of those teaching in them. In this paper we examine how cultures of learning and teaching in colleges are affected and how the nature of professional identity has changed. The paper considers the formation of professional identity amongst a group of trainee lecturers completing a one‐year full‐time teacher‐training course at a university in the English Midlands. Lave and Wenger's work on apprenticeship to communities of practice is used to examine the effect of trainees' teaching placement on the development of professional identity. Rather than identifying effective processes of increasing participation in existing communities of practice, a strong sense of marginalisation and alienation amongst trainees was observed. The paper argues that this is detrimental both to trainees and experienced lecturers if they are to actively engage in building new forms of professionalism for the future.     

浅谈中小学生安全教育内容及对象选择

自1996年教育部联合多个部委确定每年3月份最后一周的星期一为全国中小学生安全教育日起,中小学生安全教育工作受到学校及社会各界的重视。但是目前全国并没有一个统一的安全教育教材或者教育大纲,各个学校多是各自为战。究竟中小学安全教育应该包括哪些内容,选择受教育的对象又有谁,成为了一个不可回避的话题。只有解决以上两个问题,才能够更好地提高我国中小学生安全教育的整体水平,同时提升中小学生在面临危机时的自救能力。